open-vault/website/source/guides/identity/policies.html.md

layout	page_title	sidebar_current	description
guides	Policies - Guides	guides-identity-policies	Policies in Vault control what a user can access.

Policies

In Vault, we use policies to govern the behavior of clients and instrument Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) by specifying access privileges (authorization).

When you first initialize Vault, the root policy gets created by default. The root policy is a special policy that gives superuser access to everything in Vault. This allows the superuser to set up initial policies, tokens, etc.

In addition, another built-in policy, default, is created. The default policy is attached to all tokens and provides common permissions.

Everything in Vault is path based, and admins write policies to grant or forbid access to certain paths and operations in Vault. Vault operates on a secure by default standard, and as such, an empty policy grants no permissions in the system.

HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL)

Policies written in HCL format are often referred as ACL Policies. Sentinel is another framework for policy which is available in Vault Enterprise. Since Sentinel is an enterprise-only feature, this guide focuses on writing ACL policies as a foundation.

NOTE: HCL is JSON compatible; therefore, JSON can be used as completely valid input.

Reference Material

• Policies documentation
• Policy API documentation
• Getting Started guide on policies

~> NOTE: An interactive tutorial is also available if you do not have a Vault environment to perform the steps described in this guide.

Estimated Time to Complete

10 minutes

Personas

The scenario described in this guide introduces the following personas:

• root sets up initial policies for admin
• admin is empowered with managing a Vault infrastructure for a team or organizations
• provisioner configures secret engines and creates policies for client apps

Challenge

Since Vault centrally secures, stores, and controls access to secrets across distributed infrastructure and applications, it is critical to control permissions before any user or machine can gain access.

Solution

Restrict the use of root policy, and write fine-grained policies to practice least privileged. For example, if an app gets AWS credentials from Vault, write policy grants to read from AWS secret engine but not to delete, etc.

Policies are attached to tokens and roles to enforce client permissions on Vault.

Prerequisites

To perform the tasks described in this guide, you need to have a Vault environment. Refer to the Getting Started guide to install Vault. Make sure that your Vault server has been initialized and unsealed.

Policy requirements

Since this guide demonstrates the creation of an admin policy, log in with root token if possible. Otherwise, make sure that you have the following permissions:

# Manage auth methods broadly across Vault
path "auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Create, update, and delete auth methods
path "sys/auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "update", "delete", "sudo"]
}

# List auth methods
path "sys/auth"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies via CLI
path "sys/policy/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies via API
path "sys/policies/acl/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# To list policies - Step 3
path "sys/policy"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# To perform Step 4
path "sys/capabilities"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "update"]
}

# To perform Step 4
path "sys/capabilities-self"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "update"]
}

# List, create, update, and delete key/value secrets
path "secret/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Manage secret engines broadly across Vault
path "sys/mounts/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# List existing secret engines
path "sys/mounts"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# Read health checks
path "sys/health"
{
  capabilities = ["read", "sudo"]
}

Steps

The basic workflow of creating policies is:

This guide demonstrates basic policy authoring and management tasks.

1. Write ACL policies in HCL format
2. Create policies
3. View existing policies
4. Check capabilities of a token

Step 1: Write ACL policies in HCL format

Remember, an empty policy grants no permission in the system. Therefore, ACL policies are defined for each path.

path "<PATH>" {
  capabilities = [ "<LIST_OF_CAPABILITIES>" ]
}

-> The path can have a wildcard ("*") at the end to allow for namespacing. For example, "secret/training_*" grants permissions on any path starting with "secret/training_" (e.g. secret/training_vault).

Define one or more capabilities on each path to control operations that are permitted.

Capability	Associated HTTP verbs
create	POST/PUT
read	GET
update	POST/PUT
delete	DELETE
list	LIST

Policy requirements

The first step in creating policies is to gather policy requirements.

