diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 606ef926..bdb4c3ef 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
         let sys = py.import("sys")?;
         let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
 
-        let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+        let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
         let user: String = py.eval_bound(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
 
diff --git a/guide/src/exception.md b/guide/src/exception.md
index e1ce2498..22511857 100644
--- a/guide/src/exception.md
+++ b/guide/src/exception.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use pyo3::exceptions::PyException;
 create_exception!(mymodule, CustomError, PyException);
 
 Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    let ctx = [("CustomError", py.get_type::<CustomError>())].into_py_dict(py);
+    let ctx = [("CustomError", py.get_type::<CustomError>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     pyo3::py_run!(
         py,
         *ctx,
diff --git a/guide/src/migration.md b/guide/src/migration.md
index 3c84b4d0..1c8655be 100644
--- a/guide/src/migration.md
+++ b/guide/src/migration.md
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ Python::with_gil(|py| {
 
 After:
 
-```rust
+```rust,ignore
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 use pyo3::exceptions::PyTypeError;
 use pyo3::types::{PyDict, IntoPyDict};
diff --git a/guide/src/module.md b/guide/src/module.md
index 5d224de4..3d984f60 100644
--- a/guide/src/module.md
+++ b/guide/src/module.md
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn func() -> String {
 #    use pyo3::wrap_pymodule;
 #    use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
 #    let parent_module = wrap_pymodule!(parent_module)(py);
-#    let ctx = [("parent_module", parent_module)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+#    let ctx = [("parent_module", parent_module)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 #
 #    py.run_bound("assert parent_module.child_module.func() == 'func'", None, Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
 # })
diff --git a/guide/src/python_from_rust.md b/guide/src/python_from_rust.md
index 753ce620..0c104c28 100644
--- a/guide/src/python_from_rust.md
+++ b/guide/src/python_from_rust.md
@@ -94,17 +94,17 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
         .into();
 
         // call object with PyDict
-        let kwargs = [(key1, val1)].into_py_dict(py);
-        fun.call_bound(py, (), Some(&kwargs.as_borrowed()))?;
+        let kwargs = [(key1, val1)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+        fun.call_bound(py, (), Some(&kwargs))?;
 
         // pass arguments as Vec
         let kwargs = vec![(key1, val1), (key2, val2)];
-        fun.call_bound(py, (), Some(&kwargs.into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed()))?;
+        fun.call_bound(py, (), Some(&kwargs.into_py_dict_bound(py)))?;
 
         // pass arguments as HashMap
         let mut kwargs = HashMap::<&str, i32>::new();
         kwargs.insert(key1, 1);
-        fun.call_bound(py, (), Some(&kwargs.into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed()))?;
+        fun.call_bound(py, (), Some(&kwargs.into_py_dict_bound(py)))?;
 
         Ok(())
     })
@@ -250,10 +250,10 @@ def leaky_relu(x, slope=0.01):
     let relu_result: f64 = activators.getattr("relu")?.call1((-1.0,))?.extract()?;
     assert_eq!(relu_result, 0.0);
 
-    let kwargs = [("slope", 0.2)].into_py_dict(py);
+    let kwargs = [("slope", 0.2)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     let lrelu_result: f64 = activators
         .getattr("leaky_relu")?
-        .call((-1.0,), Some(kwargs))?
+        .call((-1.0,), Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?
         .extract()?;
     assert_eq!(lrelu_result, -0.2);
 #    Ok(())
diff --git a/src/conversions/anyhow.rs b/src/conversions/anyhow.rs
index 809b2aa2..453799c6 100644
--- a/src/conversions/anyhow.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/anyhow.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ mod test_anyhow {
         let pyerr = PyErr::from(err);
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let pyerr = py.run_bound("raise err", None, Some(&locals)).unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(pyerr.value(py).to_string(), expected_contents);
         })
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ mod test_anyhow {
         let pyerr = PyErr::from(err);
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let pyerr = py.run_bound("raise err", None, Some(&locals)).unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(pyerr.value(py).to_string(), expected_contents);
         })
diff --git a/src/conversions/chrono.rs b/src/conversions/chrono.rs
index 069a137f..55d49d71 100644
--- a/src/conversions/chrono.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/chrono.rs
@@ -1109,7 +1109,7 @@ mod tests {
             fn test_pyo3_offset_fixed_frompyobject_created_in_python(timestamp in 0..(i32::MAX as i64), timedelta in -86399i32..=86399i32) {
                 Python::with_gil(|py| {
 
