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Gregory Szorc 0cf7776a4d string: implement API to access raw string data 
With the recent implementation of non-limited unicode APIs, we're
able to query Python's low-level state to access the raw bytes that
Python is using to store string objects.

This commit implements a safe Rust API for obtaining a view into
Python's internals and representing the raw bytes Python is using
to store strings.

Not only do we allow accessing what Python has stored internally,
but we also support coercing this data to a `Cow<str>`.

Closes #1776.
2021-08-19 18:24:17 -07:00

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# Changelog
All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. For help with updating to new
PyO3 versions, please see the [migration guide](https://pyo3.rs/latest/migration.html).
The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/)
and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
## [Unreleased]
### Added
- Add `PyList::get_item_unchecked()` and `PyTuple::get_item_unchecked()` to get items without bounds checks. [#1733](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1733)
- Add `PyAny::py()` as a convenience for `PyNativeType::py()`. [#1751](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1751)
- Implement `PyString.data()` to access the raw bytes storing a Python string. [#1794](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/1794)
### Changed
- Change `PyErr::fetch()` to return `Option<PyErr>`. [#1717](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1717)
- `PyList`, `PyTuple` and `PySequence`'s `get_item` now accepts only `usize` indices instead of `isize`. [#1733](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1733)
- `PyList` and `PyTuple`'s `get_item` now return `PyResult<&PyAny> instead of panicking. [#1733](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1733)
- Deprecate `PyTuple::split_from`. [#1804](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1804)
### Fixed
- Restrict FFI definitions `PyGILState_Check` and `Py_tracefunc` to the unlimited API. [#1787](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1787)
- Raise `AttributeError` to avoid panic when calling `del` on a `#[setter]` defined class property. [#1779](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/1779)
- Add missing `_type` field to `PyStatus` struct definition. [#1791](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1791)
- Loosened the lower bound on the `num-complex` optional dependency to support
interop with `rust-numpy` and `ndarray` when building with the MSRV of 1.41
[#1799](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1799)
- Add missing `Py_DECREF` to `Python::run_code` and `PyModule::from_code` which fixes a memory leak when
calling Python from Rust. [#1806](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1806), [#1810](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1810)
## [0.14.2] - 2021-08-09
### Added
- Add `indexmap` feature to add `ToPyObject`, `IntoPy` and `FromPyObject` implementations for `indexmap::IndexMap`. [#1728](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1728)
- Add `pyo3_build_config::add_extension_module_link_args()` to use in build scripts to set linker arguments (for macOS). [#1755](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1755)
- Add `Python::with_gil_unchecked()` unsafe variation of `Python::with_gil()` to allow obtaining a `Python` in scenarios where `Python::with_gil()` would fail. [#1769](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1769)
### Changed
- `PyErr::new` no longer acquires the Python GIL internally. [#1724](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1724)
- Reverted PyO3 0.14.0's use of `cargo:rustc-cdylib-link-arg` in its build script, as Cargo unintentionally allowed crates to pass linker args to downstream crates in this way. Projects supporting macOS may need to restore `.cargo/config.toml` files. [#1755](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1755)
### Fixed
- Fix regression in 0.14.0 rejecting usage of `#[doc(hidden)]` on structs and functions annotated with PyO3 macros. [#1722](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1722)
- Fix regression in 0.14.0 leading to incorrect code coverage being computed for `#[pyfunction]`s. [#1726](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1726)
- Fix incorrect FFI definition of `Py_Buffer` on PyPy. [#1737](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1737)
- Fix incorrect calculation of `dictoffset` on 32-bit Windows. [#1475](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1475)
- Fix regression in 0.13.2 leading to linking to incorrect Python library on Windows "gnu" targets. [#1759](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1759)
- Fix compiler warning: deny trailing semicolons in expression macro. [#1762](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1762)
- Fix incorrect FFI definition of `Py_DecodeLocale`. The 2nd argument is now `*mut Py_ssize_t` instead of `Py_ssize_t`. [#1766](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1766)
## [0.14.1] - 2021-07-04
### Added
- Implement `IntoPy<PyObject>` for `&PathBuf` and `&OsString`. [#1712](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1712)
### Fixed
- Fix crashes on PyPy due to incorrect definitions of `PyList_SET_ITEM`. [#1713](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1713)
## [0.14.0] - 2021-07-03
### Packaging
- Update `num-bigint` optional dependency to 0.4. [#1481](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1481)
- Update `num-complex` optional dependency to 0.4. [#1482](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1482)
- Extend `hashbrown` optional dependency supported versions to include 0.11. [#1496](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1496)
- Support PyPy 3.7. [#1538](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1538)
### Added
- Extend conversions for `[T; N]` to all `N` using const generics (on Rust 1.51 and up). [#1128](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1128)
- Add conversions between `OsStr`/ `OsString` and Python strings. [#1379](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1379)
- Add conversions between `Path`/ `PathBuf` and Python strings (and `pathlib.Path` objects). [#1379](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1379) [#1654](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1654)
- Add a new set of `#[pyo3(...)]` attributes to control various PyO3 macro functionality:
- `#[pyo3(from_py_with = "...")]` function arguments and struct fields to override the default from-Python conversion. [#1411](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1411)
- `#[pyo3(name = "...")]` for setting Python names. [#1567](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1567)
- `#[pyo3(text_signature = "...")]` for setting text signature. [#1658](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1658)
- Add FFI definition `PyCFunction_CheckExact` for Python 3.9 and later. [#1425](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1425)
- Add FFI definition `Py_IS_TYPE`. [#1429](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1429)
- Add FFI definition `_Py_InitializeMain`. [#1473](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1473)
- Add FFI definitions from `cpython/import.h`.[#1475](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1475)
- Add tuple and unit struct support for `#[pyclass]` macro. [#1504](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1504)
- Add FFI definition `PyDateTime_TimeZone_UTC`. [#1572](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1572)
- Add support for `#[pyclass(extends=Exception)]`. [#1591](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1591)
- Add `PyErr::cause` and `PyErr::set_cause`. [#1679](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1679)
- Add FFI definitions from `cpython/pystate.h`. [#1687](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1687/)
- Add `wrap_pyfunction!` macro to `pyo3::prelude`. [#1695](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1695)
### Changed
- Allow only one `#[pymethods]` block per `#[pyclass]` by default, to remove the dependency on `inventory`. Add a `multiple-pymethods` feature to opt-in the original behavior and dependency on `inventory`. [#1457](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1457)
- Change `PyTimeAccess::get_fold` to return a `bool` instead of a `u8`. [#1397](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1397)
- Deprecate FFI definition `PyCFunction_Call` for Python 3.9 and up. [#1425](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1425)
- Deprecate FFI definition `PyModule_GetFilename`. [#1425](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1425)
- The `auto-initialize` feature is no longer enabled by default. [#1443](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1443)
- Change `PyCFunction::new()` and `PyCFunction::new_with_keywords()` to take `&'static str` arguments rather than implicitly copying (and leaking) them. [#1450](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1450)
- Deprecate `PyModule::call`, `PyModule::call0`, `PyModule::call1` and `PyModule::get`. [#1492](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1492)
- Add length information to `PyBufferError`s raised from `PyBuffer::copy_to_slice` and `PyBuffer::copy_from_slice`. [#1534](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1534)
- Automatically set `-undefined` and `dynamic_lookup` linker arguments on macOS with the `extension-module` feature. [#1539](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1539)
- Deprecate `#[pyproto]` methods which are easier to implement as `#[pymethods]`: [#1560](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1560)
- `PyBasicProtocol::__bytes__` and `PyBasicProtocol::__format__`
- `PyContextProtocol::__enter__` and `PyContextProtocol::__exit__`
- `PyDescrProtocol::__delete__` and `PyDescrProtocol::__set_name__`
- `PyMappingProtocol::__reversed__`
- `PyNumberProtocol::__complex__` and `PyNumberProtocol::__round__`
- `PyAsyncProtocol::__aenter__` and `PyAsyncProtocol::__aexit__`
- Deprecate several attributes in favor of the new `#[pyo3(...)]` options:
- `#[name = "..."]`, replaced by `#[pyo3(name = "...")]` [#1567](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1567)
- `#[pyfn(m, "name")]`, replaced by `#[pyfn(m)] #[pyo3(name = "...")]`. [#1610](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1610)
- `#[pymodule(name)]`, replaced by `#[pymodule] #[pyo3(name = "...")]` [#1650](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1650)
- `#[text_signature = "..."]`, replaced by `#[pyo3(text_signature = "...")]`. [#1658](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1658)
- Reduce LLVM line counts to improve compilation times. [#1604](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1604)
- No longer call `PyEval_InitThreads` in `#[pymodule]` init code. [#1630](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1630)
- Use `METH_FASTCALL` argument passing convention, when possible, to improve `#[pyfunction]` and method performance.
