diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0fb01598..aaebe7ad 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.
 - Call `Py_Finalize` at exit to flush buffers, etc. [#943](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/943)
 - Add type parameter to PyBuffer. #[951](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/951)
 - Require `Send` bound for `#[pyclass]`. [#966](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/966)
+- Add `Python` argument to most methods on `PyObject` and `Py<T>` to ensure GIL safety. [#970](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/970)
+- Change signature of `PyTypeObject::type_object()` - now takes `Python` argument and returns `&PyType`. [#970](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/970)
+- Change return type of `PyTuple::slice()` and `PyTuple::split_from()` from `Py<PyTuple>` to `&PyTuple`. [#970](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/970)
 - Change return type of `PyTuple::as_slice` to `&[&PyAny]`. [#971](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/pull/971)
 
 ### Removed
diff --git a/src/conversion.rs b/src/conversion.rs
index 051d0b8d..52e68439 100644
--- a/src/conversion.rs
+++ b/src/conversion.rs
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ pub unsafe trait FromPyPointer<'p>: Sized {
     unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(py: Python<'p>, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> &'p Self {
         match Self::from_owned_ptr_or_opt(py, ptr) {
             Some(s) => s,
-            None => err::panic_after_error(),
+            None => err::panic_after_error(py),
         }
     }
     unsafe fn from_owned_ptr(py: Python<'p>, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> &'p Self {
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ pub unsafe trait FromPyPointer<'p>: Sized {
     unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr_or_panic(py: Python<'p>, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> &'p Self {
         match Self::from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(py, ptr) {
             Some(s) => s,
-            None => err::panic_after_error(),
+            None => err::panic_after_error(py),
         }
     }
     unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr(py: Python<'p>, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> &'p Self {
diff --git a/src/err.rs b/src/err.rs
index 43339628..fde89295 100644
--- a/src/err.rs
+++ b/src/err.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2017-present PyO3 Project and Contributors
 
+use crate::gil::ensure_gil;
 use crate::panic::PanicException;
 use crate::type_object::PyTypeObject;
 use crate::types::PyType;
 use crate::{exceptions, ffi};
 use crate::{
-    AsPyPointer, FromPy, FromPyPointer, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, Py, PyAny, PyObject, Python,
-    ToBorrowedObject, ToPyObject,
+    AsPyPointer, FromPy, FromPyPointer, IntoPy, IntoPyPointer, Py, PyAny, PyNativeType, PyObject,
+    Python, ToBorrowedObject, ToPyObject,
 };
 use libc::c_int;
 use std::ffi::CString;
@@ -88,11 +89,14 @@ impl PyErr {
         T: PyTypeObject,
         V: ToPyObject + 'static,
     {
-        let ty = T::type_object();
+        let gil = ensure_gil();
+        let py = unsafe { gil.python() };
+
+        let ty = T::type_object(py);
         assert_ne!(unsafe { ffi::PyExceptionClass_Check(ty.as_ptr()) }, 0);
 
         PyErr {
-            ptype: ty,
+            ptype: ty.into(),
             pvalue: PyErrValue::ToObject(Box::new(value)),
             ptraceback: None,
         }
@@ -103,12 +107,12 @@ impl PyErr {
     /// `exc` is the exception type; usually one of the standard exceptions
     /// like `exceptions::RuntimeError`.
     /// `args` is the a tuple of arguments to pass to the exception constructor.
-    pub fn from_type<A>(exc: Py<PyType>, args: A) -> PyErr
+    pub fn from_type<A>(exc: &PyType, args: A) -> PyErr
     where
         A: ToPyObject + 'static,
     {
         PyErr {
-            ptype: exc,
+            ptype: exc.into(),
             pvalue: PyErrValue::ToObject(Box::new(args)),
             ptraceback: None,
         }
@@ -119,11 +123,14 @@ impl PyErr {
     where
         T: PyTypeObject,
     {
-        let ty = T::type_object();
+        let gil = ensure_gil();
+        let py = unsafe { gil.python() };
+
+        let ty = T::type_object(py);
         assert_ne!(unsafe { ffi::PyExceptionClass_Check(ty.as_ptr()) }, 0);
 