-                    let globals = [("datetime", py.import("datetime").unwrap())].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+                    let globals = [("datetime", py.import("datetime").unwrap())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
                     let code = format!("datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp({}).replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds={})))", timestamp, timedelta);
                     let t = py.eval_bound(&code, Some(&globals), None).unwrap();
 
diff --git a/src/conversions/eyre.rs b/src/conversions/eyre.rs
index 7f029cf6..d25a10af 100644
--- a/src/conversions/eyre.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/eyre.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ mod tests {
         let pyerr = PyErr::from(err);
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let pyerr = py.run_bound("raise err", None, Some(&locals)).unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(pyerr.value(py).to_string(), expected_contents);
         })
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ mod tests {
         let pyerr = PyErr::from(err);
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let locals = [("err", pyerr)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let pyerr = py.run_bound("raise err", None, Some(&locals)).unwrap_err();
             assert_eq!(pyerr.value(py).to_string(), expected_contents);
         })
diff --git a/src/conversions/hashbrown.rs b/src/conversions/hashbrown.rs
index d2cbe4ad..7e57d332 100644
--- a/src/conversions/hashbrown.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/hashbrown.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ where
     H: hash::BuildHasher,
 {
     fn to_object(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyObject {
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(self, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(self, py).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ where
         let iter = self
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(k, v)| (k.into_py(py), v.into_py(py)));
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(iter, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(iter, py).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut map = hashbrown::HashMap::<i32, i32>::new();
             map.insert(1, 1);
 
-            let py_map = map.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = map.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.len(), 1);
             assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/conversions/indexmap.rs b/src/conversions/indexmap.rs
index 53f7f936..ec7ed5de 100644
--- a/src/conversions/indexmap.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/indexmap.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ where
     H: hash::BuildHasher,
 {
     fn to_object(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyObject {
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(self, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(self, py).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ where
         let iter = self
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(k, v)| (k.into_py(py), v.into_py(py)));
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(iter, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(iter, py).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -137,6 +137,8 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test_indexmap {
 
+    use crate::types::any::PyAnyMethods;
+    use crate::types::dict::PyDictMethods;
     use crate::types::*;
     use crate::{IntoPy, PyObject, Python, ToPyObject};
 
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ mod test_indexmap {
             let mut map = indexmap::IndexMap::<i32, i32>::new();
             map.insert(1, 1);
 
-            let py_map = map.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = map.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.len(), 1);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ mod test_indexmap {
                 }
             }
 
-            let py_map = map.clone().into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = map.clone().into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             let trip_map = py_map.extract::<indexmap::IndexMap<i32, i32>>().unwrap();
 
