265 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
265 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
# PyO3
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[](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/actions)
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[](https://codspeed.io/PyO3/pyo3)
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[](https://codecov.io/gh/PyO3/pyo3)
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[](https://crates.io/crates/pyo3)
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[](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2495-min-rust-version.html)
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[](https://discord.gg/33kcChzH7f)
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[](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/blob/main/Contributing.md)
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[Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) bindings for [Python](https://www.python.org/), including tools for creating native Python extension modules. Running and interacting with Python code from a Rust binary is also supported.
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- User Guide: [stable](https://pyo3.rs) | [main](https://pyo3.rs/main)
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- API Documentation: [stable](https://docs.rs/pyo3/) | [main](https://pyo3.rs/main/doc)
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## Usage
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PyO3 supports the following software versions:
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- Python 3.7 and up (CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy)
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- Rust 1.63 and up
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You can use PyO3 to write a native Python module in Rust, or to embed Python in a Rust binary. The following sections explain each of these in turn.
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### Using Rust from Python
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PyO3 can be used to generate a native Python module. The easiest way to try this out for the first time is to use [`maturin`](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin). `maturin` is a tool for building and publishing Rust-based Python packages with minimal configuration. The following steps install `maturin`, use it to generate and build a new Python package, and then launch Python to import and execute a function from the package.
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First, follow the commands below to create a new directory containing a new Python `virtualenv`, and install `maturin` into the virtualenv using Python's package manager, `pip`:
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```bash
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# (replace string_sum with the desired package name)
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$ mkdir string_sum
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$ cd string_sum
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$ python -m venv .env
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$ source .env/bin/activate
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$ pip install maturin
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```
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Still inside this `string_sum` directory, now run `maturin init`. This will generate the new package source. When given the choice of bindings to use, select pyo3 bindings:
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```bash
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$ maturin init
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✔ 🤷 What kind of bindings to use? · pyo3
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✨ Done! New project created string_sum
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```
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The most important files generated by this command are `Cargo.toml` and `lib.rs`, which will look roughly like the following:
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**`Cargo.toml`**
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```toml
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[package]
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name = "string_sum"
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version = "0.1.0"
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edition = "2021"
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[lib]
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# The name of the native library. This is the name which will be used in Python to import the
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# library (i.e. `import string_sum`). If you change this, you must also change the name of the
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# `#[pymodule]` in `src/lib.rs`.
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name = "string_sum"
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# "cdylib" is necessary to produce a shared library for Python to import from.
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#
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# Downstream Rust code (including code in `bin/`, `examples/`, and `tests/`) will not be able
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# to `use string_sum;` unless the "rlib" or "lib" crate type is also included, e.g.:
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# crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
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crate-type = ["cdylib"]
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[dependencies]
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pyo3 = { version = "0.22.1", features = ["extension-module"] }
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```
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**`src/lib.rs`**
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```rust
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use pyo3::prelude::*;
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/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.
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#[pyfunction]
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fn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResult<String> {
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Ok((a + b).to_string())
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}
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/// A Python module implemented in Rust. The name of this function must match
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/// the `lib.name` setting in the `Cargo.toml`, else Python will not be able to
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/// import the module.
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#[pymodule]
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fn string_sum(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
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m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(sum_as_string, m)?)?;
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Ok(())
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}
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```
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Finally, run `maturin develop`. This will build the package and install it into the Python virtualenv previously created and activated. The package is then ready to be used from `python`:
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```bash
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$ maturin develop
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# lots of progress output as maturin runs the compilation...
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$ python
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>>> import string_sum
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>>> string_sum.sum_as_string(5, 20)
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'25'
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```
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To make changes to the package, just edit the Rust source code and then re-run `maturin develop` to recompile.