         PyErr {
-            ptype: ty,
+            ptype: ty.into(),
             pvalue: value,
             ptraceback: None,
         }
@@ -140,19 +147,21 @@ impl PyErr {
 
         if unsafe { ffi::PyExceptionInstance_Check(ptr) } != 0 {
             PyErr {
-                ptype: unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ffi::PyExceptionInstance_Class(ptr)) },
+                ptype: unsafe {
+                    Py::from_borrowed_ptr(obj.py(), ffi::PyExceptionInstance_Class(ptr))
+                },
                 pvalue: PyErrValue::Value(obj.into()),
                 ptraceback: None,
             }
         } else if unsafe { ffi::PyExceptionClass_Check(obj.as_ptr()) } != 0 {
             PyErr {
-                ptype: unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ptr) },
+                ptype: unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(obj.py(), ptr) },
                 pvalue: PyErrValue::None,
                 ptraceback: None,
             }
         } else {
             PyErr {
-                ptype: exceptions::TypeError::type_object(),
+                ptype: exceptions::TypeError::type_object(obj.py()).into(),
                 pvalue: PyErrValue::ToObject(Box::new("exceptions must derive from BaseException")),
                 ptraceback: None,
             }
@@ -179,9 +188,9 @@ impl PyErr {
             let mut ptraceback: *mut ffi::PyObject = std::ptr::null_mut();
             ffi::PyErr_Fetch(&mut ptype, &mut pvalue, &mut ptraceback);
 
-            let err = PyErr::new_from_ffi_tuple(ptype, pvalue, ptraceback);
+            let err = PyErr::new_from_ffi_tuple(py, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback);
 
-            if ptype == PanicException::type_object().as_ptr() {
+            if ptype == PanicException::type_object(py).as_ptr() {
                 let msg: String = PyAny::from_borrowed_ptr_or_opt(py, pvalue)
                     .and_then(|obj| obj.extract().ok())
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from("Unwrapped panic from Python code"));
@@ -233,6 +242,7 @@ impl PyErr {
     }
 
     unsafe fn new_from_ffi_tuple(
+        py: Python,
         ptype: *mut ffi::PyObject,
         pvalue: *mut ffi::PyObject,
         ptraceback: *mut ffi::PyObject,
@@ -240,24 +250,22 @@ impl PyErr {
         // Note: must not panic to ensure all owned pointers get acquired correctly,
         // and because we mustn't panic in normalize().
 
-        let pvalue = if let Some(obj) =
-            PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_opt(Python::assume_gil_acquired(), pvalue)
-        {
+        let pvalue = if let Some(obj) = PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_opt(py, pvalue) {
             PyErrValue::Value(obj)
         } else {
             PyErrValue::None
         };
 
         let ptype = if ptype.is_null() {
-            <exceptions::SystemError as PyTypeObject>::type_object()
+            <exceptions::SystemError as PyTypeObject>::type_object(py).into()
         } else {
-            Py::from_owned_ptr(ptype)
+            Py::from_owned_ptr(py, ptype)
         };
 
         PyErr {
             ptype,
             pvalue,
-            ptraceback: PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_opt(Python::assume_gil_acquired(), ptraceback),
+            ptraceback: PyObject::from_owned_ptr_or_opt(py, ptraceback),
         }
     }
 
@@ -288,12 +296,12 @@ impl PyErr {
     }
 
     /// Returns true if the current exception is instance of `T`.
-    pub fn is_instance<T>(&self, _py: Python) -> bool
+    pub fn is_instance<T>(&self, py: Python) -> bool
     where
         T: PyTypeObject,
     {
         unsafe {
-            ffi::PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(self.ptype.as_ptr(), T::type_object().as_ptr()) != 0
+            ffi::PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(self.ptype.as_ptr(), T::type_object(py).as_ptr()) != 0
         }
     }
 
@@ -328,7 +336,7 @@ impl PyErr {
         let mut ptraceback = ptraceback.into_ptr();
         unsafe {
             ffi::PyErr_NormalizeException(&mut ptype, &mut pvalue, &mut ptraceback);
-            PyErr::new_from_ffi_tuple(ptype, pvalue, ptraceback)
+            PyErr::new_from_ffi_tuple(py, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback)
         }
     }
 
@@ -565,7 +573,7 @@ impl_to_pyerr!(std::string::FromUtf16Error, exceptions::UnicodeDecodeError);
 impl_to_pyerr!(std::char::DecodeUtf16Error, exceptions::UnicodeDecodeError);
 impl_to_pyerr!(std::net::AddrParseError, exceptions::ValueError);
 
