pyo3/guide/src/conversions.md

Type Conversions

PyO3 provides some handy traits to convert between Python types and Rust types.

.extract() and the FromPyObject trait

The easiest way to convert a Python object to a Rust value is using .extract(). It returns a PyResult with a type error if the conversion fails, so usually you will use something like

let v: Vec<i32> = obj.extract()?;

This method is available for many Python object types, and can produce a wide variety of Rust types, which you can check out in the implementor list of FromPyObject.

FromPyObject is also implemented for your own Rust types wrapped as Python objects (see the chapter about classes). There, in order to both be able to operate on mutable references and satisfy Rust's rules of non-aliasing mutable references, you have to extract the PyO3 reference wrappers PyRef and PyRefMut. They work like the reference wrappers of std::cell::RefCell and ensure (at runtime) that Rust borrows are allowed.

The ToPyObject trait

ToPyObject is a conversion trait that allows various objects to be converted into PyObject. IntoPy<PyObject> serves the same purpose, except that it consumes self.

*args and **kwargs for Python object calls

There are several ways how to pass positional and keyword arguments to a Python object call. The ObjectProtocol trait provides two methods:

• call - call any callable Python object.
• call_method - call a specific method on the object, shorthand for get_attr then call.

Both methods need args and kwargs arguments, but there are variants for less complex calls, such as call1 for only args and call0 for no arguments at all.

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyDict, PyTuple};

struct SomeObject;
impl SomeObject {
    fn new(py: Python) -> PyObject {
        PyDict::new(py).to_object(py)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let arg1 = "arg1";
    let arg2 = "arg2";
    let arg3 = "arg3";

    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();

    let obj = SomeObject::new(py);

    // call object without empty arguments
    obj.call0(py);

    // call object with PyTuple
    let args = PyTuple::new(py, &[arg1, arg2, arg3]);
    obj.call1(py, args);

    // pass arguments as rust tuple
    let args = (arg1, arg2, arg3);
    obj.call1(py, args);
}

kwargs can be None or Some(&PyDict). You can use the IntoPyDict trait to convert other dict-like containers, e.g. HashMap or BTreeMap, as well as tuples with up to 10 elements and Vecs where each element is a two-element tuple.

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{IntoPyDict, PyDict};
use std::collections::HashMap;

struct SomeObject;

impl SomeObject {
    fn new(py: Python) -> PyObject {
        PyDict::new(py).to_object(py)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let key1 = "key1";
    let val1 = 1;
    let key2 = "key2";
    let val2 = 2;

    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();

    let obj = SomeObject::new(py);

    // call object with PyDict
    let kwargs = [(key1, val1)].into_py_dict(py);
    obj.call(py, (), Some(kwargs));

    // pass arguments as Vec
    let kwargs = vec![(key1, val1), (key2, val2)];
    obj.call(py, (), Some(kwargs.into_py_dict(py)));

    // pass arguments as HashMap
    let mut kwargs = HashMap::<&str, i32>::new();
    kwargs.insert(key1, 1);
    obj.call(py, (), Some(kwargs.into_py_dict(py)));
}

FromPy<T> and IntoPy<T>

Many conversions in PyO3 can't use std::convert::From because they need a GIL token. The FromPy trait offers an from_py method that works just like from, except for taking a Python<'_> argument. I.e. FromPy<T> could be converting a Rust object into a Python object even though it is called FromPy - it doesn't say anything about which side of the conversion is a Python object.

Just like From<T>, if you implement FromPy<T> you gain a blanket implementation of IntoPy for free.

Eventually, traits such as ToPyObject will be replaced by this trait and a FromPy trait will be added that will implement IntoPy, just like with From and Into.