rocksdb/table/block_based_table_reader.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
//  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
//  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#include "table/block_based_table_reader.h"

#include <string>
#include <utility>

#include "db/dbformat.h"

#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
#include "rocksdb/comparator.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "rocksdb/filter_policy.h"
#include "rocksdb/iterator.h"
#include "rocksdb/options.h"
#include "rocksdb/statistics.h"
#include "rocksdb/table.h"
#include "rocksdb/table_properties.h"

#include "table/block.h"
#include "table/filter_block.h"
#include "table/block_based_filter_block.h"
#include "table/block_based_table_factory.h"
#include "table/full_filter_block.h"
#include "table/block_hash_index.h"
#include "table/block_prefix_index.h"
#include "table/format.h"
#include "table/internal_iterator.h"
#include "table/meta_blocks.h"
#include "table/two_level_iterator.h"
#include "table/get_context.h"

#include "util/coding.h"
#include "util/file_reader_writer.h"
#include "util/perf_context_imp.h"
#include "util/stop_watch.h"
#include "util/string_util.h"

namespace rocksdb {

extern const uint64_t kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
extern const std::string kHashIndexPrefixesBlock;
extern const std::string kHashIndexPrefixesMetadataBlock;
using std::unique_ptr;

typedef BlockBasedTable::IndexReader IndexReader;

namespace {
// The longest the prefix of the cache key used to identify blocks can be.
// We are using the fact that we know for Posix files the unique ID is three
// varints.
// For some reason, compiling for iOS complains that this variable is unused
const size_t kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize __attribute__((unused)) =
    kMaxVarint64Length * 3 + 1;

// Read the block identified by "handle" from "file".
// The only relevant option is options.verify_checksums for now.
// On failure return non-OK.
// On success fill *result and return OK - caller owns *result
Status ReadBlockFromFile(RandomAccessFileReader* file, const Footer& footer,
                         const ReadOptions& options, const BlockHandle& handle,
                         std::unique_ptr<Block>* result, Env* env,
                         bool do_uncompress = true) {
  BlockContents contents;
  Status s = ReadBlockContents(file, footer, options, handle, &contents, env,
                               do_uncompress);
  if (s.ok()) {
    result->reset(new Block(std::move(contents)));
  }

  return s;
}

// Delete the resource that is held by the iterator.
template <class ResourceType>
void DeleteHeldResource(void* arg, void* ignored) {
  delete reinterpret_cast<ResourceType*>(arg);
}

// Delete the entry resided in the cache.
template <class Entry>
void DeleteCachedEntry(const Slice& key, void* value) {
  auto entry = reinterpret_cast<Entry*>(value);
  delete entry;
}

// Release the cached entry and decrement its ref count.
void ReleaseCachedEntry(void* arg, void* h) {
  Cache* cache = reinterpret_cast<Cache*>(arg);
  Cache::Handle* handle = reinterpret_cast<Cache::Handle*>(h);
  cache->Release(handle);
}

Slice GetCacheKeyFromOffset(const char* cache_key_prefix,
                            size_t cache_key_prefix_size, uint64_t offset,
                            char* cache_key) {
  assert(cache_key != nullptr);
  assert(cache_key_prefix_size != 0);
  assert(cache_key_prefix_size <= kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize);
  memcpy(cache_key, cache_key_prefix, cache_key_prefix_size);
  char* end = EncodeVarint64(cache_key + cache_key_prefix_size, offset);
  return Slice(cache_key, static_cast<size_t>(end - cache_key));
}

Slice GetCacheKey(const char* cache_key_prefix, size_t cache_key_prefix_size,
                  const BlockHandle& handle, char* cache_key) {
  return GetCacheKeyFromOffset(cache_key_prefix, cache_key_prefix_size,
                               handle.offset(), cache_key);
}

Cache::Handle* GetEntryFromCache(Cache* block_cache, const Slice& key,
                                 Tickers block_cache_miss_ticker,
                                 Tickers block_cache_hit_ticker,
                                 Statistics* statistics) {
  auto cache_handle = block_cache->Lookup(key);
  if (cache_handle != nullptr) {
    PERF_COUNTER_ADD(block_cache_hit_count, 1);
    // overall cache hit
    RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_HIT);
    // total bytes read from cache
    RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_BYTES_READ,
               block_cache->GetUsage(cache_handle));
    // block-type specific cache hit
    RecordTick(statistics, block_cache_hit_ticker);
  } else {
    // overall cache miss
    RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_MISS);
    // block-type specific cache miss
    RecordTick(statistics, block_cache_miss_ticker);
  }

  return cache_handle;
}

}  // namespace

// -- IndexReader and its subclasses
// IndexReader is the interface that provide the functionality for index access.
class BlockBasedTable::IndexReader {
 public:
  explicit IndexReader(const Comparator* comparator)
      : comparator_(comparator) {}

  virtual ~IndexReader() {}

  // Create an iterator for index access.
  // An iter is passed in, if it is not null, update this one and return it
  // If it is null, create a new Iterator
  virtual InternalIterator* NewIterator(BlockIter* iter = nullptr,
                                        bool total_order_seek = true) = 0;

  // The size of the index.
  virtual size_t size() const = 0;
  // Memory usage of the index block
  virtual size_t usable_size() const = 0;

  // Report an approximation of how much memory has been used other than memory
  // that was allocated in block cache.
  virtual size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const = 0;

 protected:
  const Comparator* comparator_;
};

// Index that allows binary search lookup for the first key of each block.
// This class can be viewed as a thin wrapper for `Block` class which already
// supports binary search.
class BinarySearchIndexReader : public IndexReader {
 public:
  // Read index from the file and create an intance for
  // `BinarySearchIndexReader`.
  // On success, index_reader will be populated; otherwise it will remain
  // unmodified.
  static Status Create(RandomAccessFileReader* file, const Footer& footer,
                       const BlockHandle& index_handle, Env* env,
                       const Comparator* comparator,
                       IndexReader** index_reader) {
    std::unique_ptr<Block> index_block;
    auto s = ReadBlockFromFile(file, footer, ReadOptions(), index_handle,
                               &index_block, env);

    if (s.ok()) {
      *index_reader =
          new BinarySearchIndexReader(comparator, std::move(index_block));
    }

    return s;
  }

  virtual InternalIterator* NewIterator(BlockIter* iter = nullptr,
                                        bool dont_care = true) override {
    return index_block_->NewIterator(comparator_, iter, true);
  }

  virtual size_t size() const override { return index_block_->size(); }
  virtual size_t usable_size() const override {
    return index_block_->usable_size();
  }

  virtual size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const override {
    assert(index_block_);
    return index_block_->ApproximateMemoryUsage();
  }

 private:
  BinarySearchIndexReader(const Comparator* comparator,
                          std::unique_ptr<Block>&& index_block)
      : IndexReader(comparator), index_block_(std::move(index_block)) {
    assert(index_block_ != nullptr);
  }
  std::unique_ptr<Block> index_block_;
};

// Index that leverages an internal hash table to quicken the lookup for a given
// key.
class HashIndexReader : public IndexReader {
 public:
  static Status Create(const SliceTransform* hash_key_extractor,
                       const Footer& footer, RandomAccessFileReader* file,
                       Env* env, const Comparator* comparator,
                       const BlockHandle& index_handle,
                       InternalIterator* meta_index_iter,
                       IndexReader** index_reader,
                       bool hash_index_allow_collision) {
    std::unique_ptr<Block> index_block;
    auto s = ReadBlockFromFile(file, footer, ReadOptions(), index_handle,
                               &index_block, env);

    if (!s.ok()) {
      return s;
    }

    // Note, failure to create prefix hash index does not need to be a
    // hard error. We can still fall back to the original binary search index.
    // So, Create will succeed regardless, from this point on.