-pub fn panic_after_error() -> ! {
+pub fn panic_after_error(_py: Python) -> ! {
     unsafe {
         ffi::PyErr_Print();
     }
diff --git a/src/exceptions.rs b/src/exceptions.rs
index 85469614..4237287a 100644
--- a/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ macro_rules! import_exception {
 macro_rules! import_exception_type_object {
     ($module: expr, $name: ident) => {
         unsafe impl $crate::type_object::PyTypeObject for $name {
-            fn type_object() -> $crate::Py<$crate::types::PyType> {
+            fn type_object(py: $crate::Python) -> &$crate::types::PyType {
                 use $crate::type_object::LazyHeapType;
                 static TYPE_OBJECT: LazyHeapType = LazyHeapType::new();
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ macro_rules! import_exception_type_object {
                     }
                 });
 
-                unsafe { $crate::Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ptr.as_ptr() as *mut $crate::ffi::PyObject) }
+                unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr(ptr.as_ptr() as *mut $crate::ffi::PyObject) }
             }
         }
     };
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ macro_rules! create_exception {
 macro_rules! create_exception_type_object {
     ($module: ident, $name: ident, $base: ty) => {
         unsafe impl $crate::type_object::PyTypeObject for $name {
-            fn type_object() -> $crate::Py<$crate::types::PyType> {
+            fn type_object(py: $crate::Python) -> &$crate::types::PyType {
                 use $crate::type_object::LazyHeapType;
                 static TYPE_OBJECT: LazyHeapType = LazyHeapType::new();
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ macro_rules! create_exception_type_object {
                     )
                 });
 
-                unsafe { $crate::Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ptr.as_ptr() as *mut $crate::ffi::PyObject) }
+                unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr(ptr.as_ptr() as *mut $crate::ffi::PyObject) }
             }
         }
     };
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ macro_rules! impl_native_exception (
             }
         }
         unsafe impl PyTypeObject for $name {
-            fn type_object() -> $crate::Py<$crate::types::PyType> {
-                unsafe { $crate::Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ffi::$exc_name) }
+            fn type_object(py: $crate::Python) -> &$crate::types::PyType {
+                unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr(ffi::$exc_name) }
             }
         }
     );
diff --git a/src/gil.rs b/src/gil.rs
index bcff6258..fb7c409c 100644
--- a/src/gil.rs
+++ b/src/gil.rs
@@ -370,6 +370,35 @@ extern "C" fn finalize() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Ensure the GIL is held, useful in implementation of APIs like PyErr::new where it's
+/// inconvenient to force the user to acquire the GIL.
+pub(crate) fn ensure_gil() -> EnsureGIL {
+    if gil_is_acquired() {
+        EnsureGIL(None)
+    } else {
+        EnsureGIL(Some(GILGuard::acquire()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Struct used internally which avoids acquiring the GIL where it's not necessary.
+pub(crate) struct EnsureGIL(Option<GILGuard>);
+
+impl EnsureGIL {
+    /// Get the GIL token.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// If `self.0` is `None`, then this calls [Python::assume_gil_acquired].
+    /// Thus this method could be used to get access to a GIL token while the GIL is not held.
+    /// Care should be taken to only use the returned Python in contexts where it is certain the
+    /// GIL continues to be held.
+    pub unsafe fn python(&self) -> Python {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Some(gil) => gil.python(),
+            None => Python::assume_gil_acquired(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::{gil_is_acquired, GILPool, GIL_COUNT, OWNED_OBJECTS, POOL};
@@ -569,13 +598,15 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn test_clone_with_gil() {
         let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
-        let obj = get_object(gil.python());
-        let count = obj.get_refcnt();
+        let py = gil.python();
+
+        let obj = get_object(py);
+        let count = obj.get_refcnt(py);
 
         // Cloning with the GIL should increase reference count immediately
         #[allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
         let c = obj.clone();
-        assert_eq!(count + 1, c.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(count + 1, c.get_refcnt(py));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -583,39 +614,46 @@ mod test {
         let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
         let py = gil.python();
         let obj = get_object(py);
-        let count = obj.get_refcnt();
+        let count = obj.get_refcnt(py);
 
