Replace PyObject with type alias for Py<T>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.
 - Rename `PYTHON_SYS_EXECUTABLE` to `PYO3_PYTHON`. The old name will continue to work but will be undocumented, and will be removed in a future release. [#1039](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1039)
 - `PyType::as_type_ptr` is no longer `unsafe`. [#1047](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1047)
 - Change `PyIterator::from_object` to return `PyResult<PyIterator>` instead of `Result<PyIterator, PyDowncastError>`. [#1051](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1051)
+- `IntoPy` is no longer implied by `FromPy`. [#1063](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1063)
+- `PyObject` is now just a type alias for `Py<PyAny>`. [#1063](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1063)
 - Implement `Send + Sync` for `PyErr`. `PyErr::new`, `PyErr::from_type`, `PyException::py_err` and `PyException::into` have had these bounds added to their arguments. [#1067](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1067)
 - Change `#[pyproto]` to return NotImplemented for operators for which Python can try a reversed operation. [1072](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1072)
 
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.
 - Remove `PyString::as_bytes`. [#1023](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1023)
 - Remove `Python::register_any`. [#1023](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1023)
 - Remove `GILGuard::acquire` from the public API. Use `Python::acquire_gil` or `Python::with_gil`. [#1036](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1036)
+- Remove `FromPy`. [#1063](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1063)
 
 ### Fixed
 - Conversion from types with an `__index__` method to Rust BigInts. [#1027](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/1027)

src/conversion.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 //! Conversions between various states of Rust and Python types and their wrappers.
 use crate::err::{self, PyDowncastError, PyResult};
-use crate::object::PyObject;
+use crate::instance::PyObject;
 use crate::type_object::PyTypeInfo;
 use crate::types::PyTuple;
 use crate::{ffi, gil, Py, PyAny, PyCell, PyClass, PyNativeType, PyRef, PyRefMut, Python};
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ where
 /// Converts `()` to an empty Python tuple.
 impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>> for () {
     fn into_py(self, py: Python) -> Py<PyTuple> {
-        PyTuple::empty(py).into_py(py)
+        PyTuple::empty(py).into()
     }
 }
 

src/err.rs

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ use crate::type_object::PyTypeObject;
 use crate::types::PyType;
 use crate::{exceptions, ffi};
 use crate::{
-    AsPyPointer, FromPyPointer, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, Py, PyAny, PyNativeType, PyObject,
-    Python, ToBorrowedObject, ToPyObject,
+    AsPyPointer, FromPyPointer, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, Py, PyAny, PyNativeType, PyObject, Python,
+    ToBorrowedObject, ToPyObject,
 };
 use libc::c_int;
 use std::borrow::Cow;

