diff --git a/examples/maturin-starter/src/lib.rs b/examples/maturin-starter/src/lib.rs
index 96ace0f9..8b0748f8 100644
--- a/examples/maturin-starter/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/maturin-starter/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ fn maturin_starter(py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
     // Inserting to sys.modules allows importing submodules nicely from Python
     // e.g. from maturin_starter.submodule import SubmoduleClass
 
-    let sys = PyModule::import(py, "sys")?;
-    let sys_modules: &PyDict = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast()?;
+    let sys = PyModule::import_bound(py, "sys")?;
+    let sys_modules: Bound<'_, PyDict> = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast_into()?;
     sys_modules.set_item("maturin_starter.submodule", m.getattr("submodule")?)?;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/examples/plugin/src/main.rs b/examples/plugin/src/main.rs
index b50b5454..5a54a183 100644
--- a/examples/plugin/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/plugin/src/main.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
 
         // Now we can load our python_plugin/gadget_init_plugin.py file.
         // It can in turn import other stuff as it deems appropriate
-        let plugin = PyModule::import(py, "gadget_init_plugin")?;
+        let plugin = PyModule::import_bound(py, "gadget_init_plugin")?;
         // and call start function there, which will return a python reference to Gadget.
         // Gadget here is a "pyclass" object reference
         let gadget = plugin.getattr("start")?.call0()?;
diff --git a/examples/setuptools-rust-starter/src/lib.rs b/examples/setuptools-rust-starter/src/lib.rs
index fbfeccc1..2bcd411c 100644
--- a/examples/setuptools-rust-starter/src/lib.rs
+++ b/examples/setuptools-rust-starter/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ fn _setuptools_rust_starter(py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
     // Inserting to sys.modules allows importing submodules nicely from Python
     // e.g. from setuptools_rust_starter.submodule import SubmoduleClass
 