diff --git a/src/conversions/std/map.rs b/src/conversions/std/map.rs
index 1c3f669e..700617ec 100644
--- a/src/conversions/std/map.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/std/map.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ where
     H: hash::BuildHasher,
 {
     fn to_object(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyObject {
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(self, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(self, py).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ where
     V: ToPyObject,
 {
     fn to_object(&self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyObject {
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(self, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(self, py).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ where
         let iter = self
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(k, v)| (k.into_py(py), v.into_py(py)));
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(iter, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(iter, py).into()
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "experimental-inspect")]
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ where
         let iter = self
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(k, v)| (k.into_py(py), v.into_py(py)));
-        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(iter, py).into()
+        IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(iter, py).into()
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "experimental-inspect")]
diff --git a/src/exceptions.rs b/src/exceptions.rs
index 10121b8a..7e7dc8ee 100644
--- a/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_exception_boilerplate {
 /// import_exception!(socket, gaierror);
 ///
 /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-///     let ctx = [("gaierror", py.get_type::<gaierror>())].into_py_dict(py);
+///     let ctx = [("gaierror", py.get_type::<gaierror>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 ///     pyo3::py_run!(py, *ctx, "import socket; assert gaierror is socket.gaierror");
 /// });
 ///
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let error_type = py.get_type::<CustomError>();
-            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let type_description: String = py
                 .eval_bound("str(CustomError)", None, Some(&ctx))
                 .unwrap()
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ mod tests {
         create_exception!(mymodule.exceptions, CustomError, PyException);
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let error_type = py.get_type::<CustomError>();
-            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let type_description: String = py
                 .eval_bound("str(CustomError)", None, Some(&ctx))
                 .unwrap()
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let error_type = py.get_type::<CustomError>();
-            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let type_description: String = py
                 .eval_bound("str(CustomError)", None, Some(&ctx))
                 .unwrap()
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let error_type = py.get_type::<CustomError>();
-            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let ctx = [("CustomError", error_type)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let type_description: String = py
                 .eval_bound("str(CustomError)", None, Some(&ctx))
                 .unwrap()
diff --git a/src/impl_/extract_argument.rs b/src/impl_/extract_argument.rs
index cd63fe27..ad6b6159 100644
--- a/src/impl_/extract_argument.rs
+++ b/src/impl_/extract_argument.rs
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let args = PyTuple::new_bound(py, Vec::<&PyAny>::new());
-            let kwargs = [("foo", 0u8)].into_py_dict(py);
+            let kwargs = [("foo", 0u8)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let err = unsafe {
                 function_description
                     .extract_arguments_tuple_dict::<NoVarargs, NoVarkeywords>(
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let args = PyTuple::new_bound(py, Vec::<&PyAny>::new());
-            let kwargs = [(1u8, 1u8)].into_py_dict(py);
+            let kwargs = [(1u8, 1u8)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let err = unsafe {
                 function_description
                     .extract_arguments_tuple_dict::<NoVarargs, NoVarkeywords>(
diff --git a/src/instance.rs b/src/instance.rs
index e54312a9..d99fe6f1 100644
--- a/src/instance.rs
+++ b/src/instance.rs
@@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "{'x': 1}",
             );
             assert_repr(
-                obj.call(py, (), Some([('x', 1)].into_py_dict(py)))
+                obj.call_bound(py, (), Some(&[('x', 1)].into_py_dict_bound(py)))
                     .unwrap()
                     .as_ref(py),
                 "{'x': 1}",
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 13b027d3..5ba0d279 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
 //!         let sys = py.import("sys")?;
 //!         let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
 //!
-//!         let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+//!         let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 //!         let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
 //!         let user: String = py.eval_bound(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
 //!
diff --git a/src/macros.rs b/src/macros.rs
index 79e8ea58..d5fbbdc3 100644
--- a/src/macros.rs
+++ b/src/macros.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 /// }
 ///
 /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-///     let locals = [("C", py.get_type::<MyClass>())].into_py_dict(py);
+///     let locals = [("C", py.get_type::<MyClass>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 ///     pyo3::py_run!(py, *locals, "c = C()");
 /// });
 /// ```
@@ -99,11 +99,12 @@ macro_rules! py_run_impl {
     ($py:expr, $($val:ident)+, $code:expr) => {{
         use $crate::types::IntoPyDict;
         use $crate::ToPyObject;
-        let d = [$((stringify!($val), $val.to_object($py)),)+].into_py_dict($py);
+        let d = [$((stringify!($val), $val.to_object($py)),)+].into_py_dict_bound($py);
         $crate::py_run_impl!($py, *d, $code)
     }};
     ($py:expr, *$dict:expr, $code:expr) => {{
         use ::std::option::Option::*;
+        #[allow(unused_imports)]
         use $crate::PyNativeType;
         if let ::std::result::Result::Err(e) = $py.run_bound($code, None, Some(&$dict.as_borrowed())) {
             e.print($py);
diff --git a/src/marker.rs b/src/marker.rs
index 121cfe68..642ca783 100644
--- a/src/marker.rs
+++ b/src/marker.rs
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ mod tests {
                 .unwrap();
             assert_eq!(v, 1);
 