src/instance.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2017-present PyO3 Project and Contributors
-use crate::err::{PyErr, PyResult};
+use crate::conversion::{PyTryFrom, ToBorrowedObject};
+use crate::err::{PyDowncastError, PyErr, PyResult};
 use crate::gil;
-use crate::object::PyObject;
 use crate::pycell::{PyBorrowError, PyBorrowMutError, PyCell};
 use crate::type_object::PyBorrowFlagLayout;
+use crate::types::{PyDict, PyTuple};
 use crate::{
     ffi, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, PyAny, PyClass, PyClassInitializer,
     PyRef, PyRefMut, PyTypeInfo, Python, ToPyObject,
@@ -114,6 +115,11 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<T> Py<T> {
+    /// For internal conversions
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_not_null(ptr: NonNull<ffi::PyObject>) -> Self {
+        Self(ptr, PhantomData)
+    }
+
     /// Creates a `Py<T>` instance for the given FFI pointer.
     ///
     /// This moves ownership over the pointer into the `Py<T>`.
@@ -187,6 +193,168 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
         mem::forget(self);
         pointer
     }
+
+    /// Constructs a `PyObject` from the result of a Python FFI call that
+    /// returns a new reference (owned pointer).
+    /// Returns `None` if the pointer is NULL.
+    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_opt(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Option<Self> {
+        match NonNull::new(ptr) {
+            Some(nonnull_ptr) => Some(Py(nonnull_ptr, PhantomData)),
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given Python FFI pointer.
+    /// Calls `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
+    /// Returns `Err(PyErr)` if the pointer is NULL.
+    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_err(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        if ptr.is_null() {
+            Err(PyErr::fetch(py))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Self::from_borrowed_ptr(py, ptr))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given Python FFI pointer.
+    /// Calls `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
+    /// Returns `None` if the pointer is NULL.
+    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Option<Self> {
+        if ptr.is_null() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(Self::from_borrowed_ptr(py, ptr))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the object is considered to be None.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self is None`.
+    pub fn is_none(&self, _py: Python) -> bool {
+        unsafe { ffi::Py_None() == self.as_ptr() }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the object is considered to be true.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `bool(self)`.
+    pub fn is_true(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        let v = unsafe { ffi::PyObject_IsTrue(self.as_ptr()) };
+        if v == -1 {
+            Err(PyErr::fetch(py))
+        } else {
+            Ok(v != 0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Casts the PyObject to a concrete Python object type.
+    ///
+    /// This can cast only to native Python types, not types implemented in Rust.
+    pub fn cast_as<'p, D>(&'p self, py: Python<'p>) -> Result<&'p D, PyDowncastError>
+    where
+        D: PyTryFrom<'p>,
+    {
+        D::try_from(unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr::<PyAny>(self.as_ptr()) })
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts some type from the Python object.
+    ///
+    /// This is a wrapper function around `FromPyObject::extract()`.
+    pub fn extract<'p, D>(&'p self, py: Python<'p>) -> PyResult<D>
+    where
+        D: FromPyObject<'p>,
+    {
+        FromPyObject::extract(unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr(self.as_ptr()) })
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves an attribute value.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.attr_name`.
+    pub fn getattr<N>(&self, py: Python, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<PyObject>
+    where
+        N: ToPyObject,
+    {
+        attr_name.with_borrowed_ptr(py, |attr_name| unsafe {
+            PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_GetAttr(self.as_ptr(), attr_name))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the object.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self(*args, **kwargs)`.
+    pub fn call(
+        &self,
+        py: Python,
+        args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
+        kwargs: Option<&PyDict>,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        let args = args.into_py(py).into_ptr();
+        let kwargs = kwargs.into_ptr();
+        let result = unsafe {
+            PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_Call(self.as_ptr(), args, kwargs))
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            ffi::Py_XDECREF(args);
+            ffi::Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the object with only positional arguments.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self(*args)`.
+    pub fn call1(&self, py: Python, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        self.call(py, args, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls the object without arguments.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self()`.
+    pub fn call0(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        self.call(py, (), None)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls a method on the object.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name(*args, **kwargs)`.
+    pub fn call_method(
+        &self,
+        py: Python,
+        name: &str,
+        args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
+        kwargs: Option<&PyDict>,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        name.with_borrowed_ptr(py, |name| unsafe {
+            let args = args.into_py(py).into_ptr();
+            let kwargs = kwargs.into_ptr();
+            let ptr = ffi::PyObject_GetAttr(self.as_ptr(), name);
+            if ptr.is_null() {
+                return Err(PyErr::fetch(py));
+            }
+            let result = PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_Call(ptr, args, kwargs));
+            ffi::Py_DECREF(ptr);
+            ffi::Py_XDECREF(args);
+            ffi::Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
+            result
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Calls a method on the object with only positional arguments.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name(*args)`.
+    pub fn call_method1(
+        &self,
+        py: Python,
+        name: &str,
+        args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        self.call_method(py, name, args, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Calls a method on the object with no arguments.
+    ///
+    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name()`.
+    pub fn call_method0(&self, py: Python, name: &str) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        self.call_method(py, name, (), None)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Retrieves `&'py` types from `Py<T>` or `PyObject`.
@@ -274,16 +442,25 @@ impl<T> IntoPyPointer for Py<T> {
     }
 }
 
-// Native types `&T` can be converted to `Py<T>`
-impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&'a T> for Py<T>
+impl<T> std::convert::From<&'_ T> for PyObject
 where
     T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType,
 {
-    fn from(obj: &'a T) -> Self {
+    fn from(obj: &T) -> Self {
         unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(obj.py(), obj.as_ptr()) }
     }
 }
 