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To run this all as a single copy-and-paste, use the bash script below (replace `string_sum` in the first command with the desired package name):
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```bash
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mkdir string_sum && cd "$_"
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python -m venv .env
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source .env/bin/activate
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pip install maturin
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maturin init --bindings pyo3
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maturin develop
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```
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If you want to be able to run `cargo test` or use this project in a Cargo workspace and are running into linker issues, there are some workarounds in [the FAQ](https://pyo3.rs/latest/faq.html#i-cant-run-cargo-test-or-i-cant-build-in-a-cargo-workspace-im-having-linker-issues-like-symbol-not-found-or-undefined-reference-to-_pyexc_systemerror).
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As well as with `maturin`, it is possible to build using [`setuptools-rust`](https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust) or [manually](https://pyo3.rs/latest/building-and-distribution.html#manual-builds). Both offer more flexibility than `maturin` but require more configuration to get started.
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### Using Python from Rust
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To embed Python into a Rust binary, you need to ensure that your Python installation contains a shared library. The following steps demonstrate how to ensure this (for Ubuntu), and then give some example code which runs an embedded Python interpreter.
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To install the Python shared library on Ubuntu:
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```bash
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sudo apt install python3-dev
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```
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To install the Python shared library on RPM based distributions (e.g. Fedora, Red Hat, SuSE), install the `python3-devel` package.
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Start a new project with `cargo new` and add `pyo3` to the `Cargo.toml` like this:
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```toml
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[dependencies.pyo3]
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version = "0.22.1"
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features = ["auto-initialize"]
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```
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Example program displaying the value of `sys.version` and the current user name:
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```rust
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use pyo3::prelude::*;
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use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
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fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
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Python::with_gil(|py| {
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let sys = py.import_bound("sys")?;
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let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
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let locals = [("os", py.import_bound("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
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let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
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let user: String = py.eval_bound(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
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println!("Hello {}, I'm Python {}", user, version);
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Ok(())
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})
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}
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```
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The guide has [a section](https://pyo3.rs/latest/python-from-rust.html) with lots of examples
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about this topic.
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## Tools and libraries
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- [maturin](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin) _Build and publish crates with pyo3, rust-cpython or cffi bindings as well as rust binaries as python packages_
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- [setuptools-rust](https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust) _Setuptools plugin for Rust support_.
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- [pyo3-built](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3-built) _Simple macro to expose metadata obtained with the [`built`](https://crates.io/crates/built) crate as a [`PyDict`](https://docs.rs/pyo3/*/pyo3/types/struct.PyDict.html)_
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- [rust-numpy](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy) _Rust binding of NumPy C-API_
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- [dict-derive](https://github.com/gperinazzo/dict-derive) _Derive FromPyObject to automatically transform Python dicts into Rust structs_
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- [pyo3-log](https://github.com/vorner/pyo3-log) _Bridge from Rust to Python logging_
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- [pythonize](https://github.com/davidhewitt/pythonize) _Serde serializer for converting Rust objects to JSON-compatible Python objects_
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- [pyo3-asyncio](https://github.com/awestlake87/pyo3-asyncio) _Utilities for working with Python's Asyncio library and async functions_