Example:

admin is a type of user empowered with managing a Vault infrastructure for a team or organizations. Empowered with sudo, the Administrator is focused on configuring and maintaining the health of Vault cluster(s) as well as providing bespoke support to Vault users.

admin must be able to:

• Enable and manage auth methods broadly across Vault
• Manage the key/value secret engines at secret/ path
• Create and manage ACL policies broadly across Vault
• Read system health check

provisioner is a type of user or service that will be used by an automated tool (e.g. Terraform) to provision and configure a namespace within a Vault secret engine for a new Vault user to access and write secrets.

provisioner must be able to:

• Enable and manage auth methods
• Manage the key/value secret engines at secret/ path
• Create and manage ACL policies

Now, you are ready to author policies to fulfill these requirements.

Example policy for admin

admin-policy.hcl

# Manage auth methods broadly across Vault
path "auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Create, update, and delete auth methods
path "sys/auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "update", "delete", "sudo"]
}

# List auth methods
path "sys/auth"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# List existing policies via CLI
path "sys/policy"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies via CLI
path "sys/policy/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies via API
path "sys/policies/acl/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# List, create, update, and delete key/value secrets
path "secret/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Manage secret engines broadly across Vault
path "sys/mounts/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# List existing secret engines
path "sys/mounts"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# Read health checks
path "sys/health"
{
  capabilities = ["read", "sudo"]
}

Example policy for provisioner

provisioner-policy.hcl

# Manage auth methods broadly across Vault
path "auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Create, update, and delete auth methods
path "sys/auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "update", "delete", "sudo"]
}

# List auth methods
path "sys/auth"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# List existing policies via CLI
path "sys/policy"
{
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies via CLI
path "sys/policy/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies via API
path "sys/policies/acl/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

# List, create, update, and delete key/value secrets
path "secret/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list"]
}

Step 2: Create policies

Now, create admin and provisioner policies in Vault.

CLI command

To create policies:

$ vault policy write <POLICY_NAME> <POLICY_FILE>

Example:

# Create admin policy
$ vault policy write admin admin-policy.hcl

# Create provisioner policy
$ vault policy write provisioner provisioner-policy.hcl

NOTE: To update an existing policy, simply re-run the same command by passing your modified policy (*.hcl).

API call using cURL

To create a policy, use the sys/policies/acl endpoint:

$ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: <TOKEN>" \
       --request PUT \
       --data <PAYLOAD> \
       <VAULT_ADDRESS>/v1/sys/policies/acl/<POLICY_NAME>

Where <TOKEN> is your valid token, and <PAYLOAD> includes the policy name and stringified policy.

-> NOTE: To create ACL policies, you can use the sys/policy endpoint as well.

Example:

# Create the API request payload. Use stringified policy expression.
$ tee admin-payload.json <<EOF
{
  "policy": "# Manage auth methods broadly across Vault\npath \"auth/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# List, create, update, and delete auth methods\npath \"sys/auth/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# List auth methods\npath \"sys/auth\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"read\"]\n}\n\n# List existing policies\npath \"sys/policies\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"read\"]\n}\n\n# Create and manage ACL policies broadly across Vault\npath \"sys/policies/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# List, create, update, and delete key/value secrets\npath \"secret/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# Manage and manage secret engines broadly across Vault.\npath \"sys/mounts/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# List existing secret engines.\npath \"sys/mounts\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"read\"]\n}\n\n# Read health checks\npath \"sys/health\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"read\", \"sudo\"]\n}"
}
EOF

# Create admin policy
$ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
       --request PUT \
       --data @admin-payload.json \
       http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/policies/acl/admin

# Create the API requset payload for creating provisioner policy
$ tee provisioner-payload.json <<EOF
{
  "policy": "# Manage auth methods broadly across Vault\npath \"auth/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# List, create, update, and delete auth methods\npath \"sys/auth/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"sudo\"]\n}\n\n# List existing policies\npath \"sys/policy\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"read\"]\n}\n\n# Create and manage ACL policies\npath \"sys/policy/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\"]\n}\n\n# List, create, update, and delete key/value secrets\npath \"secret/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\", \"update\", \"delete\", \"list\"]\n}"
}
EOF

# Create provisioner policy
$ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
       --request PUT \
       --data @provisioner-payload.json \
       http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/policies/acl/provisioner

NOTE: To update an existing policy, simply re-run the same command by passing your modified policy in the request payload (*.json).

Step 3: View existing policies

Make sure that you see the policies you created in Step 2.