[#1619](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1619), [#1660](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1660)
- Filter sysconfigdata candidates by architecture when cross-compiling. [#1626](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1626)
### Removed
- Remove deprecated exception names `BaseException` etc. [#1426](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1426)
- Remove deprecated methods `Python::is_instance`, `Python::is_subclass`, `Python::release`, `Python::xdecref`, and `Py::from_owned_ptr_or_panic`. [#1426](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1426)
- Remove many FFI definitions which never existed in the Python C-API:
- (previously deprecated) `PyGetSetDef_INIT`, `PyGetSetDef_DICT`, `PyCoro_Check`, `PyCoroWrapper_Check`, and `PyAsyncGen_Check` [#1426](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1426)
- `PyMethodDef_INIT` [#1426](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1426)
- `PyTypeObject_INIT` [#1429](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1429)
- `PyObject_Check`, `PySuper_Check`, and `FreeFunc` [#1438](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1438)
- `PyModuleDef_INIT` [#1630](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1630)
- Remove pyclass implementation details from `PyTypeInfo`:
- `Type`, `DESCRIPTION`, and `FLAGS` [#1456](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1456)
- `BaseType`, `BaseLayout`, `Layout`, `Initializer` [#1596](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1596)
- Remove `PYO3_CROSS_INCLUDE_DIR` environment variable and the associated C header parsing functionality. [#1521](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1521)
- Remove `raw_pycfunction!` macro. [#1619](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1619)
- Remove `PyClassAlloc` trait. [#1657](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1657)
- Remove `PyList::get_parked_item`. [#1664](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1664)
### Fixed
- Remove FFI definition `PyCFunction_ClearFreeList` for Python 3.9 and later. [#1425](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1425)
- `PYO3_CROSS_LIB_DIR` enviroment variable no long required when compiling for x86-64 Python from macOS arm64 and reverse. [#1428](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1428)
- Fix FFI definition `_PyEval_RequestCodeExtraIndex`, which took an argument of the wrong type. [#1429](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1429)
- Fix FFI definition `PyIndex_Check` missing with the `abi3` feature. [#1436](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1436)
- Fix incorrect `TypeError` raised when keyword-only argument passed along with a positional argument in `*args`. [#1440](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1440)
- Fix inability to use a named lifetime for `&PyTuple` of `*args` in `#[pyfunction]`. [#1440](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1440)
- Fix use of Python argument for `#[pymethods]` inside macro expansions. [#1505](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1505)
- No longer include `__doc__` in `__all__` generated for `#[pymodule]`. [#1509](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1509)
- Always use cross-compiling configuration if any of the `PYO3_CROSS` family of environment variables are set. [#1514](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1514)
- Support `EnvironmentError`, `IOError`, and `WindowsError` on PyPy. [#1533](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1533)
- Fix unneccessary rebuilds when cycling between `cargo check` and `cargo clippy` in a Python virtualenv. [#1557](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1557)
- Fix segfault when dereferencing `ffi::PyDateTimeAPI` without the GIL. [#1563](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1563)
- Fix memory leak in `FromPyObject` implementations for `u128` and `i128`. [#1638](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1638)
- Fix `#[pyclass(extends=PyDict)]` leaking the dict contents on drop. [#1657](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1657)
- Fix segfault when calling `PyList::get_item` with negative indices. [#1668](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1668)
- Fix FFI definitions of `PyEval_SetProfile`/`PyEval_SetTrace` to take `Option<Py_tracefunc>` parameters. [#1692](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1692)
- Fix `ToPyObject` impl for `HashSet` to accept non-default hashers. [#1702](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1702)
## [0.13.2] - 2021-02-12
### Packaging
- Lower minimum supported Rust version to 1.41. [#1421](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1421)
### Added
- Add unsafe API `with_embedded_python_interpreter` to initalize a Python interpreter, execute a closure, and finalize the interpreter. [#1355](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1355)
- Add `serde` feature which provides implementations of `Serialize` and `Deserialize` for `Py<T>`. [#1366](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1366)
- Add FFI definition `_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords` on Python 3.7 and up. [#1384](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1384)
- Add `PyDateTime::new_with_fold()` method. [#1398](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1398)
- Add `size_hint` impls for `{PyDict,PyList,PySet,PyTuple}Iterator`s. [#1699](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1699)
### Changed
- `prepare_freethreaded_python` will no longer register an `atexit` handler to call `Py_Finalize`. This resolves a number of issues with incompatible C extensions causing crashes at finalization. [#1355](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1355)
- Mark `PyLayout::py_init`, `PyClassDict::clear_dict`, and `opt_to_pyobj` safe, as they do not perform any unsafe operations. [#1404](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1404)
### Fixed
- Fix support for using `r#raw_idents` as argument names in pyfunctions. [#1383](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1383)
- Fix typo in FFI definition for `PyFunction_GetCode` (was incorrectly `PyFunction_Code`). [#1387](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1387)
- Fix FFI definitions `PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString` and `PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromString` as available in limited API. [#1387](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1387)
- Fix FFI definitions `PyListObject` and those from `funcobject.h` as requiring non-limited API. [#1387](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1387)
- Fix unqualified `Result` usage in `pyobject_native_type_base`. [#1402](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1402)
- Fix build on systems where the default Python encoding is not UTF-8. [#1405](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1405)
- Fix build on mingw / MSYS2. [#1423](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1423)
## [0.13.1] - 2021-01-10
### Added
- Add support for `#[pyclass(dict)]` and `#[pyclass(weakref)]` with the `abi3` feature on Python 3.9 and up. [#1342](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1342)
- Add FFI definitions `PyOS_BeforeFork`, `PyOS_AfterFork_Parent`, `PyOS_AfterFork_Child` for Python 3.7 and up. [#1348](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1348)
