open-vault/website/source/docs/auth/app-id.html.md

layout	page_title	sidebar_current	description
docs	Auth Backend: App ID	docs-auth-appid	The App ID auth backend is a mechanism for machines to authenticate with Vault.

Auth Backend: App ID

Name: app-id

Deprecation Notice

As of Vault 0.6.1, App ID is deprecated in favor of AppRole. AppRole can accommodate the same workflow as App ID while enabling much more secure and flexible management and other types of authentication workflows. No new features or enhancements are planned for App ID, and new users should use AppRole instead of App ID.

Introduction

The App ID auth backend is a mechanism for machines to authenticate with Vault. It works by requiring two hard-to-guess unique pieces of information: a unique app ID, and a unique user ID.

The goal of this credential provider is to allow elastic users (dynamic machines, containers, etc.) to authenticate with Vault without having to store passwords outside of Vault. It is a single method of solving the chicken-and-egg problem of setting up Vault access on a machine. With this provider, nobody except the machine itself has access to both pieces of information necessary to authenticate. For example: configuration management will have the app IDs, but the machine itself will detect its user ID based on some unique machine property such as a MAC address (or a hash of it with some salt).

An example, real world process for using this provider:

1. Create unique app IDs (UUIDs work well) and map them to policies. (Path: map/app-id/)

2. Store the app IDs within configuration management systems.

3. An out-of-band process run by security operators map unique user IDs to these app IDs. Example: when an instance is launched, a cloud-init system tells security operators a unique ID for this machine. This process can be scripted, but the key is that it is out-of-band and out of reach of configuration management. (Path: map/user-id/)

4. A new server is provisioned. Configuration management configures the app ID, the server itself detects its user ID. With both of these pieces of information, Vault can be accessed according to the policy set by the app ID.

More details on this process follow:

The app ID is a unique ID that maps to a set of policies. This ID is generated by an operator and configured into the backend. The ID itself is usually a UUID, but any hard-to-guess unique value can be used.

After creating app IDs, an operator authorizes a fixed set of user IDs with each app ID. When a valid {app ID, user ID} tuple is given to the "login" path, then the user is authenticated with the configured app ID policies.

The user ID can be any value (just like the app ID), however it is generally a value unique to a machine, such as a MAC address or instance ID, or a value hashed from these unique values.

Authentication

Via the CLI

Use vault write, for example: vault write auth/app-id/login/[app-id] user_id=[user-id]

Via the API

The endpoint for the App ID login is auth/app-id/login/[app_id]. The client is expected to provide the user_id parameter as part of the request.

Configuration

First you must enable the App ID auth backend:

$ vault auth-enable app-id
Successfully enabled 'app-id' at 'app-id'!

Now when you run vault auth -methods, the App ID backend is available:

Path       Type      Description
app-id/    app-id
token/     token     token based credentials

To use the App ID auth backend, an operator must configure it with the set of App IDs, user IDs, and the mapping between them. An example is shown below, use vault path-help for more details.

$ vault write auth/app-id/map/app-id/foo value=admins display_name=foo
...

$ vault write auth/app-id/map/user-id/bar value=foo cidr_block=10.0.0.0/16
...

The above creates an App ID "foo" that associates with the policy "admins". The display_name sets the display name for audit logs and secrets. Next, we configure the user ID "bar" and say that the user ID bar can be paired with "foo" but only if the client is in the "10.0.0.0/16" CIDR block. The cidr_block configuration is optional.

This means that if a client authenticates and provide both "foo" and "bar", then the app ID will authenticate that client with the policy "admins".

In practice, both the user and app ID are likely hard-to-guess UUID-like values.

Note that it is possible to authorize multiple app IDs with each user ID by writing them as comma-separated values to the user ID mapping:

$ vault write auth/app-id/map/user-id/bar value=foo,baz cidr_block=10.0.0.0/16
...