+impl<T> std::convert::From<Py<T>> for PyObject
+where
+    T: AsRef<PyAny>,
+{
+    fn from(other: Py<T>) -> Self {
+        let Py(ptr, _) = other;
+        Py(ptr, PhantomData)
+    }
+}
+
 // `&PyCell<T>` can be converted to `Py<T>`
 impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&PyCell<T>> for Py<T>
 where
@@ -337,31 +514,6 @@ impl<T> Drop for Py<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> std::convert::From<Py<T>> for PyObject {
-    #[inline]
-    fn from(ob: Py<T>) -> Self {
-        unsafe { PyObject::from_not_null(ob.into_non_null()) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&'a T> for PyObject
-where
-    T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType,
-{
-    fn from(ob: &'a T) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::<T>::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), ob.as_ptr()) }.into()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&'a mut T> for PyObject
-where
-    T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType,
-{
-    fn from(ob: &'a mut T) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::<T>::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), ob.as_ptr()) }.into()
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'a, T> FromPyObject<'a> for Py<T>
 where
     T: PyTypeInfo,
@@ -406,16 +558,30 @@ impl<T> std::fmt::Debug for Py<T> {
     }
 }
 
+pub type PyObject = Py<PyAny>;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::Py;
-    use crate::ffi;
+    use super::{Py, PyObject};
     use crate::types::PyDict;
-    use crate::{AsPyPointer, Python};
+    use crate::{ffi, AsPyPointer, Python};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_call_for_non_existing_method() {
+        let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
+        let py = gil.python();
+        let obj: PyObject = PyDict::new(py).into();
+        assert!(obj.call_method0(py, "asdf").is_err());
+        assert!(obj
+            .call_method(py, "nonexistent_method", (1,), None)
+            .is_err());
+        assert!(obj.call_method0(py, "nonexistent_method").is_err());
+        assert!(obj.call_method1(py, "nonexistent_method", (1,)).is_err());
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn py_from_dict() {
-        let dict = {
+        let dict: Py<PyDict> = {
             let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
             let py = gil.python();
             let native = PyDict::new(py);

src/lib.rs

@@ -140,8 +140,7 @@ pub use crate::conversion::{
 };
 pub use crate::err::{PyDowncastError, PyErr, PyErrArguments, PyErrValue, PyResult};
 pub use crate::gil::{GILGuard, GILPool};
-pub use crate::instance::{AsPyRef, Py, PyNativeType};
-pub use crate::object::PyObject;
+pub use crate::instance::{AsPyRef, Py, PyNativeType, PyObject};
 pub use crate::pycell::{PyCell, PyRef, PyRefMut};
 pub use crate::pyclass::PyClass;
 pub use crate::pyclass_init::PyClassInitializer;
@@ -184,7 +183,6 @@ mod instance;
 #[macro_use]
 mod internal_tricks;
 pub mod marshal;
-mod object;
 pub mod once_cell;
 pub mod panic;
 pub mod prelude;