         // Cloning without GIL should not update reference count
         drop(gil);
         let c = obj.clone();
-        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(
+            count,
+            obj.get_refcnt(unsafe { Python::assume_gil_acquired() })
+        );
 
         // Acquring GIL will clear this pending change
         let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
+        let py = gil.python();
 
         // Total reference count should be one higher
-        assert_eq!(count + 1, obj.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(count + 1, obj.get_refcnt(py));
 
-        // Clone dropped then GIL released
+        // Clone dropped
         drop(c);
-        drop(gil);
 
         // Overall count is now back to the original, and should be no pending change
-        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt(py));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_clone_in_other_thread() {
         let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
-        let obj = get_object(gil.python());
-        let count = obj.get_refcnt();
+        let py = gil.python();
+        let obj = get_object(py);
+        let count = obj.get_refcnt(py);
 
         // Move obj to a thread which does not have the GIL, and clone it
         let t = std::thread::spawn(move || {
             // Cloning without GIL should not update reference count
             #[allow(clippy::redundant_clone)]
             let _ = obj.clone();
-            assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt());
+            assert_eq!(
+                count,
+                obj.get_refcnt(unsafe { Python::assume_gil_acquired() })
+            );
 
             // Return obj so original thread can continue to use
             obj
@@ -631,13 +669,13 @@ mod test {
 
         // Re-acquring GIL will clear these pending changes
         drop(gil);
-        let _gil = Python::acquire_gil();
+        let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
 
         assert!(POOL.pointers_to_incref.lock().is_empty());
         assert!(POOL.pointers_to_decref.lock().is_empty());
 
         // Overall count is still unchanged
-        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt(gil.python()));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/instance.rs b/src/instance.rs
index 351d0082..42403ba1 100644
--- a/src/instance.rs
+++ b/src/instance.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     {
         let initializer = value.into();
         let obj = unsafe { initializer.create_cell(py)? };
-        let ob = unsafe { Py::from_owned_ptr(obj as _) };
+        let ob = unsafe { Py::from_owned_ptr(py, obj as _) };
         Ok(ob)
     }
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     /// This moves ownership over the pointer into the `Py<T>`.
     /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is NULL or invalid.
     #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr(ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> {
+    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> {
         debug_assert!(
             !ptr.is_null() && ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr) > 0,
             format!("REFCNT: {:?} - {:?}", ptr, ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr))
@@ -83,11 +83,11 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     /// Panics if the pointer is NULL.
     /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is invalid.
     #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> {
+    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> {
         match NonNull::new(ptr) {
             Some(nonnull_ptr) => Py(nonnull_ptr, PhantomData),
             None => {
-                crate::err::panic_after_error();
+                crate::err::panic_after_error(_py);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     /// Calls `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
     /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is NULL or invalid.
     #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr(ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> {
+    pub unsafe fn from_borrowed_ptr(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> Py<T> {
         debug_assert!(
             !ptr.is_null() && ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr) > 0,
             format!("REFCNT: {:?} - {:?}", ptr, ffi::Py_REFCNT(ptr))
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
 
     /// Gets the reference count of the `ffi::PyObject` pointer.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn get_refcnt(&self) -> isize {
+    pub fn get_refcnt(&self, _py: Python) -> isize {
         unsafe { ffi::Py_REFCNT(self.0.as_ptr()) }
     }
 
     /// Clones self by calling `Py_INCREF()` on the ptr.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn clone_ref(&self, _py: Python) -> Py<T> {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(self.0.as_ptr()) }
+    pub fn clone_ref(&self, py: Python) -> Py<T> {
+        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(py, self.0.as_ptr()) }
     }
 
     /// Returns the inner pointer without decreasing the refcount.
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ where
     T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType,
 {
     fn from(obj: &'a T) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(obj.as_ptr()) }
+        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(obj.py(), obj.as_ptr()) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ where
     T: PyClass,
 {
     fn from(cell: &PyCell<T>) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(cell.as_ptr()) }
+        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(cell.py(), cell.as_ptr()) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ where
     T: PyClass,
 {
     fn from(pyref: PyRef<'a, T>) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(pyref.as_ptr()) }
+        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(pyref.py(), pyref.as_ptr()) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ where
     T: PyClass,
 {
     fn from(pyref: PyRefMut<'a, T>) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(pyref.as_ptr()) }
+        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(pyref.py(), pyref.as_ptr()) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -291,19 +291,19 @@ impl<T> std::convert::From<Py<T>> for PyObject {
 
 impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&'a T> for PyObject
 where
-    T: AsPyPointer,
+    T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType,
 {
     fn from(ob: &'a T) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::<T>::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.as_ptr()) }.into()
+        unsafe { Py::<T>::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), ob.as_ptr()) }.into()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a, T> std::convert::From<&'a mut T> for PyObject
 where
-    T: AsPyPointer,
+    T: AsPyPointer + PyNativeType,
 {
     fn from(ob: &'a mut T) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Py::<T>::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.as_ptr()) }.into()
+        unsafe { Py::<T>::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), ob.as_ptr()) }.into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ where
     fn extract(ob: &'a PyAny) -> PyResult<Self> {
         unsafe {
             ob.extract::<&T::AsRefTarget>()
-                .map(|val| Py::from_borrowed_ptr(val.as_ptr()))
+                .map(|val| Py::from_borrowed_ptr(ob.py(), val.as_ptr()))
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/object.rs b/src/object.rs
index d3610dd4..a30359e9 100644
--- a/src/object.rs
+++ b/src/object.rs
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ impl PyObject {
     /// Panics if the pointer is NULL.
     /// Undefined behavior if the pointer is invalid.
     #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(_py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyObject {
+    pub unsafe fn from_owned_ptr_or_panic(py: Python, ptr: *mut ffi::PyObject) -> PyObject {
         match NonNull::new(ptr) {
             Some(nonnull_ptr) => PyObject(nonnull_ptr),
             None => {
-                crate::err::panic_after_error();
+                crate::err::panic_after_error(py);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl PyObject {
     }
 
     /// Gets the reference count of the ffi::PyObject pointer.
-    pub fn get_refcnt(&self) -> isize {
+    pub fn get_refcnt(&self, _py: Python) -> isize {
         unsafe { ffi::Py_REFCNT(self.0.as_ptr()) }
     }
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl PyObject {
     /// Returns whether the object is considered to be None.
     ///
     /// This is equivalent to the Python expression `self is None`.
-    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_none(&self, _py: Python) -> bool {
         unsafe { ffi::Py_None() == self.as_ptr() }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/python.rs b/src/python.rs
index 28b673f5..fb9e29fc 100644
--- a/src/python.rs
+++ b/src/python.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use crate::err::{PyDowncastError, PyErr, PyResult};
 use crate::gil::{self, GILGuard, GILPool};
 use crate::type_object::{PyTypeInfo, PyTypeObject};
 use crate::types::{PyAny, PyDict, PyModule, PyType};
-use crate::{
-    ffi, AsPyPointer, AsPyRef, FromPyPointer, IntoPyPointer, PyNativeType, PyObject, PyTryFrom,
-};
+use crate::{ffi, AsPyPointer, FromPyPointer, IntoPyPointer, PyNativeType, PyObject, PyTryFrom};
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::os::raw::c_int;
@@ -253,7 +251,7 @@ impl<'p> Python<'p> {
     where
         T: PyTypeObject,
     {
-        unsafe { self.from_borrowed_ptr(T::type_object().into_ptr()) }
+        T::type_object(self)
     }
 
     /// Imports the Python module with the specified name.
@@ -265,7 +263,7 @@ impl<'p> Python<'p> {
     ///
     /// This is equivalent to the Python `isinstance` function.
     pub fn is_instance<T: PyTypeObject, V: AsPyPointer>(self, obj: &V) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        T::type_object().as_ref(self).is_instance(obj)
+        T::type_object(self).is_instance(obj)
     }
 
     /// Checks whether type `T` is subclass of type `U`.
@@ -276,7 +274,7 @@ impl<'p> Python<'p> {
         T: PyTypeObject,
         U: PyTypeObject,
     {
-        T::type_object().as_ref(self).is_subclass::<U>()
+        T::type_object(self).is_subclass::<U>()
     }
 