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- [rustimport](https://github.com/mityax/rustimport) _Directly import Rust files or crates from Python, without manual compilation step. Provides pyo3 integration by default and generates pyo3 binding code automatically._
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- [pyo3-arrow](https://crates.io/crates/pyo3-arrow) _Lightweight [Apache Arrow](https://arrow.apache.org/) integration for pyo3._
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## Examples
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- [autopy](https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy) _A simple, cross-platform GUI automation library for Python and Rust._
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- Contains an example of building wheels on TravisCI and appveyor using [cibuildwheel](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel)
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- [ballista-python](https://github.com/apache/arrow-ballista-python) _A Python library that binds to Apache Arrow distributed query engine Ballista._
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- [bed-reader](https://github.com/fastlmm/bed-reader) _Read and write the PLINK BED format, simply and efficiently._
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- Shows Rayon/ndarray::parallel (including capturing errors, controlling thread num), Python types to Rust generics, Github Actions
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- [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/tree/main/src/rust) _Python cryptography library with some functionality in Rust._
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- [css-inline](https://github.com/Stranger6667/css-inline/tree/master/bindings/python) _CSS inlining for Python implemented in Rust._
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- [datafusion-python](https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion-python) _A Python library that binds to Apache Arrow in-memory query engine DataFusion._
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- [deltalake-python](https://github.com/delta-io/delta-rs/tree/main/python) _Native Delta Lake Python binding based on delta-rs with Pandas integration._
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- [fastbloom](https://github.com/yankun1992/fastbloom) _A fast [bloom filter](https://github.com/yankun1992/fastbloom#BloomFilter) | [counting bloom filter](https://github.com/yankun1992/fastbloom#countingbloomfilter) implemented by Rust for Rust and Python!_
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- [fastuuid](https://github.com/thedrow/fastuuid/) _Python bindings to Rust's UUID library._
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- [feos](https://github.com/feos-org/feos) _Lightning fast thermodynamic modeling in Rust with fully developed Python interface._
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- [forust](https://github.com/jinlow/forust) _A lightweight gradient boosted decision tree library written in Rust._
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- [granian](https://github.com/emmett-framework/granian) _A Rust HTTP server for Python applications._
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- [greptimedb](https://github.com/GreptimeTeam/greptimedb/tree/main/src/script) _Support [Python scripting](https://docs.greptime.com/user-guide/python-scripts/overview) in the database_
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- [haem](https://github.com/BooleanCat/haem) _A Python library for working on Bioinformatics problems._
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- [html-py-ever](https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust/tree/main/examples/html-py-ever) _Using [html5ever](https://github.com/servo/html5ever) through [kuchiki](https://github.com/kuchiki-rs/kuchiki) to speed up html parsing and css-selecting._
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- [hyperjson](https://github.com/mre/hyperjson) _A hyper-fast Python module for reading/writing JSON data using Rust's serde-json._
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- [inline-python](https://github.com/fusion-engineering/inline-python) _Inline Python code directly in your Rust code._
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- [johnnycanencrypt](https://github.com/kushaldas/johnnycanencrypt) OpenPGP library with Yubikey support.
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- [jsonschema-rs](https://github.com/Stranger6667/jsonschema-rs/tree/master/bindings/python) _Fast JSON Schema validation library._
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- [mocpy](https://github.com/cds-astro/mocpy) _Astronomical Python library offering data structures for describing any arbitrary coverage regions on the unit sphere._
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- [opendal](https://github.com/apache/opendal/tree/main/bindings/python) _A data access layer that allows users to easily and efficiently retrieve data from various storage services in a unified way._
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- [orjson](https://github.com/ijl/orjson) _Fast Python JSON library._
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- [ormsgpack](https://github.com/aviramha/ormsgpack) _Fast Python msgpack library._
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- [point-process](https://github.com/ManifoldFR/point-process-rust/tree/master/pylib) _High level API for pointprocesses as a Python library._
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- [polaroid](https://github.com/daggy1234/polaroid) _Hyper Fast and safe image manipulation library for Python written in Rust._
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- [polars](https://github.com/pola-rs/polars) _Fast multi-threaded DataFrame library in Rust | Python | Node.js._
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- [pydantic-core](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core) _Core validation logic for pydantic written in Rust._
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- [pyheck](https://github.com/kevinheavey/pyheck) _Fast case conversion library, built by wrapping [heck](https://github.com/withoutboats/heck)._
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- Quite easy to follow as there's not much code.
