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docs	ACL System	docs-internals-acl	Consul provides an optional Access Control List (ACL) system which can be used to control access to data and APIs. The ACL system is a Capability-based system that relies on tokens which can have fine grained rules applied to them. It is very similar to AWS IAM in many ways.

ACL System

Consul provides an optional Access Control List (ACL) system which can be used to control access to data and APIs. The ACL system is a Capability-based system that relies on tokens to which fine grained rules can be applied. It is very similar to AWS IAM in many ways.

ACL Design

The ACL system is designed to be easy to use, fast to enforce, flexible to new policies, all while providing administrative insight. It has been modeled on the AWS IAM system, as well as the more general object-capability model. The system is modeled around "tokens".

Every token has an ID, name, type and rule set. The ID is a randomly generated UUID, making it unfeasible to guess. The name is opaque and human readable. The type is either "client" meaning it cannot modify ACL rules, and is restricted by the provided rules, or is "management" and is allowed to perform all actions.

The token ID is passed along with each RPC request to the servers. Agents can be configured with acl_token to provide a default token, but the token can also be specified by a client on a per-request basis. ACLs are new as of Consul 0.4, meaning prior versions do not provide a token. This is handled by the special "anonymous" token. Anytime there is no token provided, the rules defined by that token are automatically applied. This allows policy to be enforced on legacy clients.

Enforcement is always done by the server nodes. All servers must be configured to provide an acl_datacenter, which enables ACL enforcement but also specifies the authoritative datacenter. Consul does not replicate data cross-WAN, and instead relies on RPC forwarding to support Multi-Datacenter configurations. However, because requests can be made across datacenter boundaries, ACL tokens must be valid globally. To avoid replication issues, a single datacenter is considered authoritative and stores all the tokens.

When a request is made to any non-authoritative server with a token, it must be resolved into the appropriate policy. This is done by reading the token from the authoritative server and caching a configurable acl_ttl. The implication of caching is that the cache TTL is an upper bound on the staleness of policy that is enforced. It is possible to set a zero TTL, but this has adverse performance impacts, as every request requires refreshing the policy.

Another possible issue is an outage of the acl_datacenter or networking issues preventing access. In this case, it may be impossible for non-authoritative servers to resolve tokens. Consul provides a number of configurable acl_down_policy choices to tune behavior. It is possible to deny or permit all actions, or to ignore cache TTLs and enter a fail-safe mode.

ACLs can also act in either a whitelist or blacklist mode depending on the configuration of acl_default_policy. If the default policy is to deny all actions, then token rules can be set to allow or whitelist actions. In the inverse, the allow all default behavior is a blacklist, where rules are used to prohibit actions.

Blacklist mode and consul exec

If you set acl_default_policy to deny, the anonymous token won't have the permission to read the default _rexec prefix, and therefore token-less consul agents (using the anonymous token) won't be able to perform consul exec actions.

There is a subtle interaction there. The agents will need permission to read/write to the _rexec prefix for consul exec to work properly. They use that as the transport for most data, only the edge trigger uses the event system.

You can do this by allowing the anonymous token to access that prefix, or by providing tokens to the agents that enable it. The former can be done by giving this rule to the anonymous token:

key "_rexec/" {
    policy = "write"
}

Bootstrapping ACLs

Bootstrapping the ACL system is done by providing an initial acl_master_token configuration, which will be created as a "management" type token if it does not exist. Note that the acl_master_token is only installed when a server acquires cluster leadership. If you would like to install or change the acl_master_token, set the new value for acl_master_token in the configuration for all servers. Once this is done, restart the current leader to force a leader election.

Rule Specification

A core part of the ACL system is a rule language which is used to describe the policy that must be enforced. We make use of the HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL) to specify policy. This language is human readable and interoperable with JSON making it easy to machine generate.

As of Consul 0.4, it is only possible to specify policies for the KV store. Specification in the HCL format looks like:

# Default all keys to read-only
key "" {
  policy = "read"
}
key "foo/" {
  policy = "write"
}
key "foo/private/" {
  # Deny access to the private dir
  policy = "deny"
}

# Default all services to allowing registration
service "" {
    policy = "write"
}

service "secure" {
    # Deny registration access to secure service
    policy = "read"
}

This is equivalent to the following JSON input:

{
  "key": {
    "": {
      "policy": "read"
    },
    "foo/": {
      "policy": "write"
    },
    "foo/private": {
      "policy": "deny"
    }
  },
  "service": {
      "": {
          "policy": "write"
      },
      "secure": {
          "policy": "read"
      }
  }
}

Key policies provide both a prefix and a policy. The rules are enforced using a longest-prefix match policy. This means we pick the most specific policy possible. The policy is either "read", "write" or "deny". A "write" policy implies "read", and there is no way to specify write-only. If there is no applicable rule, the acl_default_policy is applied.

Services policies provide both a service name and a policy. The rules are enforced using an exact match policy. The default rule is provided using the empty string. The policy is either "read", "write", or "deny". A "write" policy implies "read", and there is no way to specify write-only. If there is no applicable rule, the acl_default_policy is applied. Currently, only the "write" level is enforced for registration of services. The policy for the "consul" service is always "write" as it is managed internally.