- Add an `auto-initialize` feature to control whether PyO3 should automatically initialize an embedded Python interpreter. For compatibility this feature is enabled by default in PyO3 0.13.1, but is planned to become opt-in from PyO3 0.14.0. [#1347](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1347)
- Add support for cross-compiling to Windows without needing `PYO3_CROSS_INCLUDE_DIR`. [#1350](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1350)
### Deprecated
- Deprecate FFI definitions `PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords`, `PyEval_CallObject`, `PyEval_CallFunction`, `PyEval_CallMethod` when building for Python 3.9. [#1338](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1338)
- Deprecate FFI definitions `PyGetSetDef_DICT` and `PyGetSetDef_INIT` which have never been in the Python API. [#1341](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1341)
- Deprecate FFI definitions `PyGen_NeedsFinalizing`, `PyImport_Cleanup` (removed in 3.9), and `PyOS_InitInterrupts` (3.10). [#1348](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1348)
- Deprecate FFI definition `PyOS_AfterFork` for Python 3.7 and up. [#1348](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1348)
- Deprecate FFI definitions `PyCoro_Check`, `PyAsyncGen_Check`, and `PyCoroWrapper_Check`, which have never been in the Python API (for the first two, it is possible to use `PyCoro_CheckExact` and `PyAsyncGen_CheckExact` instead; these are the actual functions provided by the Python API). [#1348](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1348)
- Deprecate FFI definitions for `PyUnicode_FromUnicode`, `PyUnicode_AsUnicode` and `PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize`, which will be removed from 3.12 and up due to [PEP 613](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/). [#1370](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1370)
### Removed
- Remove FFI definition `PyFrame_ClearFreeList` when building for Python 3.9. [#1341](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1341)
- Remove FFI definition `_PyDict_Contains` when building for Python 3.10. [#1341](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1341)
- Remove FFI definitions `PyGen_NeedsFinalizing` and `PyImport_Cleanup` (for 3.9 and up), and `PyOS_InitInterrupts` (3.10). [#1348](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1348)
### Fixed
- Stop including `Py_TRACE_REFS` config setting automatically if `Py_DEBUG` is set on Python 3.8 and up. [#1334](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1334)
- Remove `#[deny(warnings)]` attribute (and instead refuse warnings only in CI). [#1340](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1340)
- Fix deprecation warning for missing `__module__` with `#[pyclass]`. [#1343](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1343)
- Correct return type of `PyFrozenSet::empty` to `&PyFrozenSet` (was incorrectly `&PySet`). [#1351](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1351)
- Fix missing `Py_INCREF` on heap type objects on Python versions before 3.8. [#1365](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1365)
## [0.13.0] - 2020-12-22
### Packaging
- Drop support for Python 3.5 (as it is now end-of-life). [#1250](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1250)
- Bump minimum supported Rust version to 1.45. [#1272](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1272)
- Bump indoc dependency to 1.0. [#1272](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1272)
- Bump paste dependency to 1.0. [#1272](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1272)
- Rename internal crates `pyo3cls` and `pyo3-derive-backend` to `pyo3-macros` and `pyo3-macros-backend` respectively. [#1317](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1317)
### Added
- Add support for building for CPython limited API. Opting-in to the limited API enables a single extension wheel built with PyO3 to be installable on multiple Python versions. This required a few minor changes to runtime behaviour of of PyO3 `#[pyclass]` types. See the migration guide for full details. [#1152](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1152)
- Add feature flags `abi3-py36`, `abi3-py37`, `abi3-py38` etc. to set the minimum Python version when using the limited API. [#1263](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1263)
- Add argument names to `TypeError` messages generated by pymethod wrappers. [#1212](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1212)
- Add FFI definitions for PEP 587 "Python Initialization Configuration". [#1247](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1247)
- Add FFI definitions for `PyEval_SetProfile` and `PyEval_SetTrace`. [#1255](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1255)
- Add FFI definitions for context.h functions (`PyContext_New`, etc). [#1259](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1259)
- Add `PyAny::is_instance()` method. [#1276](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1276)
- Add support for conversion between `char` and `PyString`. [#1282](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1282)
- Add FFI definitions for `PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat`, `PyObject_LengthHint`, `PyObject_CallNoArgs`, `PyObject_CallOneArg`, `PyObject_CallMethodNoArgs`, `PyObject_CallMethodOneArg`, `PyObject_VectorcallDict`, and `PyObject_VectorcallMethod`. [#1287](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1287)
- Add conversions between `u128`/`i128` and `PyLong` for PyPy. [#1310](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1310)
- Add `Python::version()` and `Python::version_info()` to get the running interpreter version. [#1322](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1322)
- Add conversions for tuples of length 10, 11, and 12. [#1454](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1454)
### Changed
- Change return type of `PyType::name()` from `Cow<str>` to `PyResult<&str>`. [#1152](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1152)
- `#[pyclass(subclass)]` is now required for subclassing from Rust (was previously just required for subclassing from Python). [#1152](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1152)
- Change `PyIterator` to be consistent with other native types: it is now used as `&PyIterator` instead of `PyIterator<'a>`. [#1176](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1176)
- Change formatting of `PyDowncastError` messages to be closer to Python's builtin error messages. [#1212](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1212)
- Change `Debug` and `Display` impls for `PyException` to be consistent with `PyAny`. [#1275](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1275)
- Change `Debug` impl of `PyErr` to output more helpful information (acquiring the GIL if necessary). [#1275](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1275)
- Rename `PyTypeInfo::is_instance` and `PyTypeInfo::is_exact_instance` to `PyTypeInfo::is_type_of` and `PyTypeInfo::is_exact_type_of`. [#1278](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1278)
- Optimize `PyAny::call0`, `Py::call0` and `PyAny::call_method0` and `Py::call_method0` on Python 3.9 and up. [#1287](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1285)
- Require double-quotes for pyclass name argument e.g `#[pyclass(name = "MyClass")]`. [#1303](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1303)