-    let sys = PyModule::import(py, "sys")?;
-    let sys_modules: &PyDict = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast()?;
+    let sys = PyModule::import_bound(py, "sys")?;
+    let sys_modules: Bound<'_, PyDict> = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast_into()?;
     sys_modules.set_item("setuptools_rust_starter.submodule", m.getattr("submodule")?)?;
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/guide/src/class.md b/guide/src/class.md
index 9ebba38a..9662e8f6 100644
--- a/guide/src/class.md
+++ b/guide/src/class.md
@@ -941,8 +941,8 @@ impl MyClass {
 #
 # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 #     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-#         let inspect = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
-#         let module = PyModule::new(py, "my_module")?;
+#         let inspect = PyModule::import_bound(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
+#         let module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "my_module")?;
 #         module.add_class::<MyClass>()?;
 #         let class = module.getattr("MyClass")?;
 #
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ impl MyClass {
 #             assert_eq!(doc, "");
 #
 #             let sig: String = inspect
-#                 .call1((class,))?
+#                 .call1((&class,))?
 #                 .call_method0("__str__")?
 #                 .extract()?;
 #             assert_eq!(sig, "(c, d)");
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ impl MyClass {
 #             let doc: String = class.getattr("__doc__")?.extract()?;
 #             assert_eq!(doc, "");
 #
-#             inspect.call1((class,)).expect_err("`text_signature` on classes is not compatible with compilation in `abi3` mode until Python 3.10 or greater");
+#             inspect.call1((&class,)).expect_err("`text_signature` on classes is not compatible with compilation in `abi3` mode until Python 3.10 or greater");
 #          }
 #
 #         {
diff --git a/guide/src/class/numeric.md b/guide/src/class/numeric.md
index cbd9db82..2ffb0a54 100644
--- a/guide/src/class/numeric.md
+++ b/guide/src/class/numeric.md
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ fn my_module(_py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
 #
 # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 #     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-#         let globals = PyModule::import(py, "__main__")?.dict().as_borrowed();
+#         let globals = PyModule::import_bound(py, "__main__")?.dict();
 #         globals.set_item("Number", Number::type_object_bound(py))?;
 #
 #         py.run_bound(SCRIPT, Some(&globals), None)?;
diff --git a/guide/src/conversions/traits.md b/guide/src/conversions/traits.md
index b46e5c02..5cdf2c59 100644
--- a/guide/src/conversions/traits.md
+++ b/guide/src/conversions/traits.md
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ struct RustyStruct {
 #
 # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 #     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-#         let module = PyModule::from_code(
+#         let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
 #             py,
 #             "class Foo:
 #             def __init__(self):
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ struct RustyStruct {
 #
 # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 #     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-#         let module = PyModule::from_code(
+#         let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
 #             py,
 #             "class Foo(dict):
 #             def __init__(self):
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ enum RustyEnum<'a> {
 #             );
 #         }
 #         {
-#             let module = PyModule::from_code(
+#             let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
 #                 py,
 #                 "class Foo(dict):
 #             def __init__(self):
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ enum RustyEnum<'a> {
 #         }
 #
 #         {
-#             let module = PyModule::from_code(
+#             let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
 #                 py,
 #                 "class Foo(dict):
 #             def __init__(self):
diff --git a/guide/src/function/signature.md b/guide/src/function/signature.md
index 8341f51c..d92767e7 100644
--- a/guide/src/function/signature.md
+++ b/guide/src/function/signature.md
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn increment(x: u64, amount: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
 #     Python::with_gil(|py| {
 #         let fun = pyo3::wrap_pyfunction!(increment, py)?;
 #
-#         let inspect = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
+#         let inspect = PyModule::import_bound(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
 #         let sig: String = inspect
 #             .call1((fun,))?
 #             .call_method0("__str__")?
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn increment(x: u64, amount: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
 #     Python::with_gil(|py| {
 #         let fun = pyo3::wrap_pyfunction!(increment, py)?;
 #
-#         let inspect = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
+#         let inspect = PyModule::import_bound(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
 #         let sig: String = inspect
 #             .call1((fun,))?
 #             .call_method0("__str__")?
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ fn add(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
 #         let doc: String = fun.getattr("__doc__")?.extract()?;
 #         assert_eq!(doc, "This function adds two unsigned 64-bit integers.");
 #
-#         let inspect = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
+#         let inspect = PyModule::import_bound(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
 #         let sig: String = inspect
 #             .call1((fun,))?
 #             .call_method0("__str__")?
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ fn add(a: u64, b: u64) -> u64 {
 #         let doc: String = fun.getattr("__doc__")?.extract()?;
 #         assert_eq!(doc, "This function adds two unsigned 64-bit integers.");
 #
-#         let inspect = PyModule::import(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
+#         let inspect = PyModule::import_bound(py, "inspect")?.getattr("signature")?;
 #         let sig: String = inspect
 #             .call1((fun,))?
 #             .call_method0("__str__")?
diff --git a/guide/src/module.md b/guide/src/module.md
index 3d984f60..789c3d91 100644
--- a/guide/src/module.md
+++ b/guide/src/module.md
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ fn parent_module(py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
 }
 
 fn register_child_module(py: Python<'_>, parent_module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
-    let child_module = PyModule::new(py, "child_module")?;
-    child_module.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(func, child_module)?)?;
-    parent_module.add_submodule(child_module)?;
+    let child_module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "child_module")?;
+    child_module.add_function(&wrap_pyfunction!(func, child_module.as_gil_ref())?.as_borrowed())?;
+    parent_module.add_submodule(child_module.as_gil_ref())?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/guide/src/python_from_rust.md b/guide/src/python_from_rust.md
index 4b81e2f6..973f997c 100644
--- a/guide/src/python_from_rust.md
+++ b/guide/src/python_from_rust.md
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     let arg3 = "arg3";
 
