Node updates were not updating the service indexes, which are used for
service related queries. This caused the X-Consul-Index to stay the same
after a node update as seen from a service query even though the node
data is returned in heath queries. If that happened in between queries
the client would miss this change.
We now update the indexes of the services on the node when it is
updated.
Fixes: #5450
In TestServer_LANReap autopilot is running, so the alternate flow
through the serf reaping function is possible. In that situation the
ReconnectTimeout is not relevant so for parity also override the
TombstoneTimeout value as well.
For additional parity update the TestServer_WANReap and
TestClient_LANReap versions of this test in the same way even though
autopilot is irrelevant here .
Fix error in detecting raft replication errors.
Detect redacted token secrets and prevent attempting to insert.
Add a Redacted field to the TokenBatchRead and TokenRead RPC endpoints
This will indicate whether token secrets have been redacted.
Ensure any token with a redacted secret in secondary datacenters is removed.
Test that redacted tokens cannot be replicated.
Prevent race between register and deregister requests by saving them
together in the local state on registration.
Also adds more cleaning in case of failure when registering services
/ checks.
Previously we were fixing up the token links directly on the *ACLToken returned by memdb. This invalidated some assumptions that a snapshot is immutable as well as potentially being able to cause a crash.
The fix here is to give the policy link fixing function copy on write semantics. When no fixes are necessary we can return the memdb object directly, otherwise we copy it and create a new list of links.
Eventually we might find a better way to keep those policy links in sync but for now this fixes the issue.
* Fix race condition in DNS when using cache
The healty node filtering was modifying the result from the cache, which
caused a crash when multiple queries were made to the same service
simultaneously.
We now copy the node slice before filtering to ensure we do not modify
the data stored in the cache.
* Fix wording in dns cache config doc
s/dns_max_age/cache_max_age/
This PR adds two features which will be useful for operators when ACLs are in use.
1. Tokens set in configuration files are now reloadable.
2. If `acl.enable_token_persistence` is set to `true` in the configuration, tokens set via the `v1/agent/token` endpoint are now persisted to disk and loaded when the agent starts (or during configuration reload)
Note that token persistence is opt-in so our users who do not want tokens on the local disk will see no change.
Some other secondary changes:
* Refactored a bunch of places where the replication token is retrieved from the token store. This token isn't just for replicating ACLs and now it is named accordingly.
* Allowed better paths in the `v1/agent/token/` API. Instead of paths like: `v1/agent/token/acl_replication_token` the path can now be just `v1/agent/token/replication`. The old paths remain to be valid.
* Added a couple new API functions to set tokens via the new paths. Deprecated the old ones and pointed to the new names. The names are also generally better and don't imply that what you are setting is for ACLs but rather are setting ACL tokens. There is a minor semantic difference there especially for the replication token as again, its no longer used only for ACL token/policy replication. The new functions will detect 404s and fallback to using the older token paths when talking to pre-1.4.3 agents.
* Docs updated to reflect the API additions and to show using the new endpoints.
* Updated the ACL CLI set-agent-tokens command to use the non-deprecated APIs.
This PR is based on #5366 and continues to centralise the tls configuration in order to be reloadable eventually!
This PR is another refactoring. No tests are changed, beyond calling other functions or cosmetic stuff. I added a bunch of tests, even though they might be redundant.
In order to be able to reload the TLS configuration, we need one way to generate the different configurations.
This PR introduces a `tlsutil.Configurator` which holds a `tlsutil.Config`. Afterwards it is responsible for rendering every `tls.Config`. In this particular PR I moved `IncomingHTTPSConfig`, `IncomingTLSConfig`, and `OutgoingTLSWrapper` into `tlsutil.Configurator`.
This PR is a pure refactoring - not a single feature added. And not a single test added. I only slightly modified existing tests as necessary.
Adds two new configuration parameters "dns_config.use_cache" and
"dns_config.cache_max_age" controlling how DNS requests use the agent
cache when querying servers.
* Start adding tests for cluster override
* Refactor tests for clusters
* Passing tests for custom upstream cluster override
* Added capability to customise local app cluster
* Rename config for local cluster override
Also in acl_endpoint_test.go:
* convert logical blocks in some token tests to subtests
* remove use of require.New
This removes a lot of noise in a later PR.