### Deprecated
- Deprecate `Python::is_instance`, `Python::is_subclass`, `Python::release`, and `Python::xdecref`. [#1292](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1292)
### Removed
- Remove deprecated ffi definitions `PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy`, `PyUnicode_GetMax`, `_Py_CheckRecursionLimit`, `PyObject_AsCharBuffer`, `PyObject_AsReadBuffer`, `PyObject_CheckReadBuffer` and `PyObject_AsWriteBuffer`, which will be removed in Python 3.10. [#1217](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1217)
- Remove unused `python3` feature. [#1235](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1235)
### Fixed
- Fix missing field in `PyCodeObject` struct (`co_posonlyargcount`) - caused invalid access to other fields in Python >3.7. [#1260](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1260)
- Fix building for `x86_64-unknown-linux-musl` target from `x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu` host. [#1267](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1267)
- Fix `#[text_signature]` interacting badly with rust `r#raw_identifiers`. [#1286](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1286)
- Fix FFI definitions for `PyObject_Vectorcall` and `PyVectorcall_Call`. [#1287](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1285)
- Fix building with Anaconda python inside a virtualenv. [#1290](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1290)
- Fix definition of opaque FFI types. [#1312](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1312)
- Fix using custom error type in pyclass `#[new]` methods. [#1319](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1319)
## [0.12.4] - 2020-11-28
### Fixed
- Fix reference count bug in implementation of `From<Py<T>>` for `PyObject`, a regression introduced in PyO3 0.12. [#1297](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1297)
## [0.12.3] - 2020-10-12
### Fixed
- Fix support for Rust versions 1.39 to 1.44, broken by an incorrect internal update to paste 1.0 which was done in PyO3 0.12.2. [#1234](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1234)
## [0.12.2] - 2020-10-12
### Added
- Add support for keyword-only arguments without default values in `#[pyfunction]`. [#1209](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1209)
- Add `Python::check_signals()` as a safe a wrapper for `PyErr_CheckSignals()`. [#1214](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1214)
### Fixed
- Fix invalid document for protocol methods. [#1169](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1169)
- Hide docs of PyO3 private implementation details in `pyo3::class::methods`. [#1169](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1169)
- Fix unnecessary rebuild on PATH changes when the python interpreter is provided by PYO3_PYTHON. [#1231](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1231)
## [0.12.1] - 2020-09-16
### Fixed
- Fix building for a 32-bit Python on 64-bit Windows with a 64-bit Rust toolchain. [#1179](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1179)
- Fix building on platforms where `c_char` is `u8`. [#1182](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1182)
## [0.12.0] - 2020-09-12
### Added
- Add FFI definitions `Py_FinalizeEx`, `PyOS_getsig`, and `PyOS_setsig`. [#1021](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1021)
- Add `PyString::to_str` for accessing `PyString` as `&str`. [#1023](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1023)
- Add `Python::with_gil` for executing a closure with the Python GIL. [#1037](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1037)
- Add type information to failures in `PyAny::downcast()`. [#1050](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1050)
- Implement `Debug` for `PyIterator`. [#1051](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1051)
- Add `PyBytes::new_with` and `PyByteArray::new_with` for initialising `bytes` and `bytearray` objects using a closure. [#1074](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1074)
- Add `#[derive(FromPyObject)]` macro for enums and structs. [#1065](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1065)
- Add `Py::as_ref` and `Py::into_ref` for converting `Py<T>` to `&T`. [#1098](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1098)
- Add ability to return `Result` types other than `PyResult` from `#[pyfunction]`, `#[pymethod]` and `#[pyproto]` functions. [#1106](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1118).
- Implement `ToPyObject`, `IntoPy`, and `FromPyObject` for [hashbrown](https://crates.io/crates/hashbrown)'s `HashMap` and `HashSet` types (requires the `hashbrown` feature). [#1114](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1114)
- Add `#[pyfunction(pass_module)]` and `#[pyfn(pass_module)]` to pass the module object as the first function argument. [#1143](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1143)
- Add `PyModule::add_function` and `PyModule::add_submodule` as typed alternatives to `PyModule::add_wrapped`. [#1143](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1143)
- Add native `PyCFunction` and `PyFunction` types. [#1163](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1163)
### Changed
- Rework exception types: [#1024](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1024) [#1115](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1115)
- Rename exception types from e.g. `RuntimeError` to `PyRuntimeError`. The old names continue to exist but are deprecated.
- Exception objects are now accessible as `&T` or `Py<T>`, just like other Python-native types.
- Rename `PyException::py_err()` to `PyException::new_err()`.
- Rename `PyUnicodeDecodeErr::new_err()` to `PyUnicodeDecodeErr::new()`.
- Remove `PyStopIteration::stop_iteration()`.
- Require `T: Send` for the return value `T` of `Python::allow_threads`. [#1036](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1036)
- Rename `PYTHON_SYS_EXECUTABLE` to `PYO3_PYTHON`. The old name will continue to work (undocumented) but will be removed in a future release. [#1039](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1039)
- Remove `unsafe` from signature of `PyType::as_type_ptr`. [#1047](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1047)
- Change return type of `PyIterator::from_object` to `PyResult<PyIterator>` (was `Result<PyIterator, PyDowncastError>`). [#1051](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1051)
- `IntoPy` is no longer implied by `FromPy`. [#1063](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1063)
- Change `PyObject` to be a type alias for `Py<PyAny>`. [#1063](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1063)
- Rework `PyErr` to be compatible with the `std::error::Error` trait: [#1067](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1067) [#1115](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1115)
- Implement `Display`, `Error`, `Send` and `Sync` for `PyErr` and `PyErrArguments`.
- Add `PyErr::instance()` for accessing `PyErr` as `&PyBaseException`.
- `PyErr`'s fields are now an implementation detail. The equivalent values can be accessed with `PyErr::ptype()`, `PyErr::pvalue()` and `PyErr::ptraceback()`.
- Change receiver of `PyErr::print()` and `PyErr::print_and_set_sys_last_vars()` to `&self` (was `self`).
- Remove `PyErrValue`, `PyErr::from_value`, `PyErr::into_normalized()`, and `PyErr::normalize()`.
- Remove `PyException::into()`.
- Remove `Into<PyResult<T>>` for `PyErr` and `PyException`.