    auto new_index_reader =
        new HashIndexReader(comparator, std::move(index_block));
    *index_reader = new_index_reader;

    // Get prefixes block
    BlockHandle prefixes_handle;
    s = FindMetaBlock(meta_index_iter, kHashIndexPrefixesBlock,
                      &prefixes_handle);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      // TODO: log error
      return Status::OK();
    }

    // Get index metadata block
    BlockHandle prefixes_meta_handle;
    s = FindMetaBlock(meta_index_iter, kHashIndexPrefixesMetadataBlock,
                      &prefixes_meta_handle);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      // TODO: log error
      return Status::OK();
    }

    // Read contents for the blocks
    BlockContents prefixes_contents;
    s = ReadBlockContents(file, footer, ReadOptions(), prefixes_handle,
                          &prefixes_contents, env, true /* do decompression */);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      return s;
    }
    BlockContents prefixes_meta_contents;
    s = ReadBlockContents(file, footer, ReadOptions(), prefixes_meta_handle,
                          &prefixes_meta_contents, env,
                          true /* do decompression */);
    if (!s.ok()) {
      // TODO: log error
      return Status::OK();
    }

    if (!hash_index_allow_collision) {
      // TODO: deprecate once hash_index_allow_collision proves to be stable.
      BlockHashIndex* hash_index = nullptr;
      s = CreateBlockHashIndex(hash_key_extractor,
                               prefixes_contents.data,
                               prefixes_meta_contents.data,
                               &hash_index);
      // TODO: log error
      if (s.ok()) {
        new_index_reader->index_block_->SetBlockHashIndex(hash_index);
        new_index_reader->OwnPrefixesContents(std::move(prefixes_contents));
      }
    } else {
      BlockPrefixIndex* prefix_index = nullptr;
      s = BlockPrefixIndex::Create(hash_key_extractor,
                                   prefixes_contents.data,
                                   prefixes_meta_contents.data,
                                   &prefix_index);
      // TODO: log error
      if (s.ok()) {
        new_index_reader->index_block_->SetBlockPrefixIndex(prefix_index);
      }
    }

    return Status::OK();
  }

  virtual InternalIterator* NewIterator(BlockIter* iter = nullptr,
                                        bool total_order_seek = true) override {
    return index_block_->NewIterator(comparator_, iter, total_order_seek);
  }

  virtual size_t size() const override { return index_block_->size(); }
  virtual size_t usable_size() const override {
    return index_block_->usable_size();
  }

  virtual size_t ApproximateMemoryUsage() const override {
    assert(index_block_);
    return index_block_->ApproximateMemoryUsage() +
           prefixes_contents_.data.size();
  }

 private:
  HashIndexReader(const Comparator* comparator,
                  std::unique_ptr<Block>&& index_block)
      : IndexReader(comparator), index_block_(std::move(index_block)) {
    assert(index_block_ != nullptr);
  }

  ~HashIndexReader() {
  }

  void OwnPrefixesContents(BlockContents&& prefixes_contents) {
    prefixes_contents_ = std::move(prefixes_contents);
  }

  std::unique_ptr<Block> index_block_;
  BlockContents prefixes_contents_;
};

// CachableEntry represents the entries that *may* be fetched from block cache.
//  field `value` is the item we want to get.
//  field `cache_handle` is the cache handle to the block cache. If the value
//    was not read from cache, `cache_handle` will be nullptr.
template <class TValue>
struct BlockBasedTable::CachableEntry {
  CachableEntry(TValue* _value, Cache::Handle* _cache_handle)
      : value(_value), cache_handle(_cache_handle) {}
  CachableEntry() : CachableEntry(nullptr, nullptr) {}
  void Release(Cache* cache) {
    if (cache_handle) {
      cache->Release(cache_handle);
      value = nullptr;
      cache_handle = nullptr;
    }
  }
  bool IsSet() const { return cache_handle != nullptr; }

  TValue* value = nullptr;
  // if the entry is from the cache, cache_handle will be populated.
  Cache::Handle* cache_handle = nullptr;
};

struct BlockBasedTable::Rep {
  Rep(const ImmutableCFOptions& _ioptions, const EnvOptions& _env_options,
      const BlockBasedTableOptions& _table_opt,
      const InternalKeyComparator& _internal_comparator, bool skip_filters)
      : ioptions(_ioptions),
        env_options(_env_options),
        table_options(_table_opt),
        filter_policy(skip_filters ? nullptr : _table_opt.filter_policy.get()),
        internal_comparator(_internal_comparator),
        filter_type(FilterType::kNoFilter),
        whole_key_filtering(_table_opt.whole_key_filtering),
        prefix_filtering(true) {}

  const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions;
  const EnvOptions& env_options;
  const BlockBasedTableOptions& table_options;
  const FilterPolicy* const filter_policy;
  const InternalKeyComparator& internal_comparator;
  Status status;
  unique_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader> file;
  char cache_key_prefix[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize];
  size_t cache_key_prefix_size = 0;
  char compressed_cache_key_prefix[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize];
  size_t compressed_cache_key_prefix_size = 0;
  uint64_t dummy_index_reader_offset =
      0;  // ID that is unique for the block cache.

  // Footer contains the fixed table information
  Footer footer;
  // index_reader and filter will be populated and used only when
  // options.block_cache is nullptr; otherwise we will get the index block via
  // the block cache.
  unique_ptr<IndexReader> index_reader;
  unique_ptr<FilterBlockReader> filter;

  enum class FilterType {
    kNoFilter,
    kFullFilter,
    kBlockFilter,
  };
  FilterType filter_type;
  BlockHandle filter_handle;

  std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties> table_properties;
  BlockBasedTableOptions::IndexType index_type;
  bool hash_index_allow_collision;
  bool whole_key_filtering;
  bool prefix_filtering;
  // TODO(kailiu) It is very ugly to use internal key in table, since table
  // module should not be relying on db module. However to make things easier
  // and compatible with existing code, we introduce a wrapper that allows
  // block to extract prefix without knowing if a key is internal or not.
  unique_ptr<SliceTransform> internal_prefix_transform;

  // only used in level 0 files:
  // when pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache is true, we do use the
  // LRU cache, but we always keep the filter & idndex block's handle checked
  // out here (=we don't call Release()), plus the parsed out objects
  // the LRU cache will never push flush them out, hence they're pinned
  CachableEntry<FilterBlockReader> filter_entry;
  CachableEntry<IndexReader> index_entry;
};

BlockBasedTable::~BlockBasedTable() {
  Close();
  delete rep_;
}

// Helper function to setup the cache key's prefix for the Table.
void BlockBasedTable::SetupCacheKeyPrefix(Rep* rep, uint64_t file_size) {
  assert(kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize >= 10);
  rep->cache_key_prefix_size = 0;
  rep->compressed_cache_key_prefix_size = 0;
  if (rep->table_options.block_cache != nullptr) {
    GenerateCachePrefix(rep->table_options.block_cache.get(), rep->file->file(),
                        &rep->cache_key_prefix[0], &rep->cache_key_prefix_size);
    // Create dummy offset of index reader which is beyond the file size.
    rep->dummy_index_reader_offset =
        file_size + rep->table_options.block_cache->NewId();
  }
  if (rep->table_options.block_cache_compressed != nullptr) {
    GenerateCachePrefix(rep->table_options.block_cache_compressed.get(),
                        rep->file->file(), &rep->compressed_cache_key_prefix[0],
                        &rep->compressed_cache_key_prefix_size);
  }
}

void BlockBasedTable::GenerateCachePrefix(Cache* cc,
    RandomAccessFile* file, char* buffer, size_t* size) {