This way we can avoid unnecessary panics which cause other tests not to run.
This doesn't remove all the possibilities for panics causing other tests not to run, it just fixes the TestAgent
Currently the gRPC server assumes that if you have configured TLS
certs on the agent (for RPC) that you want gRPC to be encrypted.
If gRPC is bound to localhost this can be overkill. For the API we
let the user choose to offer HTTP or HTTPS API endpoints
independently of the TLS cert configuration for a similar reason.
This setting will let someone encrypt RPC traffic with TLS but avoid
encrypting local gRPC traffic if that is what they want to do by only
enabling TLS on gRPC if the HTTPS API port is enabled.
There was an errant early-return in PolicyDelete() that bypassed the
rest of the function. This was ok because the only caller of this
function ignores the results.
This removes the early-return making it structurally behave like
TokenDelete() and for both PolicyDelete and TokenDelete clarify the lone
callers to indicate that the return values are ignored.
We may wish to avoid the entire return value as well, but this patch
doesn't go that far.
`establishLeadership` invoked during leadership monitoring may use autopilot to do promotions etc. There was a race with doing that and having autopilot initialized and this fixes it.
Given a query like:
```
{
"Name": "tagged-connect-query",
"Service": {
"Service": "foo",
"Tags": ["tag"],
"Connect": true
}
}
```
And a Consul configuration like:
```
{
"services": [
"name": "foo",
"port": 8080,
"connect": { "sidecar_service": {} },
"tags": ["tag"]
]
}
```
If you executed the query it would always turn up with 0 results. This was because the sidecar service was being created without any tags. You could instead make your config look like:
```
{
"services": [
"name": "foo",
"port": 8080,
"connect": { "sidecar_service": {
"tags": ["tag"]
} },
"tags": ["tag"]
]
}
```
However that is a bit redundant for most cases. This PR ensures that the tags and service meta of the parent service get copied to the sidecar service. If there are any tags or service meta set in the sidecar service definition then this copying does not take place. After the changes, the query will now return the expected results.
A second change was made to prepared queries in this PR which is to allow filtering on ServiceMeta just like we allow for filtering on NodeMeta.
When tests fail, only the logs for the failing run are dumped to the
console which helps in diagnosis. This is easily added to other test
scenarios as they come up.
* Fix 2 remote ACL policy resolution issues
1 - Use the right method to fire async not found errors when the ACL.PolicyResolve RPC returns that error. This was previously accidentally firing a token result instead of a policy result which would have effectively done nothing (unless there happened to be a token with a secret id == the policy id being resolved.
2. When concurrent policy resolution is being done we single flight the requests. The bug before was that for the policy resolution that was going to piggy back on anothers RPC results it wasn’t waiting long enough for the results to come back due to looping with the wrong variable.
* Fix a handful of other edge case ACL scenarios
The main issue was that token specific issues (not able to access a particular policy or the token being deleted after initial fetching) were poisoning the policy cache.
A second issue was that for concurrent token resolutions, the first resolution to get started would go fetch all the policies. If before the policies were retrieved a second resolution request came in, the new request would register watchers for those policies but then never block waiting for them to complete. This resulted in using the default policy when it shouldn't have.
* Support rate limiting and concurrency limiting CSR requests on servers; handle CA rotations gracefully with jitter and backoff-on-rate-limit in client
* Add CSR rate limiting docs
* Fix config naming and add tests for new CA configs
For established xDS gRPC streams recheck ACLs for each DiscoveryRequest
or DiscoveryResponse. If more than 5 minutes has elapsed since the last
ACL check, recheck even without an incoming DiscoveryRequest or
DiscoveryResponse. ACL failures will terminate the stream.
Fixes#4969
This implements non-blocking request polling at the cache layer which is currently only used for prepared queries. Additionally this enables the proxycfg manager to poll prepared queries for use in envoy proxy upstreams.
* Store leaf cert indexes in raft and use for the ModifyIndex on the returned certs
This ensures that future certificate signings will have a strictly greater ModifyIndex than any previous certs signed.
## Background
When making a blocking query on a missing service (was never registered, or is not registered anymore) the query returns as soon as any service is updated.
On clusters with frequent updates (5~10 updates/s in our DCs) these queries virtually do not block, and clients with no protections againt this waste ressources on the agent and server side. Clients that do protect against this get updates later than they should because of the backoff time they implement between requests.