- Change methods generated by `#[pyproto]` to return `NotImplemented` if Python should try a reversed operation. #[1072](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1072)
- Change argument to `PyModule::add` to `impl IntoPy<PyObject>` (was `impl ToPyObject`). #[1124](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1124)
### Removed
- Remove many exception and `PyErr` APIs; see the "changed" section above. [#1024](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1024) [#1067](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1067) [#1115](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1115)
- Remove `PyString::to_string` (use new `PyString::to_str`). [#1023](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1023)
- Remove `PyString::as_bytes`. [#1023](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1023)
- Remove `Python::register_any`. [#1023](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1023)
- Remove `GILGuard::acquire` from the public API. Use `Python::acquire_gil` or `Python::with_gil`. [#1036](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1036)
- Remove the `FromPy` trait. [#1063](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1063)
- Remove the `AsPyRef` trait. [#1098](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1098)
### Fixed
- Correct FFI definitions `Py_SetProgramName` and `Py_SetPythonHome` to take `*const` arguments (was `*mut`). [#1021](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1021)
- Fix `FromPyObject` for `num_bigint::BigInt` for Python objects with an `__index__` method. [#1027](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1027)
- Correct FFI definition `_PyLong_AsByteArray` to take `*mut c_uchar` argument (was `*const c_uchar`). [#1029](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1029)
- Fix segfault with `#[pyclass(dict, unsendable)]`. [#1058](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1058) [#1059](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1059)
- Fix using `&Self` as an argument type for functions in a `#[pymethods]` block. [#1071](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1071)
- Fix best-effort build against PyPy 3.6. [#1092](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1092)
- Fix many cases of lifetime elision in `#[pyproto]` implementations. [#1093](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1093)
- Fix detection of Python build configuration when cross-compiling. [#1095](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1095)
- Always link against libpython on android with the `extension-module` feature. [#1095](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1095)
- Fix the `+` operator not trying `__radd__` when both `__add__` and `__radd__` are defined in `PyNumberProtocol` (and similar for all other reversible operators). [#1107](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1107)
- Fix building with Anaconda python. [#1175](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1175)
## [0.11.1] - 2020-06-30
### Added
- `#[pyclass(unsendable)]`. [#1009](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1009)
### Changed
- Update `parking_lot` dependency to `0.11`. [#1010](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1010)
## [0.11.0] - 2020-06-28
### Added
- Support stable versions of Rust (>=1.39). [#969](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/969)
- Add FFI definition `PyObject_AsFileDescriptor`. [#938](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/938)
- Add `PyByteArray::data`, `PyByteArray::as_bytes`, and `PyByteArray::as_bytes_mut`. [#967](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/967)
- Add `GILOnceCell` to use in situations where `lazy_static` or `once_cell` can deadlock. [#975](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/975)
- Add `Py::borrow`, `Py::borrow_mut`, `Py::try_borrow`, and `Py::try_borrow_mut` for accessing `#[pyclass]` values. [#976](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/976)
- Add `IterNextOutput` and `IterANextOutput` for returning from `__next__` / `__anext__`. [#997](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/997)
### Changed
- Simplify internals of `#[pyo3(get)]` attribute. (Remove the hidden API `GetPropertyValue`.) [#934](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/934)
- Call `Py_Finalize` at exit to flush buffers, etc. [#943](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/943)
- Add type parameter to PyBuffer. #[951](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/951)
- Require `Send` bound for `#[pyclass]`. [#966](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/966)
- Add `Python` argument to most methods on `PyObject` and `Py<T>` to ensure GIL safety. [#970](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/970)
- Change signature of `PyTypeObject::type_object()` - now takes `Python` argument and returns `&PyType`. [#970](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/970)
- Change return type of `PyTuple::slice()` and `PyTuple::split_from()` from `Py<PyTuple>` to `&PyTuple`. [#970](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/970)
- Change return type of `PyTuple::as_slice` to `&[&PyAny]`. [#971](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/971)
- Rename `PyTypeInfo::type_object` to `type_object_raw`, and add `Python` argument. [#975](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/975)
- Update `num-complex` optional dependendency from `0.2` to `0.3`. [#977](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/977)
- Update `num-bigint` optional dependendency from `0.2` to `0.3`. [#978](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/978)
- `#[pyproto]` is re-implemented without specialization. [#961](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/961)
- `PyClassAlloc::alloc` is renamed to `PyClassAlloc::new`. [#990](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/990)
- `#[pyproto]` methods can now have return value `T` or `PyResult<T>` (previously only `PyResult<T>` was supported). [#996](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/996)
- `#[pyproto]` methods can now skip annotating the return type if it is `()`. [#998](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/998)
### Removed
- Remove `ManagedPyRef` (unused, and needs specialization) [#930](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/930)
### Fixed
- Fix passing explicit `None` to `Option<T>` argument `#[pyfunction]` with a default value. [#936](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/936)
- Fix `PyClass.__new__`'s not respecting subclasses when inherited by a Python class. [#990](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/990)
- Fix returning `Option<T>` from `#[pyproto]` methods. [#996](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/996)
- Fix accepting `PyRef<Self>` and `PyRefMut<Self>` to `#[getter]` and `#[setter]` methods. [#999](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/999)
## [0.10.1] - 2020-05-14
### Fixed
- Fix deadlock in `Python::acquire_gil()` after dropping a `PyObject` or `Py<T>`. [#924](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/924)
## [0.10.0] - 2020-05-13
### Added
- Add FFI definition `_PyDict_NewPresized`. [#849](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/849)
- Implement `IntoPy<PyObject>` for `HashSet` and `BTreeSet`. [#864](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/864)
- Add `PyAny::dir` method. [#886](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/886)
- Gate macros behind a `macros` feature (enabled by default). [#897](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/897)
- Add ability to define class attributes using `#[classattr]` on functions in `#[pymethods]`. [#905](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/905)
- Implement `Clone` for `PyObject` and `Py<T>`. [#908](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/908)
- Implement `Deref<Target = PyAny>` for all builtin types. (`PyList`, `PyTuple`, `PyDict` etc.) [#911](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/911)
- Implement `Deref<Target = PyAny>` for `PyCell<T>`. [#911](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/911)
- Add `#[classattr]` support for associated constants in `#[pymethods]`. [#914](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/914)
### Changed
- Panics will now be raised as a Python `PanicException`. [#797](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/797)
- Change `PyObject` and `Py<T>` reference counts to decrement immediately upon drop when the GIL is held. [#851](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/851)
- Allow `PyIterProtocol` methods to use either `PyRef` or `PyRefMut` as the receiver type. [#856](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/856)
- Change the implementation of `FromPyObject` for `Py<T>` to apply to a wider range of `T`, including all `T: PyClass`. [#880](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/880)
- Move all methods from the `ObjectProtocol` trait to the `PyAny` struct. [#911](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/911)
- Remove need for `#![feature(specialization)]` in crates depending on PyO3. [#917](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/917)
### Removed
- Remove `PyMethodsProtocol` trait. [#889](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/889)
- Remove `num-traits` dependency. [#895](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/895)
- Remove `ObjectProtocol` trait. [#911](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/911)
- Remove `PyAny::None`. Users should use `Python::None` instead. [#911](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/911)