     /// Gets the Python builtin value `None`.
diff --git a/src/type_object.rs b/src/type_object.rs
index 2e1a47f2..19d2b8d2 100644
--- a/src/type_object.rs
+++ b/src/type_object.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use crate::pyclass::{initialize_type_object, PyClass};
 use crate::pyclass_init::PyObjectInit;
 use crate::types::{PyAny, PyType};
-use crate::{ffi, AsPyPointer, Py, Python};
+use crate::{ffi, AsPyPointer, Python};
 use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::ptr::NonNull;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
@@ -124,15 +124,15 @@ pub unsafe trait PyTypeInfo: Sized {
 /// See [PyTypeInfo::type_object]
 pub unsafe trait PyTypeObject {
     /// Returns the safe abstraction over the type object.
-    fn type_object() -> Py<PyType>;
+    fn type_object(py: Python) -> &PyType;
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T> PyTypeObject for T
 where
     T: PyTypeInfo,
 {
-    fn type_object() -> Py<PyType> {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(<Self as PyTypeInfo>::type_object() as *const _ as _) }
+    fn type_object(py: Python) -> &PyType {
+        unsafe { py.from_borrowed_ptr(<Self as PyTypeInfo>::type_object() as *const _ as _) }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/types/dict.rs b/src/types/dict.rs
index 4e4cca72..02d59fa6 100644
--- a/src/types/dict.rs
+++ b/src/types/dict.rs
@@ -479,11 +479,11 @@ mod test {
         {
             let _pool = unsafe { crate::GILPool::new() };
             let none = py.None();
-            cnt = none.get_refcnt();
+            cnt = none.get_refcnt(py);
             let _dict = [(10, none)].into_py_dict(py);
         }
         {
-            assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt());
+            assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt(py));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/types/iterator.rs b/src/types/iterator.rs
index 86e17f06..2c192488 100644
--- a/src/types/iterator.rs
+++ b/src/types/iterator.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ mod tests {
             let gil_guard = Python::acquire_gil();
             let py = gil_guard.python();
             obj = vec![10, 20].to_object(py);
-            count = obj.get_refcnt();
+            count = obj.get_refcnt(py);
         }
 
         {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ mod tests {
 
             assert_eq!(10, it.next().unwrap().unwrap().extract().unwrap());
         }
-        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(count, obj.get_refcnt(Python::acquire_gil().python()));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ mod tests {
             none = py.None();
             l.append(10).unwrap();
             l.append(&none).unwrap();
-            count = none.get_refcnt();
+            count = none.get_refcnt(py);
             obj = l.to_object(py);
         }
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(10, it.next().unwrap().unwrap().extract().unwrap());
             assert!(it.next().unwrap().unwrap().is_none());
         }
-        assert_eq!(count, none.get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(count, none.get_refcnt(py));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/types/list.rs b/src/types/list.rs
index 50129e89..4191a466 100644
--- a/src/types/list.rs
+++ b/src/types/list.rs
@@ -303,11 +303,11 @@ mod test {
             let ob = v.to_object(py);
             let list = <PyList as PyTryFrom>::try_from(ob.as_ref(py)).unwrap();
             let none = py.None();
-            cnt = none.get_refcnt();
+            cnt = none.get_refcnt(py);
             list.set_item(0, none).unwrap();
         }
 
-        assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt(py));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ mod test {
             let _pool = unsafe { crate::GILPool::new() };
             let list = PyList::empty(py);
             let none = py.None();
-            cnt = none.get_refcnt();
+            cnt = none.get_refcnt(py);
             list.insert(0, none).unwrap();
         }
 
-        assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt(py));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -365,10 +365,10 @@ mod test {
             let _pool = unsafe { crate::GILPool::new() };
             let list = PyList::empty(py);
             let none = py.None();
-            cnt = none.get_refcnt();
+            cnt = none.get_refcnt(py);
             list.append(none).unwrap();
         }
-        assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt());
+        assert_eq!(cnt, py.None().get_refcnt(py));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/types/module.rs b/src/types/module.rs
index db15bdd9..f586ee22 100644
--- a/src/types/module.rs
+++ b/src/types/module.rs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ impl PyModule {
     where
         T: PyClass,
     {
-        self.add(T::NAME, <T as PyTypeObject>::type_object())
+        self.add(T::NAME, <T as PyTypeObject>::type_object(self.py()))
     }
 