## Implementation
While reducing the number of unnecessary updates we still want :
* Clients to be notified as soon as when the last instance of a service disapears.
* Clients to be notified whenever there's there is an update for the service.
* Clients to be notified as soon as the first instance of the requested service is added.
To reduce the number of unnecessary updates we need to block when a request to a missing service is made. However in the following case :
1. Client `client1` makes a query for service `foo`, gets back a node and X-Consul-Index 42
2. `foo` is unregistered
3. `client1` makes a query for `foo` with `index=42` -> `foo` does not exist, the query blocks and `client1` is not notified of the change on `foo`
We could store the last raft index when each service was last alive to know wether we should block on the incoming query or not, but that list could grow indefinetly.
We instead store the last raft index when a service was unregistered and use it when a query targets a service that does not exist.
When a service `srv` is unregistered this "missing service index" is always greater than any X-Consul-Index held by the clients while `srv` was up, allowing us to immediatly notify them.
1. Client `client1` makes a query for service `foo`, gets back a node and `X-Consul-Index: 42`
2. `foo` is unregistered, we set the "missing service index" to 43
3. `client1` makes a blocking query for `foo` with `index=42` -> `foo` does not exist, we check against the "missing service index" and return immediatly with `X-Consul-Index: 43`
4. `client1` makes a blocking query for `foo` with `index=43` -> we block
5. Other changes happen in the cluster, but foo still doesn't exist and "missing service index" hasn't changed, the query is still blocked
6. `foo` is registered again on index 62 -> `foo` exists and its index is greater than 43, we unblock the query
This adds a MaxQueryTime field to the connect ca leaf cache request type and populates it via the wait query param. The cache will then do the right thing and timeout the operation as expected if no new leaf cert is available within that time.
Fixes#4462
The reproduction scenario in the original issue now times out appropriately.
Fixes#4897
Also apparently token deletion could segfault in secondary DCs when attempting to delete non-existant tokens. For that reason both checks are wrapped within the non-nil check.
* Add State storage and LastResult argument into Cache so that cache.Types can safely store additional data that is eventually expired.
* New Leaf cache type working and basic tests passing. TODO: more extensive testing for the Root change jitter across blocking requests, test concurrent fetches for different leaves interact nicely with rootsWatcher.
* Add multi-client and delayed rotation tests.
* Typos and cleanup error handling in roots watch
* Add comment about how the FetchResult can be used and change ca leaf state to use a non-pointer state.
* Plumb test override of root CA jitter through TestAgent so that tests are deterministic again!
* Fix failing config test
* Add default weights when adding a service with no weights to local state to prevent constant AE re-sync.
This fix was contributed by @42wim in https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/pull/5096 but was merged against the wrong base. This adds it to master and adds a test to cover the behaviour.
* Fix tests that broke due to comparing internal state which now has default weights
* Fixes#4480. Don't leave old errors around in cache that can be hit in specific circumstances.
* Move error reset to cover extreme edge case of nil Value, nil err Fetch
* Avoid to have infinite recursion in DNS lookups when resolving CNAMEs
This will avoid killing Consul when a Service.Address is using CNAME
to a Consul CNAME that creates an infinite recursion.
This will fix https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/issues/4907
* Use maxRecursionLevel = 3 to allow several recursions
* bugfix: use ServiceTags to generate cahce key hash
* update unit test
* update
* remote print log
* Update .gitignore
* Completely deprecate ServiceTag field internally for clarity
* Add explicit test for CacheInfo cases
Fixes point `#2` of: https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/issues/4903
When registering a service each healthcheck status is saved and restored (https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/master/agent/agent.go#L1914) to avoid unnecessary flaps in health state.
This change extends this feature to single check registration by moving this protection in `AddCheck()` so that both `PUT /v1/agent/service/register` and `PUT /v1/agent/check/register` behave in the same idempotent way.