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- [pyre](https://github.com/Project-Dream-Weaver/pyre-http) _Fast Python HTTP server written in Rust._
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- [pyreqwest_impersonate](https://github.com/deedy5/pyreqwest_impersonate) _The fastest python HTTP client that can impersonate web browsers by mimicking their headers and TLS/JA3/JA4/HTTP2 fingerprints._
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- [ril-py](https://github.com/Cryptex-github/ril-py) _A performant and high-level image processing library for Python written in Rust._
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- [river](https://github.com/online-ml/river) _Online machine learning in python, the computationally heavy statistics algorithms are implemented in Rust._
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- [rust-python-coverage](https://github.com/cjermain/rust-python-coverage) _Example PyO3 project with automated test coverage for Rust and Python._
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- [tiktoken](https://github.com/openai/tiktoken) _A fast BPE tokeniser for use with OpenAI's models._
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- [tokenizers](https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers/tree/main/bindings/python) _Python bindings to the Hugging Face tokenizers (NLP) written in Rust._
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- [tzfpy](http://github.com/ringsaturn/tzfpy) _A fast package to convert longitude/latitude to timezone name._
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- [utiles](https://github.com/jessekrubin/utiles) _Fast Python web-map tile utilities_
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- [wasmer-python](https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer-python) _Python library to run WebAssembly binaries._
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## Articles and other media
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- [(Video) Extending Python with Rust using PyO3](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T45ZEmSR1-s) - Dec 16, 2023
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- [A Week of PyO3 + rust-numpy (How to Speed Up Your Data Pipeline X Times)](https://terencezl.github.io/blog/2023/06/06/a-week-of-pyo3-rust-numpy/) - Jun 6, 2023
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- [(Podcast) PyO3 with David Hewitt](https://rustacean-station.org/episode/david-hewitt/) - May 19, 2023
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- [Making Python 100x faster with less than 100 lines of Rust](https://ohadravid.github.io/posts/2023-03-rusty-python/) - Mar 28, 2023
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- [How Pydantic V2 leverages Rust's Superpowers](https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/rust_how_pydantic_v2_leverages_rusts_superpowers/) - Feb 4, 2023
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- [How we extended the River stats module with Rust using PyO3](https://boring-guy.sh/posts/river-rust/) - Dec 23, 2022
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- [Nine Rules for Writing Python Extensions in Rust](https://towardsdatascience.com/nine-rules-for-writing-python-extensions-in-rust-d35ea3a4ec29?sk=f8d808d5f414154fdb811e4137011437) - Dec 31, 2021
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- [Calling Rust from Python using PyO3](https://saidvandeklundert.net/learn/2021-11-18-calling-rust-from-python-using-pyo3/) - Nov 18, 2021
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- [davidhewitt's 2021 talk at Rust Manchester meetup](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XyWG_klSAw&t=320s) - Aug 19, 2021
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- [Incrementally porting a small Python project to Rust](https://blog.waleedkhan.name/port-python-to-rust/) - Apr 29, 2021
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- [Vortexa - Integrating Rust into Python](https://www.vortexa.com/insight/integrating-rust-into-python) - Apr 12, 2021
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- [Writing and publishing a Python module in Rust](https://blog.yossarian.net/2020/08/02/Writing-and-publishing-a-python-module-in-rust) - Aug 2, 2020
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## Contributing
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Everyone is welcomed to contribute to PyO3! There are many ways to support the project, such as:
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- help PyO3 users with issues on GitHub and [Discord](https://discord.gg/33kcChzH7f)
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- improve documentation
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- write features and bugfixes
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- publish blogs and examples of how to use PyO3
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Our [contributing notes](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/blob/main/Contributing.md) and [architecture guide](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/blob/main/Architecture.md) have more resources if you wish to volunteer time for PyO3 and are searching where to start.
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If you don't have time to contribute yourself but still wish to support the project's future success, some of our maintainers have GitHub sponsorship pages:
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- [davidhewitt](https://github.com/sponsors/davidhewitt)
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- [messense](https://github.com/sponsors/messense)
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## License
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PyO3 is licensed under the [Apache-2.0 license](LICENSE-APACHE) or the [MIT license](LICENSE-MIT), at your option.
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Python is licensed under the [Python License](https://docs.python.org/3/license.html).
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Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in PyO3 by you, as defined in the Apache License, shall be dual-licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
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