  // generate an id from the file
  *size = file->GetUniqueId(buffer, kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize);

  // If the prefix wasn't generated or was too long,
  // create one from the cache.
  if (*size == 0) {
    char* end = EncodeVarint64(buffer, cc->NewId());
    *size = static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer);
  }
}

void BlockBasedTable::GenerateCachePrefix(Cache* cc,
    WritableFile* file, char* buffer, size_t* size) {

  // generate an id from the file
  *size = file->GetUniqueId(buffer, kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize);

  // If the prefix wasn't generated or was too long,
  // create one from the cache.
  if (*size == 0) {
    char* end = EncodeVarint64(buffer, cc->NewId());
    *size = static_cast<size_t>(end - buffer);
  }
}

namespace {
// Return True if table_properties has `user_prop_name` has a `true` value
// or it doesn't contain this property (for backward compatible).
bool IsFeatureSupported(const TableProperties& table_properties,
                        const std::string& user_prop_name, Logger* info_log) {
  auto& props = table_properties.user_collected_properties;
  auto pos = props.find(user_prop_name);
  // Older version doesn't have this value set. Skip this check.
  if (pos != props.end()) {
    if (pos->second == kPropFalse) {
      return false;
    } else if (pos->second != kPropTrue) {
      Log(InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, info_log,
          "Property %s has invalidate value %s", user_prop_name.c_str(),
          pos->second.c_str());
    }
  }
  return true;
}
}  // namespace

Status BlockBasedTable::Open(const ImmutableCFOptions& ioptions,
                             const EnvOptions& env_options,
                             const BlockBasedTableOptions& table_options,
                             const InternalKeyComparator& internal_comparator,
                             unique_ptr<RandomAccessFileReader>&& file,
                             uint64_t file_size,
                             unique_ptr<TableReader>* table_reader,
                             const bool prefetch_index_and_filter,
                             const bool skip_filters, const int level) {
  table_reader->reset();

  Footer footer;
  auto s = ReadFooterFromFile(file.get(), file_size, &footer,
                              kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  if (!BlockBasedTableSupportedVersion(footer.version())) {
    return Status::Corruption(
        "Unknown Footer version. Maybe this file was created with newer "
        "version of RocksDB?");
  }

  // We've successfully read the footer and the index block: we're
  // ready to serve requests.
  Rep* rep = new BlockBasedTable::Rep(ioptions, env_options, table_options,
                                      internal_comparator, skip_filters);
  rep->file = std::move(file);
  rep->footer = footer;
  rep->index_type = table_options.index_type;
  rep->hash_index_allow_collision = table_options.hash_index_allow_collision;
  SetupCacheKeyPrefix(rep, file_size);
  unique_ptr<BlockBasedTable> new_table(new BlockBasedTable(rep));

  // Read meta index
  std::unique_ptr<Block> meta;
  std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> meta_iter;
  s = ReadMetaBlock(rep, &meta, &meta_iter);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }

  // Find filter handle and filter type
  if (rep->filter_policy) {
    for (auto prefix : {kFullFilterBlockPrefix, kFilterBlockPrefix}) {
      std::string filter_block_key = prefix;
      filter_block_key.append(rep->filter_policy->Name());
      if (FindMetaBlock(meta_iter.get(), filter_block_key, &rep->filter_handle)
              .ok()) {
        rep->filter_type = (prefix == kFullFilterBlockPrefix)
                               ? Rep::FilterType::kFullFilter
                               : Rep::FilterType::kBlockFilter;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  // Read the properties
  bool found_properties_block = true;
  s = SeekToPropertiesBlock(meta_iter.get(), &found_properties_block);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    Log(InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, rep->ioptions.info_log,
        "Cannot seek to properties block from file: %s",
        s.ToString().c_str());
  } else if (found_properties_block) {
    s = meta_iter->status();
    TableProperties* table_properties = nullptr;
    if (s.ok()) {
      s = ReadProperties(meta_iter->value(), rep->file.get(), rep->footer,
                         rep->ioptions.env, rep->ioptions.info_log,
                         &table_properties);
    }

    if (!s.ok()) {
      Log(InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, rep->ioptions.info_log,
        "Encountered error while reading data from properties "
        "block %s", s.ToString().c_str());
    } else {
      rep->table_properties.reset(table_properties);
    }
  } else {
    Log(InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL, rep->ioptions.info_log,
        "Cannot find Properties block from file.");
  }

  // Determine whether whole key filtering is supported.
  if (rep->table_properties) {
    rep->whole_key_filtering &=
        IsFeatureSupported(*(rep->table_properties),
                           BlockBasedTablePropertyNames::kWholeKeyFiltering,
                           rep->ioptions.info_log);
    rep->prefix_filtering &= IsFeatureSupported(
        *(rep->table_properties),
        BlockBasedTablePropertyNames::kPrefixFiltering, rep->ioptions.info_log);
  }

  if (prefetch_index_and_filter) {
    // pre-fetching of blocks is turned on
    // Will use block cache for index/filter blocks access?
    if (table_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks) {
      assert(table_options.block_cache != nullptr);
      // Hack: Call NewIndexIterator() to implicitly add index to the
      // block_cache

      // if pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache is true and this is
      // a level0 file, then we will pass in this pointer to rep->index
      // to NewIndexIterator(), which will save the index block in there
      // else it's a nullptr and nothing special happens
      CachableEntry<IndexReader>* index_entry = nullptr;
      if (rep->table_options.pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache &&
          level == 0) {
        index_entry = &rep->index_entry;
      }
      unique_ptr<InternalIterator> iter(
          new_table->NewIndexIterator(ReadOptions(), nullptr, index_entry));
      s = iter->status();

      if (s.ok()) {
        // Hack: Call GetFilter() to implicitly add filter to the block_cache
        auto filter_entry = new_table->GetFilter();
        // if pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache is true, and this is
        // a level0 file, then save it in rep_->filter_entry; it will be
        // released in the destructor only, hence it will be pinned in the
        // cache until this reader is alive
        if (rep->table_options.pin_l0_filter_and_index_blocks_in_cache &&
            level == 0) {
          rep->filter_entry = filter_entry;
        } else {
          filter_entry.Release(table_options.block_cache.get());
        }
      }
    } else {
      // If we don't use block cache for index/filter blocks access, we'll
      // pre-load these blocks, which will kept in member variables in Rep
      // and with a same life-time as this table object.
      IndexReader* index_reader = nullptr;
      s = new_table->CreateIndexReader(&index_reader, meta_iter.get());

      if (s.ok()) {
        rep->index_reader.reset(index_reader);

        // Set filter block
        if (rep->filter_policy) {
          rep->filter.reset(ReadFilter(rep, nullptr));
        }
      } else {
        delete index_reader;
      }
    }
  }

  if (s.ok()) {
    *table_reader = std::move(new_table);
  }

  return s;
}

void BlockBasedTable::SetupForCompaction() {
  switch (rep_->ioptions.access_hint_on_compaction_start) {
    case Options::NONE:
      break;
    case Options::NORMAL:
      rep_->file->file()->Hint(RandomAccessFile::NORMAL);
      break;
    case Options::SEQUENTIAL:
      rep_->file->file()->Hint(RandomAccessFile::SEQUENTIAL);
      break;
    case Options::WILLNEED:
      rep_->file->file()->Hint(RandomAccessFile::WILLNEED);
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);
  }
  compaction_optimized_ = true;
}

std::shared_ptr<const TableProperties> BlockBasedTable::GetTableProperties()
    const {
  return rep_->table_properties;
}

size_t BlockBasedTable::ApproximateMemoryUsage() const {
  size_t usage = 0;
  if (rep_->filter) {
    usage += rep_->filter->ApproximateMemoryUsage();
  }
  if (rep_->index_reader) {
    usage += rep_->index_reader->ApproximateMemoryUsage();
  }
  return usage;
}