#### Steps to reproduce
1. Register a check :
```
curl -X PUT \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/agent/check/register \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{
"Name": "my_check",
"ServiceID": "srv",
"Interval": "10s",
"Args": ["true"]
}'
```
2. The check will initialize and change to `passing`
3. Run the same request again
4. The check status will quickly go from `critical` to `passing` (the delay for this transission is determined by https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/master/agent/checks/check.go#L95)
This adds the `agent/connect/ca/plugin` library for consuming/serving Connect CA providers as [go-plugin](https://github.com/hashicorp/go-plugin) plugins. This **does not** wire this up in any way to Consul itself, so this will not enable using these plugins yet.
## Why?
We want to enable CA providers to be pluggable without modifying Consul so that any CA or PKI system can potentially back the Connect certificates. This CA system may also be used in the future for easier bootstrapping and internal cluster security.
### go-plugin
The benefit of `go-plugin` is that for the plugin consumer, the fact that the interface implementation is communicating over multi-process RPC is invisible. Internals of Consul will continue to just use `ca.Provider` interface implementations as if they're local. For plugin _authors_, they simply have to implement the interface. The network/transport/process management issues are handled by go-plugin itself.
The CA provider plugins support both `net/rpc` and gRPC transports. This enables easy authoring in any language. go-plugin handles the actual protocol handshake and connection. This is just a feature of go-plugin.
`go-plugin` is already in production use for years by Packer, Terraform, Nomad, Vault, and Sentinel. We've shown stability for both desktop and server-side software. It is very mature.
## Implementation Details
### `map[string]interface{}`
The `Configure` method passes a `map[string]interface{}`. This map contains only Go primitives and containers of primitives (no funcs, chans, etc.). For `net/rpc` we encode as-is using Gob. For gRPC we marshal to JSON and transmit as a `bytes` type. This is the same approach we take with Vault and other software.
Note that this is just the transport protocol, the end software views it fully decoded.
### `x509.Certificate` and `CertificateRequest`
We transmit the raw ASN.1 bytes and decode on the other side. Unit tests are verifying we get the same cert/csrs across the wire.
### Testing
`go-plugin` exposes test helpers that enable testing the full plugin RPC over real loopback network connections. We test all endpoints for success and error for both `net/rpc` and gRPC.
### Vendoring
This PR doesn't introduce vendoring for two reasons:
1. @banks's `f-envoy` branch introduces a lot of these and I didn't want conflict.
2. The library isn't actually used yet so it doesn't introduce compile-time errors (it does introduce test errors).
## Next Steps
With this in place, we need to figure out the proper way to actually hook these up to Consul, load them, etc. This discussion can happen elsewhere, since regardless of approach this plugin library implementation is the exact same.
This endpoint aggregates all checks related to <service id> on the agent
and return an appropriate http code + the string describing the worst
check.
This allows to cleanly expose service status to other component, hiding
complexity of multiple checks.
This is especially useful to use consul to feed a load balancer which
would delegate health checking to consul agent.
Exposing this endpoint on the agent is necessary to avoid a hit on
consul servers and avoid decreasing resiliency (this endpoint will work
even if there is no consul leader in the cluster).
Fixes: https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/issues/3676
This fixes a bug were registering an agent with a non-existent ACL token can prevent other
services registered with a good token from being synced to the server when using
`acl_enforce_version_8 = false`.
## Background
When `acl_enforce_version_8` is off the agent does not check the ACL token validity before
storing the service in its state.
When syncing a service registered with a missing ACL token we fall into the default error
handling case (https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/master/agent/local/state.go#L1255)
and stop the sync (https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/master/agent/local/state.go#L1082)
without setting its Synced property to true like in the permission denied case.
This means that the sync will always stop at the faulty service(s).
The order in which the services are synced is random since we iterate on a map. So eventually
all services with good ACL tokens will be synced, this can however take some time and is influenced
by the cluster size, the bigger the slower because retries are less frequent.
Having a service in this state also prevent all further sync of checks as they are done after
the services.
## Changes
This change modify the sync process to continue even if there is an error.
This fixes the issue described above as well as making the sync more error tolerant: if the server repeatedly refuses
a service (the ACL token could have been deleted by the time the service is synced, the servers
were upgraded to a newer version that has more strict checks on the service definition...).
Then all services and check that can be synced will, and those that don't will be marked as errors in
the logs instead of blocking the whole process.
This PR both prevents a blank CA config from being written out to
a snapshot and allows Consul to gracefully recover from a snapshot
with an invalid CA config.
Fixes#4954.
