a3dfde5cec
* conversion stage 1 * correct image paths * add sidebar title to frontmatter * docs/concepts and docs/internals * configuration docs and multi-level nav corrections * commands docs, index file corrections, small item nav correction * secrets converted * auth * add enterprise and agent docs * add extra dividers * secret section, wip * correct sidebar nav title in front matter for apu section, start working on api items * auth and backend, a couple directory structure fixes * remove old docs * intro side nav converted * reset sidebar styles, add hashi-global-styles * basic styling for nav sidebar * folder collapse functionality * patch up border length on last list item * wip restructure for content component * taking middleman hacking to the extreme, but its working * small css fix * add new mega nav * fix a small mistake from the rebase * fix a content resolution issue with middleman * title a couple missing docs pages * update deps, remove temporary markup * community page * footer to layout, community page css adjustments * wip downloads page * deps updated, downloads page ready * fix community page * homepage progress * add components, adjust spacing * docs and api landing pages * a bunch of fixes, add docs and api landing pages * update deps, add deploy scripts * add readme note * update deploy command * overview page, index title * Update doc fields Note this still requires the link fields to be populated -- this is solely related to copy on the description fields * Update api_basic_categories.yml Updated API category descriptions. Like the document descriptions you'll still need to update the link headers to the proper target pages. * Add bottom hero, adjust CSS, responsive friendly * Add mega nav title * homepage adjustments, asset boosts * small fixes * docs page styling fixes * meganav title * some category link corrections * Update API categories page updated to reflect the second level headings for api categories * Update docs_detailed_categories.yml Updated to represent the existing docs structure * Update docs_detailed_categories.yml * docs page data fix, extra operator page remove * api data fix * fix makefile * update deps, add product subnav to docs and api landing pages * Rearrange non-hands-on guides to _docs_ Since there is no place for these on learn.hashicorp, we'll put them under _docs_. * WIP Redirects for guides to docs * content and component updates * font weight hotfix, redirects * fix guides and intro sidenavs * fix some redirects * small style tweaks * Redirects to learn and internally to docs * Remove redirect to `/vault` * Remove `.html` from destination on redirects * fix incorrect index redirect * final touchups * address feedback from michell for makefile and product downloads
59 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
59 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
---
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layout: "docs"
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page_title: "Key Rotation"
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sidebar_title: "Key Rotation"
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sidebar_current: "docs-internals-rotation"
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description: |-
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Learn about the details of key rotation within Vault.
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---
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# Key Rotation
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Vault has multiple encryption keys that are used for various purposes. These keys support
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rotation so that they can be periodically changed or in response to a potential leak or
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compromise. It is useful to first understand the
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[high-level architecture](/docs/internals/architecture.html) before learning about key rotation.
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As a review, Vault starts in a _sealed_ state. Vault is unsealed by providing the unseal keys.
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By default, Vault uses a technique known as [Shamir's secret sharing algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir's_Secret_Sharing)
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to split the master key into 5 shares, any 3 of which are required to reconstruct the master
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key. The master key is used to protect the encryption key, which is ultimately used to protect
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data written to the storage backend.
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[](/img/vault-shamir-secret-sharing.svg)
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To support key rotation, we need to support changing the unseal keys, master key, and the
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backend encryption key. We split this into two separate operations, `rekey` and `rotate`.
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The `rekey` operation is used to generate a new master key. When this is being done,
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it is possible to change the parameters of the key splitting, so that the number of shares
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and the threshold required to unseal can be changed. To perform a rekey a threshold of the
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current unseal keys must be provided. This is to prevent a single malicious operator from
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performing a rekey and invalidating the existing master key.
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Performing a rekey is fairly straightforward. The rekey operation must be initialized with
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the new parameters for the split and threshold. Once initialized, the current unseal keys
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must be provided until the threshold is met. Once met, Vault will generate the new master
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key, perform the splitting, and re-encrypt the encryption key with the new master key.
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The new unseal keys are then provided to the operator, and the old unseal keys are no
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longer usable.
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The `rotate` operation is used to change the encryption key used to protect data written
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to the storage backend. This key is never provided or visible to operators, who only
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have unseal keys. This simplifies the rotation, as it does not require the current key
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holders unlike the `rekey` operation. When `rotate` is triggered, a new encryption key
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is generated and added to a keyring. All new values written to the storage backend are
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encrypted with the new key. Old values written with previous encryption keys can still
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be decrypted since older keys are saved in the keyring. This allows key rotation to be
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done online, without an expensive re-encryption process.
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Both the `rekey` and `rotate` operations can be done online and in a highly available
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configuration. Only the active Vault instance can perform either of the operations
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but standby instances can still assume an active role after either operation. This is
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done by providing an online upgrade path for standby instances. If the current encryption
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key is `N` and a rotation installs `N+1`, Vault creates a special "upgrade" key, which
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provides the `N+1` encryption key protected by the `N` key. This upgrade key is only available
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for a few minutes enabling standby instances to do a periodic check for upgrades.
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This allows standby instances to update their keys and stay in-sync with the active Vault
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without requiring operators to perform another unseal.
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