-            let d = [("foo", 13)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let d = [("foo", 13)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             // Inject our own global namespace
             let v: i32 = py
diff --git a/src/tests/common.rs b/src/tests/common.rs
index e424c1ca..bb710d90 100644
--- a/src/tests/common.rs
+++ b/src/tests/common.rs
@@ -35,12 +35,11 @@ mod inner {
         // Case1: idents & no err_msg
         ($py:expr, $($val:ident)+, $code:expr, $err:ident) => {{
             use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
-            let d = [$((stringify!($val), $val.to_object($py)),)+].into_py_dict($py);
+            let d = [$((stringify!($val), $val.to_object($py)),)+].into_py_dict_bound($py);
             py_expect_exception!($py, *d, $code, $err)
         }};
         // Case2: dict & no err_msg
         ($py:expr, *$dict:expr, $code:expr, $err:ident) => {{
-            use pyo3::PyNativeType;
             let res = $py.run_bound($code, None, Some(&$dict.as_borrowed()));
             let err = res.expect_err(&format!("Did not raise {}", stringify!($err)));
             if !err.matches($py, $py.get_type::<pyo3::exceptions::$err>()) {
@@ -117,8 +116,10 @@ mod inner {
     impl<'py> CatchWarnings<'py> {
         pub fn enter<R>(py: Python<'py>, f: impl FnOnce(&PyList) -> PyResult<R>) -> PyResult<R> {
             let warnings = py.import("warnings")?;
-            let kwargs = [("record", true)].into_py_dict(py);
-            let catch_warnings = warnings.getattr("catch_warnings")?.call((), Some(kwargs))?;
+            let kwargs = [("record", true)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+            let catch_warnings = warnings
+                .getattr("catch_warnings")?
+                .call((), Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?;
             let list = catch_warnings.call_method0("__enter__")?.extract()?;
             let _guard = Self { catch_warnings };
             f(list)
diff --git a/src/types/any.rs b/src/types/any.rs
index a19985ae..afc9a83d 100644
--- a/src/types/any.rs
+++ b/src/types/any.rs
@@ -2400,8 +2400,8 @@ class NonHeapNonDescriptorInt:
     fn test_call_with_kwargs() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let list = vec![3, 6, 5, 4, 7].to_object(py);
-            let dict = vec![("reverse", true)].into_py_dict(py);
-            list.call_method(py, "sort", (), Some(dict)).unwrap();
+            let dict = vec![("reverse", true)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+            list.call_method_bound(py, "sort", (), Some(&dict)).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(list.extract::<Vec<i32>>(py).unwrap(), vec![7, 6, 5, 4, 3]);
         });
     }
diff --git a/src/types/dict.rs b/src/types/dict.rs
index 3a54e742..34812176 100644
--- a/src/types/dict.rs
+++ b/src/types/dict.rs
@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ impl PyDict {
     ///
     /// ```rust
     /// use pyo3::prelude::*;
-    /// use pyo3::types::{PyDict, IntoPyDict};
+    /// use pyo3::types::{IntoPyDict};
     /// use pyo3::exceptions::{PyTypeError, PyKeyError};
     ///
     /// # fn main() {
     /// # let _ =
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let dict: &PyDict = [("a", 1)].into_py_dict(py);
+    ///     let dict = &[("a", 1)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     ///     // `a` is in the dictionary, with value 1
     ///     assert!(dict.get_item("a")?.map_or(Ok(false), |x| x.eq(1))?);
     ///     // `b` is not in the dictionary
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl PyDict {
     ///     assert!(dict.get_item(dict).unwrap_err().is_instance_of::<PyTypeError>(py));
     ///
     ///     // `PyAny::get_item("b")` will raise a `KeyError` instead of returning `None`
-    ///     let any: &PyAny = dict.as_ref();
+    ///     let any = dict.as_any();
     ///     assert!(any.get_item("b").unwrap_err().is_instance_of::<PyKeyError>(py));
     ///     Ok(())
     /// });
@@ -650,10 +650,23 @@ impl<'py> IntoIterator for Bound<'py, PyDict> {
 
 /// Conversion trait that allows a sequence of tuples to be converted into `PyDict`
 /// Primary use case for this trait is `call` and `call_method` methods as keywords argument.
-pub trait IntoPyDict {
+pub trait IntoPyDict: Sized {
     /// Converts self into a `PyDict` object pointer. Whether pointer owned or borrowed
     /// depends on implementation.
-    fn into_py_dict(self, py: Python<'_>) -> &PyDict;
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(feature = "gil-refs"),
+        deprecated(
+            since = "0.21.0",
+            note = "`IntoPyDict::into_py_dict` will be replaced by `IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound` in a future PyO3 version"
+        )
+    )]
+    fn into_py_dict(self, py: Python<'_>) -> &PyDict {
+        Self::into_py_dict_bound(self, py).into_gil_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Converts self into a `PyDict` object pointer. Whether pointer owned or borrowed
+    /// depends on implementation.
+    fn into_py_dict_bound(self, py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyDict>;
 }
 