Fix catalog service node filtering (ex /v1/catalog/service/srv?tag=tag1)
between agent version <=v1.2.3 and server >=v1.3.0.
New server version did not account for the old field when filtering
hence request made from old agent were not tag-filtered.
* website: add multi-dc enterprise landing page
* website: switch all 1.4.0 alerts/RC warnings
* website: connect product wording
Co-Authored-By: pearkes <jackpearkes@gmail.com>
* website: remove RC notification
* commmand/acl: fix usage docs for ACL tokens
* agent: remove comment, OperatorRead
* website: improve multi-dc docs
Still not happy with this but tried to make it slightly more informative.
* website: put back acl guide warning for 1.4.0
* website: simplify multi-dc page and respond to feedback
* Fix Multi-DC typos on connect index page.
* Improve Multi-DC overview.
A full guide is a WIP and will be added post-release.
* Fixes typo avaiable > available
* Update the ACL API docs
* Add a CreateTime to the anon token
Also require acl:read permissions at least to perform rule translation. Don’t want someone DoSing the system with an open endpoint that actually does a bit of work.
* Fix one place where I was referring to id instead of AccessorID
* Add godocs for the API package additions.
* Minor updates: removed some extra commas and updated the acl intro paragraph
* minor tweaks
* Updated the language to be clearer
* Updated the language to be clearer for policy page
* I was also confused by that! Your updates are much clearer.
Co-Authored-By: kaitlincarter-hc <43049322+kaitlincarter-hc@users.noreply.github.com>
* Sounds much better.
Co-Authored-By: kaitlincarter-hc <43049322+kaitlincarter-hc@users.noreply.github.com>
* Updated sidebar layout and deprecated warning
* Add leader token upgrade test and fix various ACL enablement bugs
* Update the leader ACL initialization tests.
* Add a StateStore ACL tests for ACLTokenSet and ACLTokenGetBy* functions
* Advertise the agents acl support status with the agent/self endpoint.
* Make batch token upsert CAS’able to prevent consistency issues with token auto-upgrade
* Finish up the ACL state store token tests
* Finish the ACL state store unit tests
Also rename some things to make them more consistent.
* Do as much ACL replication testing as I can.
* A few API mods and unit tests.
* Update the unit tests to verify query/write metadata and to fix the rules endpoint tests.
* Make sure the full information for the replication status is in the api packge
This PR is almost a complete rewrite of the ACL system within Consul. It brings the features more in line with other HashiCorp products. Obviously there is quite a bit left to do here but most of it is related docs, testing and finishing the last few commands in the CLI. I will update the PR description and check off the todos as I finish them over the next few days/week.
Description
At a high level this PR is mainly to split ACL tokens from Policies and to split the concepts of Authorization from Identities. A lot of this PR is mostly just to support CRUD operations on ACLTokens and ACLPolicies. These in and of themselves are not particularly interesting. The bigger conceptual changes are in how tokens get resolved, how backwards compatibility is handled and the separation of policy from identity which could lead the way to allowing for alternative identity providers.
On the surface and with a new cluster the ACL system will look very similar to that of Nomads. Both have tokens and policies. Both have local tokens. The ACL management APIs for both are very similar. I even ripped off Nomad's ACL bootstrap resetting procedure. There are a few key differences though.
Nomad requires token and policy replication where Consul only requires policy replication with token replication being opt-in. In Consul local tokens only work with token replication being enabled though.
All policies in Nomad are globally applicable. In Consul all policies are stored and replicated globally but can be scoped to a subset of the datacenters. This allows for more granular access management.
Unlike Nomad, Consul has legacy baggage in the form of the original ACL system. The ramifications of this are:
A server running the new system must still support other clients using the legacy system.
A client running the new system must be able to use the legacy RPCs when the servers in its datacenter are running the legacy system.
The primary ACL DC's servers running in legacy mode needs to be a gate that keeps everything else in the entire multi-DC cluster running in legacy mode.
So not only does this PR implement the new ACL system but has a legacy mode built in for when the cluster isn't ready for new ACLs. Also detecting that new ACLs can be used is automatic and requires no configuration on the part of administrators. This process is detailed more in the "Transitioning from Legacy to New ACL Mode" section below.