// Load the meta-block from the file. On success, return the loaded meta block
// and its iterator.
Status BlockBasedTable::ReadMetaBlock(Rep* rep,
                                      std::unique_ptr<Block>* meta_block,
                                      std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator>* iter) {
  // TODO(sanjay): Skip this if footer.metaindex_handle() size indicates
  // it is an empty block.
  //  TODO: we never really verify check sum for meta index block
  std::unique_ptr<Block> meta;
  Status s = ReadBlockFromFile(
      rep->file.get(),
      rep->footer,
      ReadOptions(),
      rep->footer.metaindex_handle(),
      &meta,
      rep->ioptions.env);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    Log(InfoLogLevel::ERROR_LEVEL, rep->ioptions.info_log,
        "Encountered error while reading data from properties"
        " block %s", s.ToString().c_str());
    return s;
  }

  *meta_block = std::move(meta);
  // meta block uses bytewise comparator.
  iter->reset(meta_block->get()->NewIterator(BytewiseComparator()));
  return Status::OK();
}

Status BlockBasedTable::GetDataBlockFromCache(
    const Slice& block_cache_key, const Slice& compressed_block_cache_key,
    Cache* block_cache, Cache* block_cache_compressed, Statistics* statistics,
    const ReadOptions& read_options,
    BlockBasedTable::CachableEntry<Block>* block, uint32_t format_version) {
  Status s;
  Block* compressed_block = nullptr;
  Cache::Handle* block_cache_compressed_handle = nullptr;

  // Lookup uncompressed cache first
  if (block_cache != nullptr) {
    block->cache_handle =
        GetEntryFromCache(block_cache, block_cache_key, BLOCK_CACHE_DATA_MISS,
                          BLOCK_CACHE_DATA_HIT, statistics);
    if (block->cache_handle != nullptr) {
      block->value =
          reinterpret_cast<Block*>(block_cache->Value(block->cache_handle));
      return s;
    }
  }

  // If not found, search from the compressed block cache.
  assert(block->cache_handle == nullptr && block->value == nullptr);

  if (block_cache_compressed == nullptr) {
    return s;
  }

  assert(!compressed_block_cache_key.empty());
  block_cache_compressed_handle =
      block_cache_compressed->Lookup(compressed_block_cache_key);
  // if we found in the compressed cache, then uncompress and insert into
  // uncompressed cache
  if (block_cache_compressed_handle == nullptr) {
    RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_COMPRESSED_MISS);
    return s;
  }

  // found compressed block
  RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_COMPRESSED_HIT);
  compressed_block = reinterpret_cast<Block*>(
      block_cache_compressed->Value(block_cache_compressed_handle));
  assert(compressed_block->compression_type() != kNoCompression);

  // Retrieve the uncompressed contents into a new buffer
  BlockContents contents;
  s = UncompressBlockContents(compressed_block->data(),
                              compressed_block->size(), &contents,
                              format_version);

  // Insert uncompressed block into block cache
  if (s.ok()) {
    block->value = new Block(std::move(contents));  // uncompressed block
    assert(block->value->compression_type() == kNoCompression);
    if (block_cache != nullptr && block->value->cachable() &&
        read_options.fill_cache) {
      s = block_cache->Insert(
          block_cache_key, block->value, block->value->usable_size(),
          &DeleteCachedEntry<Block>, &(block->cache_handle));
      if (s.ok()) {
        RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD);
      } else {
        RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
        delete block->value;
        block->value = nullptr;
      }
    }
  }

  // Release hold on compressed cache entry
  block_cache_compressed->Release(block_cache_compressed_handle);
  return s;
}

Status BlockBasedTable::PutDataBlockToCache(
    const Slice& block_cache_key, const Slice& compressed_block_cache_key,
    Cache* block_cache, Cache* block_cache_compressed,
    const ReadOptions& read_options, Statistics* statistics,
    CachableEntry<Block>* block, Block* raw_block, uint32_t format_version) {
  assert(raw_block->compression_type() == kNoCompression ||
         block_cache_compressed != nullptr);

  Status s;
  // Retrieve the uncompressed contents into a new buffer
  BlockContents contents;
  if (raw_block->compression_type() != kNoCompression) {
    s = UncompressBlockContents(raw_block->data(), raw_block->size(), &contents,
                                format_version);
  }
  if (!s.ok()) {
    delete raw_block;
    return s;
  }

  if (raw_block->compression_type() != kNoCompression) {
    block->value = new Block(std::move(contents));  // uncompressed block
  } else {
    block->value = raw_block;
    raw_block = nullptr;
  }

  // Insert compressed block into compressed block cache.
  // Release the hold on the compressed cache entry immediately.
  if (block_cache_compressed != nullptr && raw_block != nullptr &&
      raw_block->cachable()) {
    s = block_cache_compressed->Insert(compressed_block_cache_key, raw_block,
                                       raw_block->usable_size(),
                                       &DeleteCachedEntry<Block>);
    if (s.ok()) {
      // Avoid the following code to delete this cached block.
      raw_block = nullptr;
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_COMPRESSED_ADD);
    } else {
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_COMPRESSED_ADD_FAILURES);
    }
  }
  delete raw_block;

  // insert into uncompressed block cache
  assert((block->value->compression_type() == kNoCompression));
  if (block_cache != nullptr && block->value->cachable()) {
    s = block_cache->Insert(block_cache_key, block->value,
                            block->value->usable_size(),
                            &DeleteCachedEntry<Block>, &(block->cache_handle));
    if (s.ok()) {
      assert(block->cache_handle != nullptr);
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD);
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_BYTES_WRITE,
                 block->value->usable_size());
      assert(reinterpret_cast<Block*>(
                 block_cache->Value(block->cache_handle)) == block->value);
    } else {
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
      delete block->value;
      block->value = nullptr;
    }
  }

  return s;
}

FilterBlockReader* BlockBasedTable::ReadFilter(Rep* rep, size_t* filter_size) {
  // TODO: We might want to unify with ReadBlockFromFile() if we start
  // requiring checksum verification in Table::Open.
  if (rep->filter_type == Rep::FilterType::kNoFilter) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  BlockContents block;
  if (!ReadBlockContents(rep->file.get(), rep->footer, ReadOptions(),
                         rep->filter_handle, &block, rep->ioptions.env,
                         false).ok()) {
    // Error reading the block
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (filter_size) {
    *filter_size = block.data.size();
  }

  assert(rep->filter_policy);

  if (rep->filter_type == Rep::FilterType::kBlockFilter) {
    return new BlockBasedFilterBlockReader(
        rep->prefix_filtering ? rep->ioptions.prefix_extractor : nullptr,
        rep->table_options, rep->whole_key_filtering, std::move(block));
  } else if (rep->filter_type == Rep::FilterType::kFullFilter) {
    auto filter_bits_reader =
        rep->filter_policy->GetFilterBitsReader(block.data);
    if (filter_bits_reader != nullptr) {
      return new FullFilterBlockReader(
          rep->prefix_filtering ? rep->ioptions.prefix_extractor : nullptr,
          rep->whole_key_filtering, std::move(block), filter_bits_reader);
    }
  }

  // filter_type is either kNoFilter (exited the function at the first if),
  // kBlockFilter or kFullFilter. there is no way for the execution to come here
  assert(false);
  return nullptr;
}

BlockBasedTable::CachableEntry<FilterBlockReader> BlockBasedTable::GetFilter(
                                                          bool no_io) const {
  // If cache_index_and_filter_blocks is false, filter should be pre-populated.
  // We will return rep_->filter anyway. rep_->filter can be nullptr if filter
  // read fails at Open() time. We don't want to reload again since it will
  // most probably fail again.
  if (!rep_->table_options.cache_index_and_filter_blocks) {
    return {rep_->filter.get(), nullptr /* cache handle */};
  }