 impl<T, I> IntoPyDict for I
@@ -661,8 +674,8 @@ where
     T: PyDictItem,
     I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
 {
-    fn into_py_dict(self, py: Python<'_>) -> &PyDict {
-        let dict = PyDict::new(py);
+    fn into_py_dict_bound(self, py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyDict> {
+        let dict = PyDict::new_bound(py);
         for item in self {
             dict.set_item(item.key(), item.value())
                 .expect("Failed to set_item on dict");
@@ -723,7 +736,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_new() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let dict = [(7, 32)].into_py_dict(py);
+            let dict = [(7, 32)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             assert_eq!(
                 32,
                 dict.get_item(7i32)
@@ -783,7 +796,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_copy() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let dict = [(7, 32)].into_py_dict(py);
+            let dict = [(7, 32)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             let ndict = dict.copy().unwrap();
             assert_eq!(
@@ -905,7 +918,7 @@ mod tests {
             {
                 let _pool = unsafe { crate::GILPool::new() };
                 cnt = obj.get_refcnt();
-                let _dict = [(10, obj)].into_py_dict(py);
+                let _dict = [(10, obj)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             }
             {
                 assert_eq!(cnt, obj.get_refcnt());
@@ -1150,7 +1163,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut map = HashMap::<i32, i32>::new();
             map.insert(1, 1);
 
-            let py_map = map.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = map.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.len(), 1);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -1171,7 +1184,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut map = BTreeMap::<i32, i32>::new();
             map.insert(1, 1);
 
-            let py_map = map.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = map.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.len(), 1);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -1190,7 +1203,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_vec_into_dict() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let vec = vec![("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)];
-            let py_map = vec.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = vec.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.len(), 3);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -1209,7 +1222,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_slice_into_dict() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let arr = [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)];
-            let py_map = arr.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = arr.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.len(), 3);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -1230,7 +1243,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut map = HashMap::<i32, i32>::new();
             map.insert(1, 1);
 
-            let py_map = map.into_py_dict(py);
+            let py_map = map.into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
             assert_eq!(py_map.as_mapping().len().unwrap(), 1);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -1246,12 +1259,12 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(PyPy))]
-    fn abc_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyDict {
+    fn abc_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyDict> {
         let mut map = HashMap::<&'static str, i32>::new();
         map.insert("a", 1);
         map.insert("b", 2);
         map.insert("c", 3);
-        map.into_py_dict(py)
+        map.into_py_dict_bound(py)
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1260,7 +1273,9 @@ mod tests {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let dict = abc_dict(py);
             let keys = dict.call_method0("keys").unwrap();
-            assert!(keys.is_instance(py.get_type::<PyDictKeys>()).unwrap());
+            assert!(keys
+                .is_instance(&py.get_type::<PyDictKeys>().as_borrowed())
+                .unwrap());
         })
     }
 
@@ -1270,7 +1285,9 @@ mod tests {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let dict = abc_dict(py);
             let values = dict.call_method0("values").unwrap();
-            assert!(values.is_instance(py.get_type::<PyDictValues>()).unwrap());
+            assert!(values
+                .is_instance(&py.get_type::<PyDictValues>().as_borrowed())
+                .unwrap());
         })
     }
 