     /// Adds a function or a (sub)module to a module, using the functions __name__ as name.
diff --git a/src/types/sequence.rs b/src/types/sequence.rs
index 98d667ea..33a84a92 100644
--- a/src/types/sequence.rs
+++ b/src/types/sequence.rs
@@ -521,8 +521,8 @@ mod test {
         }
         {
             let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
-            let _py = gil.python();
-            assert_eq!(1, obj.get_refcnt());
+            let py = gil.python();
+            assert_eq!(1, obj.get_refcnt(py));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/types/tuple.rs b/src/types/tuple.rs
index 9549ce0f..39c7aeca 100644
--- a/src/types/tuple.rs
+++ b/src/types/tuple.rs
@@ -52,16 +52,19 @@ impl PyTuple {
     }
 
     /// Takes a slice of the tuple pointed from `low` to `high` and returns it as a new tuple.
-    pub fn slice(&self, low: isize, high: isize) -> Py<PyTuple> {
-        unsafe { Py::from_owned_ptr_or_panic(ffi::PyTuple_GetSlice(self.as_ptr(), low, high)) }
+    pub fn slice(&self, low: isize, high: isize) -> &PyTuple {
+        unsafe {
+            self.py()
+                .from_owned_ptr(ffi::PyTuple_GetSlice(self.as_ptr(), low, high))
+        }
     }
 
     /// Takes a slice of the tuple from `low` to the end and returns it as a new tuple.
-    pub fn split_from(&self, low: isize) -> Py<PyTuple> {
+    pub fn split_from(&self, low: isize) -> &PyTuple {
         unsafe {
             let ptr =
                 ffi::PyTuple_GetSlice(self.as_ptr(), low, ffi::PyTuple_GET_SIZE(self.as_ptr()));
-            Py::from_owned_ptr_or_panic(ptr)
+            self.py().from_owned_ptr(ptr)
         }
     }
 
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a PyTuple {
 
 impl<'a> FromPy<&'a PyTuple> for Py<PyTuple> {
     fn from_py(tuple: &'a PyTuple, _py: Python) -> Py<PyTuple> {
-        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(tuple.as_ptr()) }
+        unsafe { Py::from_borrowed_ptr(tuple.py(), tuple.as_ptr()) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -166,7 +169,7 @@ macro_rules! tuple_conversion ({$length:expr,$(($refN:ident, $n:tt, $T:ident)),+
             unsafe {
                 let ptr = ffi::PyTuple_New($length);
                 $(ffi::PyTuple_SetItem(ptr, $n, self.$n.into_py(py).into_ptr());)+
-                Py::from_owned_ptr_or_panic(ptr)
+                Py::from_owned_ptr_or_panic(py, ptr)
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/types/typeobject.rs b/src/types/typeobject.rs
index a3cfc26d..5b80d39d 100644
--- a/src/types/typeobject.rs
+++ b/src/types/typeobject.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 // based on Daniel Grunwald's https://github.com/dgrunwald/rust-cpython
 
 use crate::err::{PyErr, PyResult};
-use crate::instance::{Py, PyNativeType};
+use crate::instance::PyNativeType;
 use crate::type_object::PyTypeObject;
 use crate::{ffi, AsPyPointer, PyAny, Python};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ pyobject_native_var_type!(PyType, ffi::PyType_Type, ffi::PyType_Check);
 impl PyType {
     /// Creates a new type object.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn new<T: PyTypeObject>() -> Py<PyType> {
-        T::type_object()
+    pub fn new<T: PyTypeObject>(py: Python) -> &PyType {
+        T::type_object(py)
     }
 
     /// Retrieves the underlying FFI pointer associated with this Python object.
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ impl PyType {
     where
         T: PyTypeObject,
     {
-        let result = unsafe { ffi::PyObject_IsSubclass(self.as_ptr(), T::type_object().as_ptr()) };
+        let result =
+            unsafe { ffi::PyObject_IsSubclass(self.as_ptr(), T::type_object(self.py()).as_ptr()) };
         if result == -1 {
             Err(PyErr::fetch(self.py()))
         } else if result == 1 {
diff --git a/tests/test_gc.rs b/tests/test_gc.rs
index ba63b2a5..d6a27a17 100644
--- a/tests/test_gc.rs
+++ b/tests/test_gc.rs
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ fn gc_during_borrow() {
         }
 
         // get the traverse function
-        let ty = TraversableClass::type_object().as_ref(py).as_type_ptr();
+        let ty = TraversableClass::type_object(py).as_type_ptr();
         let traverse = (*ty).tp_traverse.unwrap();
 
         // create an object and check that traversing it works normally