  Cache* block_cache = rep_->table_options.block_cache.get();
  if (rep_->filter_policy == nullptr /* do not use filter */ ||
      block_cache == nullptr /* no block cache at all */) {
    return {nullptr /* filter */, nullptr /* cache handle */};
  }

  // we have a pinned filter block
  if (rep_->filter_entry.IsSet()) {
    return rep_->filter_entry;
  }

  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(read_filter_block_nanos);

  // Fetching from the cache
  char cache_key[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize + kMaxVarint64Length];
  auto key = GetCacheKey(rep_->cache_key_prefix, rep_->cache_key_prefix_size,
                         rep_->footer.metaindex_handle(),
                         cache_key);

  Statistics* statistics = rep_->ioptions.statistics;
  auto cache_handle =
      GetEntryFromCache(block_cache, key, BLOCK_CACHE_FILTER_MISS,
                        BLOCK_CACHE_FILTER_HIT, statistics);

  FilterBlockReader* filter = nullptr;
  if (cache_handle != nullptr) {
    filter = reinterpret_cast<FilterBlockReader*>(
        block_cache->Value(cache_handle));
  } else if (no_io) {
    // Do not invoke any io.
    return CachableEntry<FilterBlockReader>();
  } else {
    size_t filter_size = 0;
    filter = ReadFilter(rep_, &filter_size);
    if (filter != nullptr) {
      assert(filter_size > 0);
      Status s = block_cache->Insert(key, filter, filter_size,
                                     &DeleteCachedEntry<FilterBlockReader>,
                                     &cache_handle);
      if (s.ok()) {
        RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD);
        RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_BYTES_WRITE, filter_size);
      } else {
        RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
        delete filter;
        return CachableEntry<FilterBlockReader>();
      }
    }
  }

  return { filter, cache_handle };
}

InternalIterator* BlockBasedTable::NewIndexIterator(
    const ReadOptions& read_options, BlockIter* input_iter,
    CachableEntry<IndexReader>* index_entry) {
  // index reader has already been pre-populated.
  if (rep_->index_reader) {
    return rep_->index_reader->NewIterator(
        input_iter, read_options.total_order_seek);
  }
  // we have a pinned index block
  if (rep_->index_entry.IsSet()) {
    return rep_->index_entry.value->NewIterator(input_iter,
                                                read_options.total_order_seek);
  }

  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(read_index_block_nanos);

  bool no_io = read_options.read_tier == kBlockCacheTier;
  Cache* block_cache = rep_->table_options.block_cache.get();
  char cache_key[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize + kMaxVarint64Length];
  auto key =
      GetCacheKeyFromOffset(rep_->cache_key_prefix, rep_->cache_key_prefix_size,
                            rep_->dummy_index_reader_offset, cache_key);
  Statistics* statistics = rep_->ioptions.statistics;
  auto cache_handle =
      GetEntryFromCache(block_cache, key, BLOCK_CACHE_INDEX_MISS,
                        BLOCK_CACHE_INDEX_HIT, statistics);

  if (cache_handle == nullptr && no_io) {
    if (input_iter != nullptr) {
      input_iter->SetStatus(Status::Incomplete("no blocking io"));
      return input_iter;
    } else {
      return NewErrorInternalIterator(Status::Incomplete("no blocking io"));
    }
  }

  IndexReader* index_reader = nullptr;
  if (cache_handle != nullptr) {
    index_reader =
        reinterpret_cast<IndexReader*>(block_cache->Value(cache_handle));
  } else {
    // Create index reader and put it in the cache.
    Status s;
    s = CreateIndexReader(&index_reader);
    if (s.ok()) {
      s = block_cache->Insert(key, index_reader, index_reader->usable_size(),
                              &DeleteCachedEntry<IndexReader>, &cache_handle);
    }

    if (s.ok()) {
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD);
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_BYTES_WRITE,
                 index_reader->usable_size());
    } else {
      RecordTick(statistics, BLOCK_CACHE_ADD_FAILURES);
      // make sure if something goes wrong, index_reader shall remain intact.
      if (input_iter != nullptr) {
        input_iter->SetStatus(s);
        return input_iter;
      } else {
        return NewErrorInternalIterator(s);
      }
    }

  }

  assert(cache_handle);
  auto* iter = index_reader->NewIterator(
      input_iter, read_options.total_order_seek);

  // the caller would like to take ownership of the index block
  // don't call RegisterCleanup() in this case, the caller will take care of it
  if (index_entry != nullptr) {
    *index_entry = {index_reader, cache_handle};
  } else {
    iter->RegisterCleanup(&ReleaseCachedEntry, block_cache, cache_handle);
  }

  return iter;
}

// Convert an index iterator value (i.e., an encoded BlockHandle)
// into an iterator over the contents of the corresponding block.
// If input_iter is null, new a iterator
// If input_iter is not null, update this iter and return it
InternalIterator* BlockBasedTable::NewDataBlockIterator(
    Rep* rep, const ReadOptions& ro, const Slice& index_value,
    BlockIter* input_iter) {
  PERF_TIMER_GUARD(new_table_block_iter_nanos);

  const bool no_io = (ro.read_tier == kBlockCacheTier);
  Cache* block_cache = rep->table_options.block_cache.get();
  Cache* block_cache_compressed =
      rep->table_options.block_cache_compressed.get();
  CachableEntry<Block> block;

  BlockHandle handle;
  Slice input = index_value;
  // We intentionally allow extra stuff in index_value so that we
  // can add more features in the future.
  Status s = handle.DecodeFrom(&input);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    if (input_iter != nullptr) {
      input_iter->SetStatus(s);
      return input_iter;
    } else {
      return NewErrorInternalIterator(s);
    }
  }

  // If either block cache is enabled, we'll try to read from it.
  if (block_cache != nullptr || block_cache_compressed != nullptr) {
    Statistics* statistics = rep->ioptions.statistics;
    char cache_key[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize + kMaxVarint64Length];
    char compressed_cache_key[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize + kMaxVarint64Length];
    Slice key, /* key to the block cache */
        ckey /* key to the compressed block cache */;

    // create key for block cache
    if (block_cache != nullptr) {
      key = GetCacheKey(rep->cache_key_prefix, rep->cache_key_prefix_size,
                        handle, cache_key);
    }

    if (block_cache_compressed != nullptr) {
      ckey = GetCacheKey(rep->compressed_cache_key_prefix,
                         rep->compressed_cache_key_prefix_size, handle,
                         compressed_cache_key);
    }

    s = GetDataBlockFromCache(key, ckey, block_cache, block_cache_compressed,
                              statistics, ro, &block,
                              rep->table_options.format_version);

    if (block.value == nullptr && !no_io && ro.fill_cache) {
      std::unique_ptr<Block> raw_block;
      {
        StopWatch sw(rep->ioptions.env, statistics, READ_BLOCK_GET_MICROS);
        s = ReadBlockFromFile(rep->file.get(), rep->footer, ro, handle,
                              &raw_block, rep->ioptions.env,
                              block_cache_compressed == nullptr);
      }

      if (s.ok()) {
        s = PutDataBlockToCache(key, ckey, block_cache, block_cache_compressed,
                                ro, statistics, &block, raw_block.release(),
                                rep->table_options.format_version);
      }
    }
  }