- Remove all `*ProtocolImpl` traits. [#917](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/917)
### Fixed
- Fix support for `__radd__` and other `__r*__` methods as implementations for Python mathematical operators. [#839](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/839)
- Fix panics during garbage collection when traversing objects that were already mutably borrowed. [#855](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/855)
- Prevent `&'static` references to Python objects as arguments to `#[pyfunction]` and `#[pymethods]`. [#869](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/869)
- Fix lifetime safety bug with `AsPyRef::as_ref`. [#876](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/876)
- Fix `#[pyo3(get)]` attribute on `Py<T>` fields. [#880](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/880)
- Fix segmentation faults caused by functions such as `PyList::get_item` returning borrowed objects when it was not safe to do so. [#890](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/890)
- Fix segmentation faults caused by nested `Python::acquire_gil` calls creating dangling references. [#893](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/893)
- Fix segmentatation faults when a panic occurs during a call to `Python::allow_threads`. [#912](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/912)
## [0.9.2] - 2020-04-09
### Added
- `FromPyObject` implementations for `HashSet` and `BTreeSet`. [#842](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/842)
### Fixed
- Correctly detect 32bit architecture. [#830](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/830)
## [0.9.1] - 2020-03-23
### Fixed
- Error messages for `#[pyclass]`. [#826](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/826)
- `FromPyObject` implementation for `PySequence`. [#827](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/827)
## [0.9.0] - 2020-03-19
### Added
- `PyCell`, which has RefCell-like features. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- `PyClass`, `PyLayout`, `PyClassInitializer`. [#683](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/683)
- Implemented `IntoIterator` for `PySet` and `PyFrozenSet`. [#716](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/716)
- `FromPyObject` is now automatically implemented for `T: Clone` pyclasses. [#730](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/730)
- `#[pyo3(get)]` and `#[pyo3(set)]` will now use the Rust doc-comment from the field for the Python property. [#755](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/755)
- `#[setter]` functions may now take an argument of `Pyo3::Python`. [#760](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/760)
- `PyTypeInfo::BaseLayout` and `PyClass::BaseNativeType`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- `PyDowncastImpl`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- Implement `FromPyObject` and `IntoPy<PyObject>` traits for arrays (up to 32). [#778](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/778)
- `migration.md` and `types.md` in the guide. [#795](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/795), #[802](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/802)
- `ffi::{_PyBytes_Resize, _PyDict_Next, _PyDict_Contains, _PyDict_GetDictPtr}`. #[820](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/820)
### Changed
- `#[new]` does not take `PyRawObject` and can return `Self`. [#683](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/683)
- The blanket implementations for `FromPyObject` for `&T` and `&mut T` are no longer specializable. Implement `PyTryFrom` for your type to control the behavior of `FromPyObject::extract()` for your types. [#713](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/713)
- The implementation for `IntoPy<U> for T` where `U: FromPy<T>` is no longer specializable. Control the behavior of this via the implementation of `FromPy`. [#713](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/713)
- Use `parking_lot::Mutex` instead of `spin::Mutex`. [#734](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/734)
- Bumped minimum Rust version to `1.42.0-nightly 2020-01-21`. [#761](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/761)
- `PyRef` and `PyRefMut` are renewed for `PyCell`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- Some new FFI functions for Python 3.8. [#784](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/784)
- `PyAny` is now on the top level module and prelude. [#816](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/816)
### Removed
- `PyRawObject`. [#683](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/683)
- `PyNoArgsFunction`. [#741](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/741)
- `initialize_type()`. To set the module name for a `#[pyclass]`, use the `module` argument to the macro. #[751](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/751)
- `AsPyRef::as_mut/with/with_mut/into_py/into_mut_py`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- `PyTryFrom::try_from_mut/try_from_mut_exact/try_from_mut_unchecked`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- `Python::mut_from_owned_ptr/mut_from_borrowed_ptr`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
- `ObjectProtocol::get_base/get_mut_base`. [#770](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/770)
### Fixed
- Fixed unsoundness of subclassing. [#683](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/683).
- Clear error indicator when the exception is handled on the Rust side. [#719](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/719)
- Usage of raw identifiers with `#[pyo3(set)]`. [#745](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/745)
- Usage of `PyObject` with `#[pyo3(get)]`. [#760](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/760)
- `#[pymethods]` used in conjunction with `#[cfg]`. #[769](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/769)
- `"*"` in a `#[pyfunction()]` argument list incorrectly accepting any number of positional arguments (use `args = "*"` when this behaviour is desired). #[792](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/792)
- `PyModule::dict`. #[809](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/809)
- Fix the case where `DESCRIPTION` is not null-terminated. #[822](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/822)
## [0.8.5] - 2020-01-05
### Added
- Implemented `FromPyObject` for `HashMap` and `BTreeMap`
- Support for `#[name = "foo"]` attribute for `#[pyfunction]` and in `#[pymethods]`. [#692](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/692)
## [0.8.4] - 2019-12-14
### Added
- Support for `#[text_signature]` attribute. [#675](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/675)
## [0.8.3] - 2019-11-23
### Removed
- `#[init]` is removed. [#658](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/658)
### Fixed
- Now all `&Py~` types have `!Send` bound. [#655](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/655)
- Fix a compile error raised by the stabilization of `!` type. [#672](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/672).
## [0.8.2] - 2019-10-27
### Added
- FFI compatibility for PEP 590 Vectorcall. [#641](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/641)
### Fixed
- Fix PySequenceProtocol::set_item. [#624](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/624)
- Fix a corner case of BigInt::FromPyObject. [#630](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/630)
- Fix index errors in parameter conversion. [#631](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/631)
- Fix handling of invalid utf-8 sequences in `PyString::as_bytes`. [#639](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/639)
and `PyString::to_string_lossy` [#642](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/642).
- Remove `__contains__` and `__iter__` from PyMappingProtocol. [#644](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/644)
- Fix proc-macro definition of PySetAttrProtocol. [#645](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/645)
## [0.8.1] - 2019-10-08
### Added
- Conversion between [num-bigint](https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint) and Python int. [#608](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/608)
### Fixed
- Make sure the right Python interpreter is used in OSX builds. [#604](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/604)
- Patch specialization being broken by Rust 1.40. [#614](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/614)
- Fix a segfault around PyErr. [#597](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/597)
## [0.8.0] - 2019-09-16
### Added
- `module` argument to `pyclass` macro. [#499](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/499)
- `py_run!` macro [#512](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/512)
- Use existing fields and methods before calling custom **getattr**. [#505](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/505)
- `PyBytes` can now be indexed just like `Vec<u8>`
- Implement `IntoPy<PyObject>` for `PyRef` and `PyRefMut`.
### Changed
- Implementing the Using the `gc` parameter for `pyclass` (e.g. `#[pyclass(gc)]`) without implementing the `class::PyGCProtocol` trait is now a compile-time error. Failing to implement this trait could lead to segfaults. [#532](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/532)
- `PyByteArray::data` has been replaced with `PyDataArray::to_vec` because returning a `&[u8]` is unsound. (See [this comment](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/373#issuecomment-512332696) for a great write-up for why that was unsound)
- Replace `mashup` with `paste`.