src/object.rs

@@ -1,353 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2017-present PyO3 Project and Contributors
-
-use crate::err::{PyDowncastError, PyErr, PyResult};
-use crate::ffi;
-use crate::gil;
-use crate::instance::{AsPyRef, PyNativeType};
-use crate::types::{PyAny, PyDict, PyTuple};
-use crate::{AsPyPointer, Py, Python};
-use crate::{FromPyObject, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, PyTryFrom, ToBorrowedObject, ToPyObject};
-use std::ptr::NonNull;
-
-/// A Python object of any type.
-///
-/// The Python object's lifetime is managed by Python's garbage collector,
-/// so to access the object API, a `Python<'py>` GIL token is required.
-///
-/// See [the guide](https://pyo3.rs/master/types.html) for an explanation
-/// of the different Python object types.
-///
-/// Technically, it is a safe wrapper around `NonNull<ffi::PyObject>`.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-#[repr(transparent)]
-pub struct PyObject(NonNull<ffi::PyObject>);
-
-// `PyObject` is thread-safe, any Python related operations require a Python<'p> token.
-unsafe impl Send for PyObject {}
-unsafe impl Sync for PyObject {}
-
-impl PyObject {
-    /// For internal conversions
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_not_null(ptr: NonNull<ffi::PyObject>) -> PyObject {
-        PyObject(ptr)
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given FFI pointer.
-    /// This moves ownership over the pointer into the `PyObject`.
-    /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is NULL or invalid.
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyObject {
-        debug_assert!(
-            !ptr.is_null() && ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr) > 0,
-            format!("REFCNT: {:?} - {:?}", ptr, ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr))
-        );
-        PyObject(NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr))
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given FFI pointer.
-    /// Panics if the pointer is NULL.
-    /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is invalid.
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyObject {
-        match NonNull::new(ptr) {
-            Some(nonnull_ptr) => PyObject(nonnull_ptr),
-            None => {
-                crate::err::panic_after_error(py);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Constructs a `PyObject` from the result of a Python FFI call that
-    /// returns a new reference (owned pointer).
-    /// Returns `Err(PyErr)` if the pointer is NULL.
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_err(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        match NonNull::new(ptr) {
-            Some(nonnull_ptr) => Ok(PyObject(nonnull_ptr)),
-            None => Err(PyErr::fetch(py)),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Constructs a `PyObject` from the result of a Python FFI call that
-    /// returns a new reference (owned pointer).
-    /// Returns `None` if the pointer is NULL.
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_opt(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Option<PyObject> {
-        match NonNull::new(ptr) {
-            Some(nonnull_ptr) => Some(PyObject(nonnull_ptr)),
-            None => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given Python FFI pointer.
-    /// Calls `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
-    /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is NULL or invalid.
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyObject {
-        debug_assert!(
-            !ptr.is_null() && ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr) > 0,
-            format!("REFCNT: {:?} - {:?}", ptr, ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr))
-        );
-        ffi::Py_INCREF(ptr);
-        PyObject(NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr))
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given Python FFI pointer.
-    /// Calls `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
-    /// Returns `Err(PyErr)` if the pointer is NULL.
-    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_err(
-        py: Python,
-        ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        if ptr.is_null() {
-            Err(PyErr::fetch(py))
-        } else {
-            Ok(PyObject::from_borrowed_ptr(py, ptr))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a `PyObject` instance for the given Python FFI pointer.
-    /// Calls `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
-    /// Returns `None` if the pointer is NULL.
-    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(
-        py: Python,
-        ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject,
-    ) -> Option<PyObject> {
-        if ptr.is_null() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(PyObject::from_borrowed_ptr(py, ptr))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the reference count of the ffi::PyObject pointer.
-    pub fn get_refcnt(&self, _py: Python) -> isize {
-        unsafe { ffi::Py_REFCNT(self.0.as_ptr()) }
-    }
-
-    /// Clones self by calling `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
-    pub fn clone_ref(&self, py: Python) -> Self {
-        unsafe { PyObject::from_borrowed_ptr(py, self.as_ptr()) }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns whether the object is considered to be None.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self is None`.
-    pub fn is_none(&self, _py: Python) -> bool {
-        unsafe { ffi::Py_None() == self.as_ptr() }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns whether the object is considered to be true.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `bool(self)`.
-    pub fn is_true(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        let v = unsafe { ffi::PyObject_IsTrue(self.as_ptr()) };
-        if v == -1 {
-            Err(PyErr::fetch(py))
-        } else {
-            Ok(v != 0)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Casts the PyObject to a concrete Python object type.
-    ///
-    /// This can cast only to native Python types, not types implemented in Rust.
-    pub fn cast_as<'p, D>(&'p self, py: Python<'p>) -> Result<&'p D, PyDowncastError>
-    where
-        D: PyTryFrom<'p>,
-    {
-        D::try_from(self.as_ref(py))
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts some type from the Python object.