  // Didn't get any data from block caches.
  if (s.ok() && block.value == nullptr) {
    if (no_io) {
      // Could not read from block_cache and can't do IO
      if (input_iter != nullptr) {
        input_iter->SetStatus(Status::Incomplete("no blocking io"));
        return input_iter;
      } else {
        return NewErrorInternalIterator(Status::Incomplete("no blocking io"));
      }
    }
    std::unique_ptr<Block> block_value;
    s = ReadBlockFromFile(rep->file.get(), rep->footer, ro, handle,
                          &block_value, rep->ioptions.env);
    if (s.ok()) {
      block.value = block_value.release();
    }
  }

  InternalIterator* iter;
  if (s.ok() && block.value != nullptr) {
    iter = block.value->NewIterator(&rep->internal_comparator, input_iter);
    if (block.cache_handle != nullptr) {
      iter->RegisterCleanup(&ReleaseCachedEntry, block_cache,
          block.cache_handle);
    } else {
      iter->RegisterCleanup(&DeleteHeldResource<Block>, block.value, nullptr);
    }
  } else {
    if (input_iter != nullptr) {
      input_iter->SetStatus(s);
      iter = input_iter;
    } else {
      iter = NewErrorInternalIterator(s);
    }
  }
  return iter;
}

class BlockBasedTable::BlockEntryIteratorState : public TwoLevelIteratorState {
 public:
  BlockEntryIteratorState(BlockBasedTable* table,
                          const ReadOptions& read_options, bool skip_filters)
      : TwoLevelIteratorState(table->rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor !=
                              nullptr),
        table_(table),
        read_options_(read_options),
        skip_filters_(skip_filters) {}

  InternalIterator* NewSecondaryIterator(const Slice& index_value) override {
    return NewDataBlockIterator(table_->rep_, read_options_, index_value);
  }

  bool PrefixMayMatch(const Slice& internal_key) override {
    if (read_options_.total_order_seek || skip_filters_) {
      return true;
    }
    return table_->PrefixMayMatch(internal_key);
  }

 private:
  // Don't own table_
  BlockBasedTable* table_;
  const ReadOptions read_options_;
  bool skip_filters_;
};

// This will be broken if the user specifies an unusual implementation
// of Options.comparator, or if the user specifies an unusual
// definition of prefixes in BlockBasedTableOptions.filter_policy.
// In particular, we require the following three properties:
//
// 1) key.starts_with(prefix(key))
// 2) Compare(prefix(key), key) <= 0.
// 3) If Compare(key1, key2) <= 0, then Compare(prefix(key1), prefix(key2)) <= 0
//
// Otherwise, this method guarantees no I/O will be incurred.
//
// REQUIRES: this method shouldn't be called while the DB lock is held.
bool BlockBasedTable::PrefixMayMatch(const Slice& internal_key) {
  if (!rep_->filter_policy) {
    return true;
  }

  assert(rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor != nullptr);
  auto user_key = ExtractUserKey(internal_key);
  if (!rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor->InDomain(user_key)) {
    return true;
  }
  auto prefix = rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor->Transform(user_key);
  InternalKey internal_key_prefix(prefix, kMaxSequenceNumber, kTypeValue);
  auto internal_prefix = internal_key_prefix.Encode();

  bool may_match = true;
  Status s;

  // To prevent any io operation in this method, we set `read_tier` to make
  // sure we always read index or filter only when they have already been
  // loaded to memory.
  ReadOptions no_io_read_options;
  no_io_read_options.read_tier = kBlockCacheTier;

  // First, try check with full filter
  auto filter_entry = GetFilter(true /* no io */);
  FilterBlockReader* filter = filter_entry.value;
  if (filter != nullptr) {
    if (!filter->IsBlockBased()) {
      may_match = filter->PrefixMayMatch(prefix);
    } else {
      // Then, try find it within each block
      unique_ptr<InternalIterator> iiter(NewIndexIterator(no_io_read_options));
      iiter->Seek(internal_prefix);

      if (!iiter->Valid()) {
        // we're past end of file
        // if it's incomplete, it means that we avoided I/O
        // and we're not really sure that we're past the end
        // of the file
        may_match = iiter->status().IsIncomplete();
      } else if (ExtractUserKey(iiter->key())
                     .starts_with(ExtractUserKey(internal_prefix))) {
        // we need to check for this subtle case because our only
        // guarantee is that "the key is a string >= last key in that data
        // block" according to the doc/table_format.txt spec.
        //
        // Suppose iiter->key() starts with the desired prefix; it is not
        // necessarily the case that the corresponding data block will
        // contain the prefix, since iiter->key() need not be in the
        // block.  However, the next data block may contain the prefix, so
        // we return true to play it safe.
        may_match = true;
      } else if (filter->IsBlockBased()) {
        // iiter->key() does NOT start with the desired prefix.  Because
        // Seek() finds the first key that is >= the seek target, this
        // means that iiter->key() > prefix.  Thus, any data blocks coming
        // after the data block corresponding to iiter->key() cannot
        // possibly contain the key.  Thus, the corresponding data block
        // is the only on could potentially contain the prefix.
        Slice handle_value = iiter->value();
        BlockHandle handle;
        s = handle.DecodeFrom(&handle_value);
        assert(s.ok());
        may_match = filter->PrefixMayMatch(prefix, handle.offset());
      }
    }
  }

  Statistics* statistics = rep_->ioptions.statistics;
  RecordTick(statistics, BLOOM_FILTER_PREFIX_CHECKED);
  if (!may_match) {
    RecordTick(statistics, BLOOM_FILTER_PREFIX_USEFUL);
  }

  // if rep_->filter_entry is not set, we should call Release(); otherwise
  // don't call, in this case we have a local copy in rep_->filter_entry,
  // it's pinned to the cache and will be released in the destructor
  if (!rep_->filter_entry.IsSet()) {
    filter_entry.Release(rep_->table_options.block_cache.get());
  }

  return may_match;
}

InternalIterator* BlockBasedTable::NewIterator(const ReadOptions& read_options,
                                               Arena* arena,
                                               bool skip_filters) {
  return NewTwoLevelIterator(
      new BlockEntryIteratorState(this, read_options, skip_filters),
      NewIndexIterator(read_options), arena);
}

bool BlockBasedTable::FullFilterKeyMayMatch(FilterBlockReader* filter,
                                            const Slice& internal_key) const {
  if (filter == nullptr || filter->IsBlockBased()) {
    return true;
  }
  Slice user_key = ExtractUserKey(internal_key);
  if (!filter->KeyMayMatch(user_key)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor &&
      rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor->InDomain(user_key) &&
      !filter->PrefixMayMatch(
          rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor->Transform(user_key))) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

Status BlockBasedTable::Get(const ReadOptions& read_options, const Slice& key,
                            GetContext* get_context, bool skip_filters) {
  Status s;
  CachableEntry<FilterBlockReader> filter_entry;
  if (!skip_filters) {
    filter_entry = GetFilter(read_options.read_tier == kBlockCacheTier);
  }
  FilterBlockReader* filter = filter_entry.value;

  // First check the full filter
  // If full filter not useful, Then go into each block
  if (!FullFilterKeyMayMatch(filter, key)) {
    RecordTick(rep_->ioptions.statistics, BLOOM_FILTER_USEFUL);
  } else {
    BlockIter iiter;
    NewIndexIterator(read_options, &iiter);

    bool done = false;
    for (iiter.Seek(key); iiter.Valid() && !done; iiter.Next()) {
      Slice handle_value = iiter.value();