@@ -1280,15 +1297,17 @@ mod tests {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let dict = abc_dict(py);
             let items = dict.call_method0("items").unwrap();
-            assert!(items.is_instance(py.get_type::<PyDictItems>()).unwrap());
+            assert!(items
+                .is_instance(&py.get_type::<PyDictItems>().as_borrowed())
+                .unwrap());
         })
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn dict_update() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let dict = [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)].into_py_dict(py);
-            let other = [("b", 4), ("c", 5), ("d", 6)].into_py_dict(py);
+            let dict = [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+            let other = [("b", 4), ("c", 5), ("d", 6)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             dict.update(other.as_mapping()).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(dict.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(
@@ -1358,8 +1377,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn dict_update_if_missing() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let dict = [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)].into_py_dict(py);
-            let other = [("b", 4), ("c", 5), ("d", 6)].into_py_dict(py);
+            let dict = [("a", 1), ("b", 2), ("c", 3)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+            let other = [("b", 4), ("c", 5), ("d", 6)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             dict.update_if_missing(other.as_mapping()).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(dict.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/test_buffer_protocol.rs b/tests/test_buffer_protocol.rs
index b9f3861c..0a3a1758 100644
--- a/tests/test_buffer_protocol.rs
+++ b/tests/test_buffer_protocol.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn test_buffer() {
             },
         )
         .unwrap();
-        let env = [("ob", instance)].into_py_dict(py);
+        let env = [("ob", instance)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(py, *env, "bytes(ob) == b' 23'");
     });
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn test_releasebuffer_unraisable_error() {
         let capture = UnraisableCapture::install(py);
 
         let instance = Py::new(py, ReleaseBufferError {}).unwrap();
-        let env = [("ob", instance.clone())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let env = [("ob", instance.clone())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         assert!(capture.borrow(py).capture.is_none());
 
diff --git a/tests/test_class_new.rs b/tests/test_class_new.rs
index 8084be05..59772cc4 100644
--- a/tests/test_class_new.rs
+++ b/tests/test_class_new.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ fn empty_class_with_new() {
         // Calling with arbitrary args or kwargs is not ok
         assert!(typeobj.call(("some", "args"), None).is_err());
         assert!(typeobj
-            .call((), Some([("some", "kwarg")].into_py_dict(py)))
+            .call(
+                (),
+                Some([("some", "kwarg")].into_py_dict_bound(py).as_gil_ref())
+            )
             .is_err());
     });
 }
diff --git a/tests/test_coroutine.rs b/tests/test_coroutine.rs
index d9672cd6..fa50fe65 100644
--- a/tests/test_coroutine.rs
+++ b/tests/test_coroutine.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn test_coroutine_qualname() {
             ("my_fn", wrap_pyfunction!(my_fn, gil).unwrap().deref()),
             ("MyClass", gil.get_type::<MyClass>()),
         ]
-        .into_py_dict(gil);
+        .into_py_dict_bound(gil);
         py_run!(gil, *locals, &handle_windows(test));
     })
 }
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ fn test_async_method_receiver() {
             assert False
         assert asyncio.run(coro3) == 1
         "#;
-        let locals = [("Counter", gil.get_type::<Counter>())].into_py_dict(gil);
+        let locals = [("Counter", gil.get_type::<Counter>())].into_py_dict_bound(gil);
         py_run!(gil, *locals, test);
     })
 }
diff --git a/tests/test_datetime.rs b/tests/test_datetime.rs
index d1efd1ef..5d7b1485 100644
--- a/tests/test_datetime.rs
+++ b/tests/test_datetime.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ fn _get_subclasses<'py>(
     // Import the class from Python and create some subclasses
     let datetime = py.import("datetime")?;
 
-    let locals = [(py_type, datetime.getattr(py_type)?)]
-        .into_py_dict(py)
-        .as_borrowed();
+    let locals = [(py_type, datetime.getattr(py_type)?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
     let make_subclass_py = format!("class Subklass({}):\n    pass", py_type);
 
@@ -23,7 +21,6 @@ fn _get_subclasses<'py>(
     py.run_bound(&make_subclass_py, None, Some(&locals))?;
     py.run_bound(make_sub_subclass_py, None, Some(&locals))?;
 
-    let locals = locals.as_borrowed();
     // Construct an instance of the base class
     let obj = py.eval_bound(&format!("{}({})", py_type, args), None, Some(&locals))?;
 
@@ -125,7 +122,7 @@ fn test_datetime_utc() {
 
         let dt = PyDateTime::new(py, 2018, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, Some(utc)).unwrap();
 