CLI command

The following command lists existing policies:

$ vault policy list

To view a specific policy:

$ vault policy read <POLICY_NAME>

Example:

# Read admin policy
$ vault policy read admin

# Mount and manage auth methods broadly across Vault
path "auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}

path "sys/auth/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "sudo"]
}

# Create and manage ACL policies broadly across Vault
path "sys/policy/*"
{
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo"]
}
...

API call using cURL

To list existing ACL policies, use the sys/policies/acl endpoint.

$ curl --request LIST --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/policies/acl | jq

To read a specific policy, the endpoint path should be sys/policies/acl/<POLICY_NAME>.

-> NOTE: To read existing ACL policies, you can use the sys/policy endpoint as well.

Example:

# Read the admin policy
$ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/policies/acl/admin | jq
{
  "request_id": "3f826e5c-70a0-2998-8082-fe34c67c59d1",
  "lease_id": "",
  "renewable": false,
  "lease_duration": 0,
  "data": {
    "name": "admin",
    "policy": "# Manage auth methods broadly across Vault\npath \"auth/*\"\n{\n  capabilities = [\"create\", \"read\" ...
  },
  "wrap_info": null,
  "warnings": null,
  "auth": null
}

Step 4: Check capabilities of a token

This step shows how to print out the permitted capabilities of a token on a path. This can help verifying what operations are granted based on the policies attached to the token.

CLI command

The command is:

$ vault token capabilities <TOKEN> <PATH>

Example:

First, create a token attached to admin policy.

$ vault token create -policy="admin"
Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                2sHGlAHNj36LpqQ2Zevl2Owi
token_accessor       4G4UIsQOMwifg7vMLqf6QIc3
token_duration       768h
token_renewable      true
token_policies       ["admin" "default"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["admin" "default"]

Now, fetch the capabilities of this token on the sys/auth/approle path.

$ vault token capabilities 2sHGlAHNj36LpqQ2Zevl2Owi sys/auth/approle
create, delete, read, sudo, update

The result should match the policy rule you wrote on the sys/auth/* path. You can repeat the steps to generate a token for provisioner and check its capabilities on paths.

In the absence of a token, it returns the capabilities of the current token invoking this command.

$ vault token capabilities sys/auth/approle
root

API call using cURL

Use the sys/capabilities endpoint.

Example:

First, create a token attached to the admin policy:

$ curl --request POST --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." --data '{ "policies":"admin" }' \
       http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/auth/token/create
{
   "request_id": "bd9b3216-f7e6-610c-4861-38b9112a1821",
   "lease_id": "",
   "renewable": false,
   "lease_duration": 0,
   "data": null,
   "wrap_info": null,
   "warnings": null,
   "auth": {
     "client_token": "3xlduc1vGMD7vKeGLyONAxdS",
     "accessor": "FOoNv0YJSCqtPVCpW03qVeKd",
     "policies": [
       "admin",
       "default"
     ],
     "token_policies": [
       "admin",
       "default"
     ],
     "metadata": null,
     "lease_duration": 2764800,
     "renewable": true,
     "entity_id": ""
   }
}

Now, fetch the capabilities of this token on the sys/auth/approle path.

# Request payload
$ tee payload.json <<EOF
{
  "token": "3xlduc1vGMD7vKeGLyONAxdS",
  "path": "sys/auth/approle"
}
EOF

$ curl --request POST --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
       --data @payload.json \
       http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/capabilities | jq
{
  "sys/auth/approle": [
    "create",
    "delete",
    "read",
    "sudo",
    "update"
  ],
  "capabilities": [
    "create",
    "delete",
    "read",
    "sudo",
    "update"
  ],
  ...
}

The result should match the policy rule you wrote on the sys/auth/* path. You can repeat the steps to generate a token for provisioner and check its capabilities on paths.

To check the current token's capabilities permitted on a path, use the sys/capabilities-self endpoint.

$ curl --request POST --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \
       --data '{"path":"sys/auth/approle"}' \
       http://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/capabilities-self

Next steps

In this guide, you learned how to write policies based on given policy requirements. Next, the AppRole Pull Authentication guide demonstrates how to associate policies to a role.

To learn about Sentinel policies, refer to the Sentinel Policies guide.