      BlockHandle handle;
      bool not_exist_in_filter =
          filter != nullptr && filter->IsBlockBased() == true &&
          handle.DecodeFrom(&handle_value).ok() &&
          !filter->KeyMayMatch(ExtractUserKey(key), handle.offset());

      if (not_exist_in_filter) {
        // Not found
        // TODO: think about interaction with Merge. If a user key cannot
        // cross one data block, we should be fine.
        RecordTick(rep_->ioptions.statistics, BLOOM_FILTER_USEFUL);
        break;
      } else {
        BlockIter biter;
        NewDataBlockIterator(rep_, read_options, iiter.value(), &biter);

        if (read_options.read_tier == kBlockCacheTier &&
            biter.status().IsIncomplete()) {
          // couldn't get block from block_cache
          // Update Saver.state to Found because we are only looking for whether
          // we can guarantee the key is not there when "no_io" is set
          get_context->MarkKeyMayExist();
          break;
        }
        if (!biter.status().ok()) {
          s = biter.status();
          break;
        }

        // Call the *saver function on each entry/block until it returns false
        for (biter.Seek(key); biter.Valid(); biter.Next()) {
          ParsedInternalKey parsed_key;
          if (!ParseInternalKey(biter.key(), &parsed_key)) {
            s = Status::Corruption(Slice());
          }

          if (!get_context->SaveValue(parsed_key, biter.value())) {
            done = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        s = biter.status();
      }
    }
    if (s.ok()) {
      s = iiter.status();
    }
  }

  // if rep_->filter_entry is not set, we should call Release(); otherwise
  // don't call, in this case we have a local copy in rep_->filter_entry,
  // it's pinned to the cache and will be released in the destructor
  if (!rep_->filter_entry.IsSet()) {
    filter_entry.Release(rep_->table_options.block_cache.get());
  }
  return s;
}

Status BlockBasedTable::Prefetch(const Slice* const begin,
                                 const Slice* const end) {
  auto& comparator = rep_->internal_comparator;
  // pre-condition
  if (begin && end && comparator.Compare(*begin, *end) > 0) {
    return Status::InvalidArgument(*begin, *end);
  }

  BlockIter iiter;
  NewIndexIterator(ReadOptions(), &iiter);

  if (!iiter.status().ok()) {
    // error opening index iterator
    return iiter.status();
  }

  // indicates if we are on the last page that need to be pre-fetched
  bool prefetching_boundary_page = false;

  for (begin ? iiter.Seek(*begin) : iiter.SeekToFirst(); iiter.Valid();
       iiter.Next()) {
    Slice block_handle = iiter.value();

    if (end && comparator.Compare(iiter.key(), *end) >= 0) {
      if (prefetching_boundary_page) {
        break;
      }

      // The index entry represents the last key in the data block.
      // We should load this page into memory as well, but no more
      prefetching_boundary_page = true;
    }

    // Load the block specified by the block_handle into the block cache
    BlockIter biter;
    NewDataBlockIterator(rep_, ReadOptions(), block_handle, &biter);

    if (!biter.status().ok()) {
      // there was an unexpected error while pre-fetching
      return biter.status();
    }
  }

  return Status::OK();
}

bool BlockBasedTable::TEST_KeyInCache(const ReadOptions& options,
                                      const Slice& key) {
  std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> iiter(NewIndexIterator(options));
  iiter->Seek(key);
  assert(iiter->Valid());
  CachableEntry<Block> block;

  BlockHandle handle;
  Slice input = iiter->value();
  Status s = handle.DecodeFrom(&input);
  assert(s.ok());
  Cache* block_cache = rep_->table_options.block_cache.get();
  assert(block_cache != nullptr);

  char cache_key_storage[kMaxCacheKeyPrefixSize + kMaxVarint64Length];
  Slice cache_key =
      GetCacheKey(rep_->cache_key_prefix, rep_->cache_key_prefix_size,
                  handle, cache_key_storage);
  Slice ckey;

  s = GetDataBlockFromCache(cache_key, ckey, block_cache, nullptr, nullptr,
                            options, &block,
                            rep_->table_options.format_version);
  assert(s.ok());
  bool in_cache = block.value != nullptr;
  if (in_cache) {
    ReleaseCachedEntry(block_cache, block.cache_handle);
  }
  return in_cache;
}

// REQUIRES: The following fields of rep_ should have already been populated:
//  1. file
//  2. index_handle,
//  3. options
//  4. internal_comparator
//  5. index_type
Status BlockBasedTable::CreateIndexReader(
    IndexReader** index_reader, InternalIterator* preloaded_meta_index_iter) {
  // Some old version of block-based tables don't have index type present in
  // table properties. If that's the case we can safely use the kBinarySearch.
  auto index_type_on_file = BlockBasedTableOptions::kBinarySearch;
  if (rep_->table_properties) {
    auto& props = rep_->table_properties->user_collected_properties;
    auto pos = props.find(BlockBasedTablePropertyNames::kIndexType);
    if (pos != props.end()) {
      index_type_on_file = static_cast<BlockBasedTableOptions::IndexType>(
          DecodeFixed32(pos->second.c_str()));
    }
  }

  auto file = rep_->file.get();
  auto env = rep_->ioptions.env;
  auto comparator = &rep_->internal_comparator;
  const Footer& footer = rep_->footer;

  if (index_type_on_file == BlockBasedTableOptions::kHashSearch &&
      rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor == nullptr) {
    Log(InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, rep_->ioptions.info_log,
        "BlockBasedTableOptions::kHashSearch requires "
        "options.prefix_extractor to be set."
        " Fall back to binary search index.");
    index_type_on_file = BlockBasedTableOptions::kBinarySearch;
  }

  switch (index_type_on_file) {
    case BlockBasedTableOptions::kBinarySearch: {
      return BinarySearchIndexReader::Create(
          file, footer, footer.index_handle(), env, comparator, index_reader);
    }
    case BlockBasedTableOptions::kHashSearch: {
      std::unique_ptr<Block> meta_guard;
      std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> meta_iter_guard;
      auto meta_index_iter = preloaded_meta_index_iter;
      if (meta_index_iter == nullptr) {
        auto s = ReadMetaBlock(rep_, &meta_guard, &meta_iter_guard);
        if (!s.ok()) {
          // we simply fall back to binary search in case there is any
          // problem with prefix hash index loading.
          Log(InfoLogLevel::WARN_LEVEL, rep_->ioptions.info_log,
              "Unable to read the metaindex block."
              " Fall back to binary search index.");
          return BinarySearchIndexReader::Create(
            file, footer, footer.index_handle(), env, comparator, index_reader);
        }
        meta_index_iter = meta_iter_guard.get();
      }

      // We need to wrap data with internal_prefix_transform to make sure it can
      // handle prefix correctly.
      rep_->internal_prefix_transform.reset(
          new InternalKeySliceTransform(rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor));
      return HashIndexReader::Create(
          rep_->internal_prefix_transform.get(), footer, file, env, comparator,
          footer.index_handle(), meta_index_iter, index_reader,
          rep_->hash_index_allow_collision);
    }
    default: {
      std::string error_message =
          "Unrecognized index type: " + ToString(rep_->index_type);
      return Status::InvalidArgument(error_message.c_str());
    }
  }
}

uint64_t BlockBasedTable::ApproximateOffsetOf(const Slice& key) {
  unique_ptr<InternalIterator> index_iter(NewIndexIterator(ReadOptions()));

  index_iter->Seek(key);
  uint64_t result;
  if (index_iter->Valid()) {
    BlockHandle handle;
    Slice input = index_iter->value();
    Status s = handle.DecodeFrom(&input);
    if (s.ok()) {
      result = handle.offset();
    } else {
      // Strange: we can't decode the block handle in the index block.
      // We'll just return the offset of the metaindex block, which is
      // close to the whole file size for this case.
      result = rep_->footer.metaindex_handle().offset();
    }
  } else {
    // key is past the last key in the file. If table_properties is not
    // available, approximate the offset by returning the offset of the
    // metaindex block (which is right near the end of the file).
    result = 0;
    if (rep_->table_properties) {
      result = rep_->table_properties->data_size;
    }
    // table_properties is not present in the table.
    if (result == 0) {
      result = rep_->footer.metaindex_handle().offset();
    }
  }
  return result;
}

bool BlockBasedTable::TEST_filter_block_preloaded() const {
  return rep_->filter != nullptr;
}

bool BlockBasedTable::TEST_index_reader_preloaded() const {
  return rep_->index_reader != nullptr;
}