- `GILPool` gained a `Python` marker to prevent it from being misused to release Python objects without the GIL held.
### Removed
- `IntoPyObject` was replaced with `IntoPy<PyObject>`
- `#[pyclass(subclass)]` is hidden a `unsound-subclass` feature because it's causing segmentation faults.
### Fixed
- More readable error message for generics in pyclass [#503](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/503)
## [0.7.0] - 2019-05-26
### Added
- PyPy support by omerbenamram in [#393](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/393)
- Have `PyModule` generate an index of its members (`__all__` list).
- Allow `slf: PyRef<T>` for pyclass(#419)
- Allow to use lifetime specifiers in `pymethods`
- Add `marshal` module. [#460](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/460)
### Changed
- `Python::run` returns `PyResult<()>` instead of `PyResult<&PyAny>`.
- Methods decorated with `#[getter]` and `#[setter]` can now omit wrapping the
result type in `PyResult` if they don't raise exceptions.
### Fixed
- `type_object::PyTypeObject` has been marked unsafe because breaking the contract `type_object::PyTypeObject::init_type` can lead to UB.
- Fixed automatic derive of `PySequenceProtocol` implementation in [#423](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/423).
- Capitalization & better wording to README.md.
- Docstrings of properties is now properly set using the doc of the `#[getter]` method.
- Fixed issues with `pymethods` crashing on doc comments containing double quotes.
- `PySet::new` and `PyFrozenSet::new` now return `PyResult<&Py[Frozen]Set>`; exceptions are raised if
the items are not hashable.
- Fixed building using `venv` on Windows.
- `PyTuple::new` now returns `&PyTuple` instead of `Py<PyTuple>`.
- Fixed several issues with argument parsing; notable, the `*args` and `**kwargs`
tuple/dict now doesn't contain arguments that are otherwise assigned to parameters.
## [0.6.0] - 2019-03-28
### Regressions
- Currently, [#341](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/341) causes `cargo test` to fail with weird linking errors when the `extension-module` feature is activated. For now you can work around this by making the `extension-module` feature optional and running the tests with `cargo test --no-default-features`:
```toml
[dependencies.pyo3]
version = "0.6.0"
[features]
extension-module = ["pyo3/extension-module"]
default = ["extension-module"]
```
### Added
- Added a `wrap_pymodule!` macro similar to the existing `wrap_pyfunction!` macro. Only available on python 3
- Added support for cross compiling (e.g. to arm v7) by mtp401 in [#327](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/327). See the "Cross Compiling" section in the "Building and Distribution" chapter of the guide for more details.
- The `PyRef` and `PyRefMut` types, which allow to differentiate between an instance of a rust struct on the rust heap and an instance that is embedded inside a python object. By kngwyu in [#335](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/335)
- Added `FromPy<T>` and `IntoPy<T>` which are equivalent to `From<T>` and `Into<T>` except that they require a gil token.
- Added `ManagedPyRef`, which should eventually replace `ToBorrowedObject`.
### Changed
- Renamed `PyObjectRef` to `PyAny` in #388
- Renamed `add_function` to `add_wrapped` as it now also supports modules.
- Renamed `#[pymodinit]` to `#[pymodule]`
- `py.init(|| value)` becomes `Py::new(value)`
- `py.init_ref(|| value)` becomes `PyRef::new(value)`
- `py.init_mut(|| value)` becomes `PyRefMut::new(value)`.
- `PyRawObject::init` is now infallible, e.g. it returns `()` instead of `PyResult<()>`.
- Renamed `py_exception!` to `create_exception!` and refactored the error macros.
- Renamed `wrap_function!` to `wrap_pyfunction!`
- Renamed `#[prop(get, set)]` to `#[pyo3(get, set)]`
- `#[pyfunction]` now supports the same arguments as `#[pyfn()]`
- Some macros now emit proper spanned errors instead of panics.
- Migrated to the 2018 edition
- `crate::types::exceptions` moved to `crate::exceptions`
- Replace `IntoPyTuple` with `IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>`.
- `IntoPyPointer` and `ToPyPointer` moved into the crate root.
- `class::CompareOp` moved into `class::basic::CompareOp`
- PyTypeObject is now a direct subtrait PyTypeCreate, removing the old cyclical implementation in [#350](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/350)
- Add `PyList::{sort, reverse}` by chr1sj0nes in [#357](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/357) and [#358](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/358)
- Renamed the `typeob` module to `type_object`
### Removed
- `PyToken` was removed due to unsoundness (See [#94](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/issues/94)).
- Removed the unnecessary type parameter from `PyObjectAlloc`
- `NoArgs`. Just use an empty tuple
- `PyObjectWithGIL`. `PyNativeType` is sufficient now that PyToken is removed.
### Fixed
- A soudness hole where every instances of a `#[pyclass]` struct was considered to be part of a python object, even though you can create instances that are not part of the python heap. This was fixed through `PyRef` and `PyRefMut`.
- Fix kwargs support in [#328](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/328).
- Add full support for `__dict__` in [#403](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/403).
## [0.5.3] - 2019-01-04
### Fixed
- Fix memory leak in ArrayList by kngwyu [#316](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/316)
## [0.5.2] - 2018-11-25
### Fixed
- Fix undeterministic segfaults when creating many objects by kngwyu in [#281](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/281)
## [0.5.1] - 2018-11-24
Yanked
## [0.5.0] - 2018-11-11
### Added
- `#[pyclass]` objects can now be returned from rust functions
- `PyComplex` by kngwyu in [#226](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/226)
- `PyDict::from_sequence()`, equivalent to `dict([(key, val), ...])`
- Bindings for the `datetime` standard library types: `PyDate`, `PyTime`, `PyDateTime`, `PyTzInfo`, `PyDelta` with associated `ffi` types, by pganssle [#200](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/200).
- `PyString`, `PyUnicode`, and `PyBytes` now have an `as_bytes()` method that returns `&[u8]`.
- `PyObjectProtocol::get_type_ptr()` by ijl in [#242](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/242)
### Changed
- Removes the types from the root module and the prelude. They now live in `pyo3::types` instead.
- All exceptions are consturcted with `py_err` instead of `new`, as they return `PyErr` and not `Self`.
- `as_mut` and friends take and `&mut self` instead of `&self`
- `ObjectProtocol::call` now takes an `Option<&PyDict>` for the kwargs instead of an `IntoPyDictPointer`.
- `IntoPyDictPointer` was replace by `IntoPyDict` which doesn't convert `PyDict` itself anymore and returns a `PyDict` instead of `*mut PyObject`.
- `PyTuple::new` now takes an `IntoIterator` instead of a slice
- Updated to syn 0.15
- Splitted `PyTypeObject` into `PyTypeObject` without the create method and `PyTypeCreate` with requires `PyObjectAlloc<Self> + PyTypeInfo + Sized`.