-        let locals = [("dt", dt)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+        let locals = [("dt", dt)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         let offset: f32 = py
             .eval_bound("dt.utcoffset().total_seconds()", None, Some(&locals))
diff --git a/tests/test_dict_iter.rs b/tests/test_dict_iter.rs
index dc32eb61..e502a4ca 100644
--- a/tests/test_dict_iter.rs
+++ b/tests/test_dict_iter.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
 fn iter_dict_nosegv() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         const LEN: usize = 10_000_000;
-        let dict = (0..LEN as u64).map(|i| (i, i * 2)).into_py_dict(py);
+        let dict = (0..LEN as u64).map(|i| (i, i * 2)).into_py_dict_bound(py);
         let mut sum = 0;
         for (k, _v) in dict {
             let i: u64 = k.extract().unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/test_getter_setter.rs b/tests/test_getter_setter.rs
index 148380ec..b990a82e 100644
--- a/tests/test_getter_setter.rs
+++ b/tests/test_getter_setter.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn class_with_properties() {
         py_run!(py, inst, "assert inst.get_num() == inst.unwrapped == 42");
         py_run!(py, inst, "assert inst.data_list == [42]");
 
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<ClassWithProperties>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<ClassWithProperties>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C.DATA.__doc__ == 'a getter for data'");
     });
 }
diff --git a/tests/test_inheritance.rs b/tests/test_inheritance.rs
index 4b024ed7..6c33dec6 100644
--- a/tests/test_inheritance.rs
+++ b/tests/test_inheritance.rs
@@ -20,9 +20,7 @@ struct SubclassAble {}
 #[test]
 fn subclass() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("SubclassAble", py.get_type::<SubclassAble>())]
-            .into_py_dict(py)
-            .as_borrowed();
+        let d = [("SubclassAble", py.get_type::<SubclassAble>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         py.run_bound(
             "class A(SubclassAble): pass\nassert issubclass(A, SubclassAble)",
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ fn call_base_and_sub_methods() {
 fn mutation_fails() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         let obj = PyCell::new(py, SubClass::new()).unwrap();
-        let global = [("obj", obj)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+        let global = [("obj", obj)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         let e = py
             .run_bound(
                 "obj.base_set(lambda: obj.sub_set_and_ret(1))",
@@ -277,7 +275,7 @@ mod inheriting_native_type {
     fn custom_exception() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let cls = py.get_type::<CustomException>();
-            let dict = [("cls", cls)].into_py_dict(py).as_borrowed();
+            let dict = [("cls", cls)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let res = py.run_bound(
             "e = cls('hello'); assert str(e) == 'hello'; assert e.context == 'Hello :)'; raise e",
             None,
diff --git a/tests/test_macro_docs.rs b/tests/test_macro_docs.rs
index 964e7628..5e240816 100644
--- a/tests/test_macro_docs.rs
+++ b/tests/test_macro_docs.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl MacroDocs {
 #[test]
 fn meth_doc() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<MacroDocs>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<MacroDocs>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(
             py,
             *d,
diff --git a/tests/test_mapping.rs b/tests/test_mapping.rs
index c029ce27..9c99d564 100644
--- a/tests/test_mapping.rs
+++ b/tests/test_mapping.rs
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ impl Mapping {
 }
 
 /// Return a dict with `m = Mapping(['1', '2', '3'])`.
-fn map_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> &pyo3::types::PyDict {
-    let d = [("Mapping", py.get_type::<Mapping>())].into_py_dict(py);
+fn map_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, pyo3::types::PyDict> {
+    let d = [("Mapping", py.get_type::<Mapping>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     py_run!(py, *d, "m = Mapping(['1', '2', '3'])");
     d
 }
diff --git a/tests/test_methods.rs b/tests/test_methods.rs
index 50b179fd..08356533 100644
--- a/tests/test_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/test_methods.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl ClassMethod {
 #[test]
 fn class_method() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<ClassMethod>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<ClassMethod>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C.method() == 'ClassMethod.method()!'");
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C().method() == 'ClassMethod.method()!'");
         py_assert!(
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl ClassMethodWithArgs {
 #[test]
 fn class_method_with_args() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<ClassMethodWithArgs>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<ClassMethodWithArgs>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(
             py,
             *d,
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ fn static_method() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         assert_eq!(StaticMethod::method(py), "StaticMethod.method()!");
 
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<StaticMethod>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<StaticMethod>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C.method() == 'StaticMethod.method()!'");
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C().method() == 'StaticMethod.method()!'");
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C.method.__doc__ == 'Test static method.'");
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ fn static_method_with_args() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         assert_eq!(StaticMethodWithArgs::method(py, 1234), "0x4d2");
 