-    ///
-    /// This is a wrapper function around `FromPyObject::extract()`.
-    pub fn extract<'p, D>(&'p self, py: Python<'p>) -> PyResult<D>
-    where
-        D: FromPyObject<'p>,
-    {
-        FromPyObject::extract(self.as_ref(py))
-    }
-
-    /// Retrieves an attribute value.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.attr_name`.
-    pub fn getattr<N>(&self, py: Python, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<PyObject>
-    where
-        N: ToPyObject,
-    {
-        attr_name.with_borrowed_ptr(py, |attr_name| unsafe {
-            PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_GetAttr(self.as_ptr(), attr_name))
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Calls the object.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self(*args, **kwargs)`.
-    pub fn call(
-        &self,
-        py: Python,
-        args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
-        kwargs: Option<&PyDict>,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        let args = args.into_py(py).into_ptr();
-        let kwargs = kwargs.into_ptr();
-        let result = unsafe {
-            PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_Call(self.as_ptr(), args, kwargs))
-        };
-        unsafe {
-            ffi::Py_XDECREF(args);
-            ffi::Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
-        }
-        result
-    }
-
-    /// Calls the object with only positional arguments.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self(*args)`.
-    pub fn call1(&self, py: Python, args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        self.call(py, args, None)
-    }
-
-    /// Calls the object without arguments.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self()`.
-    pub fn call0(&self, py: Python) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        self.call(py, (), None)
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a method on the object.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name(*args, **kwargs)`.
-    pub fn call_method(
-        &self,
-        py: Python,
-        name: &str,
-        args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
-        kwargs: Option<&PyDict>,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        name.with_borrowed_ptr(py, |name| unsafe {
-            let args = args.into_py(py).into_ptr();
-            let kwargs = kwargs.into_ptr();
-            let ptr = ffi::PyObject_GetAttr(self.as_ptr(), name);
-            if ptr.is_null() {
-                return Err(PyErr::fetch(py));
-            }
-            let result = PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_err(py, ffi::PyObject_Call(ptr, args, kwargs));
-            ffi::Py_DECREF(ptr);
-            ffi::Py_XDECREF(args);
-            ffi::Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
-            result
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a method on the object with only positional arguments.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name(*args)`.
-    pub fn call_method1(
-        &self,
-        py: Python,
-        name: &str,
-        args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        self.call_method(py, name, args, None)
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a method on the object with no arguments.
-    ///
-    /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self.name()`.
-    pub fn call_method0(&self, py: Python, name: &str) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        self.call_method(py, name, (), None)
-    }
-}
-
-impl IntoPy<PyObject> for PyObject {
-    fn into_py(self, _py: Python) -> PyObject {
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsPyRef for PyObject {
-    type Target = PyAny;
-    fn as_ref<'p>(&'p self, _py: Python<'p>) -> &'p PyAny {
-        unsafe { &*(self.as_ptr() as *const PyAny) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl ToPyObject for PyObject {
-    #[inline]
-    fn to_object(&self, py: Python) -> PyObject {
-        unsafe { PyObject::from_borrowed_ptr(py, self.as_ptr()) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsPyPointer for PyObject {
-    /// Gets the underlying FFI pointer, returns a borrowed pointer.
-    #[inline]
-    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut ffi::PyObject {
-        self.0.as_ptr()
-    }
-}
-
-impl IntoPyPointer for PyObject {
-    /// Gets the underlying FFI pointer, returns a owned pointer.
-    #[inline]
-    #[must_use]
-    fn into_ptr(self) -> *mut ffi::PyObject {
-        let ptr = self.0.as_ptr();
-        std::mem::forget(self); // Avoid Drop
-        ptr
-    }
-}
-
-impl PartialEq for PyObject {
-    /// Checks for pointer identity, not equivalent to Python's `__eq__`.
-    #[inline]
-    fn eq(&self, o: &PyObject) -> bool {
-        self.0 == o.0
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> FromPyObject<'a> for PyObject {
-    #[inline]
-    /// Extracts `Self` from the source `PyObject`.
-    fn extract(ob: &'a PyAny) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        unsafe { Ok(PyObject::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), ob.as_ptr())) }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Clone for PyObject {
-    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        unsafe {
-            gil::register_incref(self.0);
-        }
-        Self(self.0)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Dropping a `PyObject` instance decrements the reference count on the object by 1.
-impl Drop for PyObject {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        unsafe {
-            gil::register_decref(self.0);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod test {
-    use crate::types::PyDict;
-    use crate::PyObject;
-    use crate::Python;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_call_for_non_existing_method() {
-        let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
-        let py = gil.python();
-        let obj: PyObject = PyDict::new(py).into();
-        assert!(obj.call_method0(py, "asdf").is_err());
-        assert!(obj
-            .call_method(py, "nonexistent_method", (1,), None)
-            .is_err());
-        assert!(obj.call_method0(py, "nonexistent_method").is_err());
-        assert!(obj.call_method1(py, "nonexistent_method", (1,)).is_err());
-    }
-}