Status BlockBasedTable::DumpTable(WritableFile* out_file) {
  // Output Footer
  out_file->Append(
      "Footer Details:\n"
      "--------------------------------------\n"
      "  ");
  out_file->Append(rep_->footer.ToString().c_str());
  out_file->Append("\n");

  // Output MetaIndex
  out_file->Append(
      "Metaindex Details:\n"
      "--------------------------------------\n");
  std::unique_ptr<Block> meta;
  std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> meta_iter;
  Status s = ReadMetaBlock(rep_, &meta, &meta_iter);
  if (s.ok()) {
    for (meta_iter->SeekToFirst(); meta_iter->Valid(); meta_iter->Next()) {
      s = meta_iter->status();
      if (!s.ok()) {
        return s;
      }
      if (meta_iter->key() == rocksdb::kPropertiesBlock) {
        out_file->Append("  Properties block handle: ");
        out_file->Append(meta_iter->value().ToString(true).c_str());
        out_file->Append("\n");
      } else if (strstr(meta_iter->key().ToString().c_str(),
                        "filter.rocksdb.") != nullptr) {
        out_file->Append("  Filter block handle: ");
        out_file->Append(meta_iter->value().ToString(true).c_str());
        out_file->Append("\n");
      }
    }
    out_file->Append("\n");
  } else {
    return s;
  }

  // Output TableProperties
  const rocksdb::TableProperties* table_properties;
  table_properties = rep_->table_properties.get();

  if (table_properties != nullptr) {
    out_file->Append(
        "Table Properties:\n"
        "--------------------------------------\n"
        "  ");
    out_file->Append(table_properties->ToString("\n  ", ": ").c_str());
    out_file->Append("\n");
  }

  // Output Filter blocks
  if (!rep_->filter && !table_properties->filter_policy_name.empty()) {
    // Support only BloomFilter as off now
    rocksdb::BlockBasedTableOptions table_options;
    table_options.filter_policy.reset(rocksdb::NewBloomFilterPolicy(1));
    if (table_properties->filter_policy_name.compare(
            table_options.filter_policy->Name()) == 0) {
      std::string filter_block_key = kFilterBlockPrefix;
      filter_block_key.append(table_properties->filter_policy_name);
      BlockHandle handle;
      if (FindMetaBlock(meta_iter.get(), filter_block_key, &handle).ok()) {
        BlockContents block;
        if (ReadBlockContents(rep_->file.get(), rep_->footer, ReadOptions(),
                              handle, &block, rep_->ioptions.env, false).ok()) {
          rep_->filter.reset(new BlockBasedFilterBlockReader(
              rep_->ioptions.prefix_extractor, table_options,
              table_options.whole_key_filtering, std::move(block)));
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (rep_->filter) {
    out_file->Append(
        "Filter Details:\n"
        "--------------------------------------\n"
        "  ");
    out_file->Append(rep_->filter->ToString().c_str());
    out_file->Append("\n");
  }

  // Output Index block
  s = DumpIndexBlock(out_file);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    return s;
  }
  // Output Data blocks
  s = DumpDataBlocks(out_file);

  return s;
}

void BlockBasedTable::Close() {
  rep_->filter_entry.Release(rep_->table_options.block_cache.get());
  rep_->index_entry.Release(rep_->table_options.block_cache.get());
}

Status BlockBasedTable::DumpIndexBlock(WritableFile* out_file) {
  out_file->Append(
      "Index Details:\n"
      "--------------------------------------\n");

  std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> blockhandles_iter(
      NewIndexIterator(ReadOptions()));
  Status s = blockhandles_iter->status();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    out_file->Append("Can not read Index Block \n\n");
    return s;
  }

  out_file->Append("  Block key hex dump: Data block handle\n");
  out_file->Append("  Block key ascii\n\n");
  for (blockhandles_iter->SeekToFirst(); blockhandles_iter->Valid();
       blockhandles_iter->Next()) {
    s = blockhandles_iter->status();
    if (!s.ok()) {
      break;
    }
    Slice key = blockhandles_iter->key();
    InternalKey ikey;
    ikey.DecodeFrom(key);

    out_file->Append("  HEX    ");
    out_file->Append(ikey.user_key().ToString(true).c_str());
    out_file->Append(": ");
    out_file->Append(blockhandles_iter->value().ToString(true).c_str());
    out_file->Append("\n");

    std::string str_key = ikey.user_key().ToString();
    std::string res_key("");
    char cspace = ' ';
    for (size_t i = 0; i < str_key.size(); i++) {
      res_key.append(&str_key[i], 1);
      res_key.append(1, cspace);
    }
    out_file->Append("  ASCII  ");
    out_file->Append(res_key.c_str());
    out_file->Append("\n  ------\n");
  }
  out_file->Append("\n");
  return Status::OK();
}

Status BlockBasedTable::DumpDataBlocks(WritableFile* out_file) {
  std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> blockhandles_iter(
      NewIndexIterator(ReadOptions()));
  Status s = blockhandles_iter->status();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    out_file->Append("Can not read Index Block \n\n");
    return s;
  }

  size_t block_id = 1;
  for (blockhandles_iter->SeekToFirst(); blockhandles_iter->Valid();
       block_id++, blockhandles_iter->Next()) {
    s = blockhandles_iter->status();
    if (!s.ok()) {
      break;
    }

    out_file->Append("Data Block # ");
    out_file->Append(rocksdb::ToString(block_id));
    out_file->Append(" @ ");
    out_file->Append(blockhandles_iter->value().ToString(true).c_str());
    out_file->Append("\n");
    out_file->Append("--------------------------------------\n");

    std::unique_ptr<InternalIterator> datablock_iter;
    datablock_iter.reset(
        NewDataBlockIterator(rep_, ReadOptions(), blockhandles_iter->value()));
    s = datablock_iter->status();

    if (!s.ok()) {
      out_file->Append("Error reading the block - Skipped \n\n");
      continue;
    }

    for (datablock_iter->SeekToFirst(); datablock_iter->Valid();
         datablock_iter->Next()) {
      s = datablock_iter->status();
      if (!s.ok()) {
        out_file->Append("Error reading the block - Skipped \n");
        break;
      }
      Slice key = datablock_iter->key();
      Slice value = datablock_iter->value();
      InternalKey ikey, iValue;
      ikey.DecodeFrom(key);
      iValue.DecodeFrom(value);

      out_file->Append("  HEX    ");
      out_file->Append(ikey.user_key().ToString(true).c_str());
      out_file->Append(": ");
      out_file->Append(iValue.user_key().ToString(true).c_str());
      out_file->Append("\n");

      std::string str_key = ikey.user_key().ToString();
      std::string str_value = iValue.user_key().ToString();
      std::string res_key(""), res_value("");
      char cspace = ' ';
      for (size_t i = 0; i < str_key.size(); i++) {
        res_key.append(&str_key[i], 1);
        res_key.append(1, cspace);
      }
      for (size_t i = 0; i < str_value.size(); i++) {
        res_value.append(&str_value[i], 1);
        res_value.append(1, cspace);
      }

      out_file->Append("  ASCII  ");
      out_file->Append(res_key.c_str());
      out_file->Append(": ");
      out_file->Append(res_value.c_str());
      out_file->Append("\n  ------\n");
    }
    out_file->Append("\n");
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

}  // namespace rocksdb