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<StaticMethodWithArgs>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<StaticMethodWithArgs>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C.method(1337) == '0x539'");
     });
 }
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ impl MethDocs {
 #[test]
 fn meth_doc() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<MethDocs>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("C", py.get_type::<MethDocs>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_assert!(py, *d, "C.__doc__ == 'A class with \"documentation\".'");
         py_assert!(
             py,
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ fn method_with_pyclassarg() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         let obj1 = PyCell::new(py, MethodWithPyClassArg { value: 10 }).unwrap();
         let obj2 = PyCell::new(py, MethodWithPyClassArg { value: 10 }).unwrap();
-        let d = [("obj1", obj1), ("obj2", obj2)].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("obj1", obj1), ("obj2", obj2)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         py_run!(py, *d, "obj = obj1.add(obj2); assert obj.value == 20");
         py_run!(py, *d, "obj = obj1.add_pyref(obj2); assert obj.value == 20");
         py_run!(py, *d, "obj = obj1.optional_add(); assert obj.value == 20");
diff --git a/tests/test_module.rs b/tests/test_module.rs
index 2de23b38..1bd976e0 100644
--- a/tests/test_module.rs
+++ b/tests/test_module.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn test_module_with_functions() {
             "module_with_functions",
             wrap_pymodule!(module_with_functions)(py),
         )]
-        .into_py_dict(py);
+        .into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         py_assert!(
             py,
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn test_module_renaming() {
     use pyo3::wrap_pymodule;
 
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("different_name", wrap_pymodule!(some_name)(py))].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("different_name", wrap_pymodule!(some_name)(py))].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         py_run!(py, *d, "assert different_name.__name__ == 'other_name'");
     });
diff --git a/tests/test_no_imports.rs b/tests/test_no_imports.rs
index df73b9a2..1ff3dc94 100644
--- a/tests/test_no_imports.rs
+++ b/tests/test_no_imports.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn test_basic() {
     pyo3::Python::with_gil(|py| {
         let module = pyo3::wrap_pymodule!(basic_module)(py);
         let cls = py.get_type::<BasicClass>();
-        let d = pyo3::types::IntoPyDict::into_py_dict(
+        let d = pyo3::types::IntoPyDict::into_py_dict_bound(
             [
                 ("mod", module.as_ref(py).as_ref()),
                 ("cls", cls.as_ref()),
diff --git a/tests/test_sequence.rs b/tests/test_sequence.rs
index b11e4a69..d3c84b76 100644
--- a/tests/test_sequence.rs
+++ b/tests/test_sequence.rs
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ impl ByteSequence {
 }
 
 /// Return a dict with `s = ByteSequence([1, 2, 3])`.
-fn seq_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> &pyo3::types::PyDict {
-    let d = [("ByteSequence", py.get_type::<ByteSequence>())].into_py_dict(py);
+fn seq_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, pyo3::types::PyDict> {
+    let d = [("ByteSequence", py.get_type::<ByteSequence>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     // Though we can construct `s` in Rust, let's test `__new__` works.
     py_run!(py, *d, "s = ByteSequence([1, 2, 3])");
     d
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn test_setitem() {
 #[test]
 fn test_delitem() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("ByteSequence", py.get_type::<ByteSequence>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("ByteSequence", py.get_type::<ByteSequence>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         py_run!(
             py,
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn test_repeat() {
 #[test]
 fn test_inplace_repeat() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let d = [("ByteSequence", py.get_type::<ByteSequence>())].into_py_dict(py);
+        let d = [("ByteSequence", py.get_type::<ByteSequence>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 
         py_run!(
             py,
diff --git a/tests/test_static_slots.rs b/tests/test_static_slots.rs
index 402128c5..b01c87cd 100644
--- a/tests/test_static_slots.rs
+++ b/tests/test_static_slots.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ impl Count5 {
 }
 
 /// Return a dict with `s = Count5()`.
-fn test_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> &pyo3::types::PyDict {
-    let d = [("Count5", py.get_type::<Count5>())].into_py_dict(py);
+fn test_dict(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, pyo3::types::PyDict> {
+    let d = [("Count5", py.get_type::<Count5>())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     // Though we can construct `s` in Rust, let's test `__new__` works.
     py_run!(py, *d, "s = Count5()");
     d