src/prelude.rs

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 
 pub use crate::err::{PyErr, PyResult};
 pub use crate::gil::GILGuard;
+pub use crate::instance::PyObject;
 pub use crate::instance::{AsPyRef, Py};
-pub use crate::object::PyObject;
 pub use crate::pycell::{PyCell, PyRef, PyRefMut};
 pub use crate::pyclass_init::PyClassInitializer;
 pub use crate::python::Python;

src/types/boolobject.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2017-present PyO3 Project and Contributors
 use crate::{
-    ffi, AsPyPointer, IntoPy, FromPyObject, PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, PyTryFrom, Python,
+    ffi, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, PyTryFrom, Python,
     ToPyObject,
 };
 

src/types/bytearray.rs

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::exceptions;
-    use crate::object::PyObject;
+    use crate::instance::PyObject;
     use crate::types::PyByteArray;
     use crate::Python;
 

src/types/bytes.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    ffi, AsPyPointer, IntoPy, FromPyObject, PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, PyTryFrom, Python,
+    ffi, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, PyTryFrom, Python,
     ToPyObject,
 };
 use std::ops::Index;

src/types/datetime.rs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::ffi::{
     PyDateTime_TIME_GET_HOUR, PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MICROSECOND, PyDateTime_TIME_GET_MINUTE,
     PyDateTime_TIME_GET_SECOND,
 };
-use crate::object::PyObject;
+use crate::instance::PyObject;
 use crate::types::PyTuple;
 use crate::{AsPyPointer, PyAny, Python, ToPyObject};
 use std::os::raw::c_int;

src/types/dict.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use crate::err::{self, PyErr, PyResult};
 use crate::instance::PyNativeType;
-use crate::object::PyObject;
+use crate::instance::PyObject;
 use crate::types::{PyAny, PyList};
 #[cfg(not(PyPy))]
 use crate::IntoPyPointer;

src/types/floatob.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // based on Daniel Grunwald's https://github.com/dgrunwald/rust-cpython
 use crate::{
-    ffi, AsPyPointer, IntoPy, FromPyObject, PyAny, PyErr, PyNativeType, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
+    ffi, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, PyAny, PyErr, PyNativeType, PyObject, PyResult, Python,
     ToPyObject,
 };
 use std::os::raw::c_double;

src/types/mod.rs

@@ -66,8 +66,17 @@ macro_rules! pyobject_native_type_named (
         impl<$($type_param,)*> $crate::IntoPy<$crate::Py<$name>> for &'_ $name {
             #[inline]
             fn into_py(self, py: $crate::Python) -> $crate::Py<$name> {
-                use $crate::IntoPyPointer;
-                unsafe { $crate::Py::from_owned_ptr(py, self.into_ptr()) }
+                use $crate::AsPyPointer;
+                unsafe { $crate::Py::from_borrowed_ptr(py, self.as_ptr()) }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<$($type_param,)*> From<&'_ $name> for $crate::Py<$name> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(other: &$name) -> Self {
+                use $crate::AsPyPointer;
+                use $crate::PyNativeType;
+                unsafe { $crate::Py::from_borrowed_ptr(other.py(), other.as_ptr()) }
             }
         }
     };

src/types/module.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::err::{PyErr, PyResult};
 use crate::exceptions;
 use crate::ffi;
 use crate::instance::PyNativeType;
-use crate::object::PyObject;
+use crate::instance::PyObject;
 use crate::pyclass::PyClass;
 use crate::type_object::PyTypeObject;
 use crate::types::PyTuple;

src/types/num.rs

@@ -266,9 +266,7 @@ mod int128_conversion {
 
         #[test]
         fn test_u128_overflow() {
-            use crate::exceptions;
-            use crate::ffi;
-            use crate::object::PyObject;
+            use crate::{exceptions, ffi, PyObject};
             use std::os::raw::c_uchar;
             let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
             let py = gil.python();

src/types/sequence.rs

@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ impl<'v> PyTryFrom<'v> for PySequence {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use crate::instance::AsPyRef;
-    use crate::object::PyObject;
+    use crate::instance::PyObject;
     use crate::types::PySequence;
     use crate::AsPyPointer;
     use crate::Python;

src/types/string.rs

@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ impl<'source> FromPyObject<'source> for String {
 mod test {
     use super::PyString;
     use crate::instance::AsPyRef;
-    use crate::object::PyObject;
+    use crate::instance::PyObject;
     use crate::Python;
     use crate::{FromPyObject, PyTryFrom, ToPyObject};
 

src/types/tuple.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 use crate::ffi::{self, Py_ssize_t};
 use crate::{
-    exceptions, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, Py, PyAny, PyErr,
-    PyNativeType, PyObject, PyResult, PyTryFrom, Python, ToPyObject,
+    exceptions, AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, Py, PyAny, PyErr, PyNativeType,
+    PyObject, PyResult, PyTryFrom, Python, ToPyObject,
 };
 use std::slice;