- Ran `cargo edition --fix` which prefixed path with `crate::` for rust 2018
- Renamed `async` to `pyasync` as async will be a keyword in the 2018 edition.
- Starting to use `NonNull<*mut PyObject>` for Py and PyObject by ijl [#260](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/260)
### Removed
- Removed most entries from the prelude. The new prelude is small and clear.
- Slowly removing specialization uses
- `PyString`, `PyUnicode`, and `PyBytes` no longer have a `data()` method
(replaced by `as_bytes()`) and `PyStringData` has been removed.
- The pyobject_extract macro
### Fixed
- Added an explanation that the GIL can temporarily be released even while holding a GILGuard.
- Lots of clippy errors
- Fix segfault on calling an unknown method on a PyObject
- Work around a [bug](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/55380) in the rust compiler by kngwyu [#252](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/252)
- Fixed a segfault with subclassing pyo3 create classes and using `__class__` by kngwyu [#263](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/263)
## [0.4.1] - 2018-08-20
### Changed
- PyTryFrom's error is always to `PyDowncastError`
### Fixed
- Fixed compilation on nightly since `use_extern_macros` was stabilized
### Removed
- The pyobject_downcast macro
## [0.4.0] - 2018-07-30
### Changed
- Merged both examples into one
- Rustfmt all the things :heavy_check_mark:
- Switched to [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/)
### Removed
- Conversions from tuples to PyDict due to [rust-lang/rust#52050](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/52050)
## [0.3.2] - 2018-07-22
### Changed
- Replaced `concat_idents` with mashup
## [0.3.1] - 2018-07-18
### Fixed
- Fixed scoping bug in pyobject_native_type that would break rust-numpy
## [0.3.0] - 2018-07-18
### Added
- A few internal macros became part of the public api ([#155](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/155), [#186](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/186))
- Always clone in getters. This allows using the get-annotation on all Clone-Types
### Changed
- Upgraded to syn 0.14 which means much better error messages :tada:
- 128 bit integer support by [kngwyu](https://github.com/kngwyu) ([#137](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/173))
- `proc_macro` has been stabilized on nightly ([rust-lang/rust#52081](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/52081)). This means that we can remove the `proc_macro` feature, but now we need the `use_extern_macros` from the 2018 edition instead.
- All proc macro are now prefixed with `py` and live in the prelude. This means you can use `#[pyclass]`, `#[pymethods]`, `#[pyproto]`, `#[pyfunction]` and `#[pymodinit]` directly, at least after a `use pyo3::prelude::*`. They were also moved into a module called `proc_macro`. You shouldn't use `#[pyo3::proc_macro::pyclass]` or other longer paths in attributes because `proc_macro_path_invoc` isn't going to be stabilized soon.
- Renamed the `base` option in the `pyclass` macro to `extends`.
- `#[pymodinit]` uses the function name as module name, unless the name is overrriden with `#[pymodinit(name)]`
- The guide is now properly versioned.
## [0.2.7] - 2018-05-18
### Fixed
- Fix nightly breakage with proc_macro_path
## [0.2.6] - 2018-04-03
### Fixed
- Fix compatibility with TryFrom trait #137
## [0.2.5] - 2018-02-21
### Added
- CPython 3.7 support
### Fixed
- Embedded CPython 3.7b1 crashes on initialization #110
- Generated extension functions are weakly typed #108
- call_method\*() crashes when the method does not exist #113
- Allow importing exceptions from nested modules #116
## [0.2.4] - 2018-01-19
### Added
- Allow to get mutable ref from PyObject #106
- Drop `RefFromPyObject` trait
- Add Python::register_any() method
### Fixed
- Fix impl `FromPyObject` for `Py<T>`
- Mark method that work with raw pointers as unsafe #95
## [0.2.3] - 11-27-2017
### Changed
- Rustup to 1.23.0-nightly 2017-11-07
### Fixed
- Proper `c_char` usage #93
### Removed
- Remove use of now unneeded 'AsciiExt' trait
## [0.2.2] - 09-26-2017
### Changed
- Rustup to 1.22.0-nightly 2017-09-30
## [0.2.1] - 09-26-2017
### Fixed
- Fix rustc const_fn nightly breakage
## [0.2.0] - 08-12-2017
### Added
- Added inheritance support #15
- Added weakref support #56
- Added subclass support #64
- Added `self.__dict__` supoort #68
- Added `pyo3::prelude` module #70
- Better `Iterator` support for PyTuple, PyList, PyDict #75
- Introduce IntoPyDictPointer similar to IntoPyTuple #69
### Changed
- Allow to add gc support without implementing PyGCProtocol #57
- Refactor `PyErr` implementation. Drop `py` parameter from constructor.
## [0.1.0] - 07-23-2017
### Added
- Initial release
[unreleased]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.14.1...HEAD
[0.14.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.14.1...v0.14.2
[0.14.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.14.0...v0.14.1
[0.14.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.13.2...v0.14.0
[0.13.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.13.1...v0.13.2
[0.13.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.13.0...v0.13.1
[0.13.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.12.4...v0.13.0
[0.12.4]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.12.3...v0.12.4
[0.12.3]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.12.2...v0.12.3
[0.12.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.12.1...v0.12.2
[0.12.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.12.0...v0.12.1
[0.12.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.11.1...v0.12.0
[0.11.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.11.0...v0.11.1
[0.11.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.10.1...v0.11.0
[0.10.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.10.0...v0.10.1
[0.10.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.9.2...v0.10.0
[0.9.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.9.1...v0.9.2
[0.9.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.9.0...v0.9.1
[0.9.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.8.5...v0.9.0
[0.8.4]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.8.4...v0.8.5
[0.8.4]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.8.3...v0.8.4
[0.8.3]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.8.2...v0.8.3
[0.8.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.8.1...v0.8.2
[0.8.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.8.0...v0.8.1
[0.8.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.7.0...v0.8.0
[0.7.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.6.0...v0.7.0
[0.6.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.5.3...v0.6.0
[0.5.3]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.5.2...v0.5.3
[0.5.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.5.0...v0.5.2
[0.5.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.4.1...v0.5.0
[0.4.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.4.0...v0.4.1
[0.4.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.3.2...v0.4.0
[0.3.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.3.1...v0.3.2
[0.3.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.3.0...v0.3.1
[0.3.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.7...v0.3.0
[0.2.7]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.6...v0.2.7
[0.2.6]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.5...v0.2.6
[0.2.5]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.4...v0.2.5
[0.2.4]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.3...v0.2.4
[0.2.3]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.2...v0.2.3
[0.2.2]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2
[0.2.1]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.2.0...v0.2.1
[0.2.0]: https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.1.0...v0.2.0
[0.1.0]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/tree/0.1.0
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