* agent/debug: add package for debugging, host info
* api: add v1/agent/host endpoint
* agent: add v1/agent/host endpoint
* command/debug: implementation of static capture
* command/debug: tests and only configured targets
* agent/debug: add basic test for host metrics
* command/debug: add methods for dynamic data capture
* api: add debug/pprof endpoints
* command/debug: add pprof
* command/debug: timing, wg, logs to disk
* vendor: add gopsutil/disk
* command/debug: add a usage section
* website: add docs for consul debug
* agent/host: require operator:read
* api/host: improve docs and no retry timing
* command/debug: fail on extra arguments
* command/debug: fixup file permissions to 0644
* command/debug: remove server flags
* command/debug: improve clarity of usage section
* api/debug: add Trace for profiling, fix profile
* command/debug: capture profile and trace at the same time
* command/debug: add index document
* command/debug: use "clusters" in place of members
* command/debug: remove address in output
* command/debug: improve comment on metrics sleep
* command/debug: clarify usage
* agent: always register pprof handlers and protect
This will allow us to avoid a restart of a target agent
for profiling by always registering the pprof handlers.
Given this is a potentially sensitive path, it is protected
with an operator:read ACL and enable debug being
set to true on the target agent. enable_debug still requires
a restart.
If ACLs are disabled, enable_debug is sufficient.
* command/debug: use trace.out instead of .prof
More in line with golang docs.
* agent: fix comment wording
* agent: wrap table driven tests in t.run()
The default http.Client uses infinite timeouts, so if TestHTTPAPI_MethodNotAllowed_OSS experienced anything going wrong about setup it could hang forever.
Switching to hard coding various http.Client timeouts to non-infinite values at least bounds the failure time.
* Add -enable-local-script-checks options
These options allow for a finer control over when script checks are enabled by
giving the option to only allow them when they are declared from the local
file system.
* Add documentation for the new option
* Nitpick doc wording
* Support multiple tags for health and catalog api endpoints
Fixes#1781.
Adds a `ServiceTags` field to the ServiceSpecificRequest to support
multiple tags, updates the filter logic in the catalog store, and
propagates these change through to the health and catalog endpoints.
Note: Leaves `ServiceTag` in the struct, since it is being used as
part of the DNS lookup, which in turn uses the health check.
* Update the api package to support multiple tags
Includes additional tests.
* Update new tests to use the `require` library
* Update HealthConnect check after a bad merge
* [Performance On Large clusters] Checks do update services/nodes only when really modified to avoid too many updates on very large clusters
In a large cluster, when having a few thousands of nodes, the anti-entropy
mechanism performs lots of changes (several per seconds) while
there is no real change. This patch wants to improve this in order
to increase Consul scalability when using many blocking requests on
health for instance.
* [Performance for large clusters] Only updates index of service if service is really modified
* [Performance for large clusters] Only updates index of nodes if node is really modified
* Added comments / ensure IsSame() has clear semantics
* Avoid having modified boolean, return nil directly if stutures are Same
* Fixed unstable unit tests TestLeader_ChangeServerID
* Rewrite TestNode_IsSame() for better readability as suggested by @banks
* Rename ServiceNode.IsSame() into IsSameService() + added unit tests
* Do not duplicate TestStructs_ServiceNode_Conversions() and increase test coverage of IsSameService
* Clearer documentation in IsSameService
* Take into account ServiceProxy into ServiceNode.IsSameService()
* Fixed IsSameService() with all new structures
* Initial draft of Sidecar Service and Managed Proxy deprecation docs
* Service definition deprecation notices and sidecar service
* gRPC and sidecar service config options; Deprecate managed proxy options
* Envoy Docs: Basic envoy command; envoy getting started/intro
* Remove change that snuck in
* Envoy custom config example
* Add agent/service API docs; deprecate proxy config endpoint
* Misc grep cleanup for managed proxies; capitalize Envoy
* Updates to getting started guide
* Add missing link
* Refactor Envoy guide into a separate guide and add bootstrap reference notes.
* Add limitations to Envoy docs; Highlight no fixes for known managed proxy issues on deprecation page; clarify snake cae stuff; Sidecar Service lifecycle
* Fix bug in leaf-cert cache type where multiple clients with different tokens would share certs and block incorrectly
* Use hash for issued certs key to avoid ambiguity concatenating
R.B. Boyer