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let fun: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code(
+        let fun: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code_bound(
             py,
             "def example(*args, **kwargs):
                 if args != ():
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     let val2 = 2;
 
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let fun: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code(
+        let fun: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code_bound(
             py,
             "def example(*args, **kwargs):
                 if args != ():
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ use pyo3::prelude::*;
 
 fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+        let builtins = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
         let total: i32 = builtins
             .getattr("sum")?
             .call1((vec![1, 2, 3],))?
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ use pyo3::{
 
 # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    let activators = PyModule::from_code(
+    let activators = PyModule::from_code_bound(
         py,
         r#"
 def relu(x):
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def leaky_relu(x, slope=0.01):
     let kwargs = [("slope", 0.2)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
     let lrelu_result: f64 = activators
         .getattr("leaky_relu")?
-        .call((-1.0,), Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?
+        .call((-1.0,), Some(&kwargs))?
         .extract()?;
     assert_eq!(lrelu_result, -0.2);
 #    Ok(())
@@ -310,12 +310,12 @@ pub fn add_one(x: i64) -> i64 {
 fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         // Create new module
-        let foo_module = PyModule::new(py, "foo")?;
-        foo_module.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(add_one, foo_module)?)?;
+        let foo_module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "foo")?;
+        foo_module.add_function(&wrap_pyfunction!(add_one, foo_module.as_gil_ref())?.as_borrowed())?;
 
         // Import and get sys.modules
-        let sys = PyModule::import(py, "sys")?;
-        let py_modules: &PyDict = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast()?;
+        let sys = PyModule::import_bound(py, "sys")?;
+        let py_modules: Bound<'_, PyDict> = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast_into()?;
 
         // Insert foo into sys.modules
         py_modules.set_item("foo", foo_module)?;
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     ));
     let py_app = include_str!(concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/python_app/app.py"));
     let from_python = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
-        PyModule::from_code(py, py_foo, "utils.foo", "utils.foo")?;
-        let app: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code(py, py_app, "", "")?
+        PyModule::from_code_bound(py, py_foo, "utils.foo", "utils.foo")?;
+        let app: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, py_app, "", "")?
             .getattr("run")?
             .into();
         app.call0(py)
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     let from_python = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
         let syspath = py.import_bound("sys")?.getattr("path")?.downcast_into::<PyList>()?;
         syspath.insert(0, &path)?;
-        let app: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code(py, &py_app, "", "")?
+        let app: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, &py_app, "", "")?
             .getattr("run")?
             .into();
         app.call0(py)
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ use pyo3::prelude::*;
 
 fn main() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let custom_manager = PyModule::from_code(
+        let custom_manager = PyModule::from_code_bound(
             py,
             r#"
 class House(object):
diff --git a/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_call.rs b/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_call.rs
index 50772097..8470c876 100644
--- a/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_call.rs
+++ b/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_call.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
+use std::hint::black_box;
+
 use codspeed_criterion_compat::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, Criterion};
 
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
 
 macro_rules! test_module {
     ($py:ident, $code:literal) => {
-        PyModule::from_code($py, $code, file!(), "test_module").expect("module creation failed")
+        PyModule::from_code_bound($py, $code, file!(), "test_module")
+            .expect("module creation failed")
     };
 }
 
@@ -12,11 +15,11 @@ fn bench_call_0(b: &mut Bencher<'_>) {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
         let module = test_module!(py, "def foo(): pass");
 
-        let foo_module = module.getattr("foo").unwrap();
+        let foo_module = &module.getattr("foo").unwrap();
 
         b.iter(|| {
             for _ in 0..1000 {
-                foo_module.call0().unwrap();
+                black_box(foo_module).call0().unwrap();
             }
         });
     })
@@ -33,11 +36,11 @@ class Foo:
 "
         );
 
-        let foo_module = module.getattr("Foo").unwrap().call0().unwrap();
+        let foo_module = &module.getattr("Foo").unwrap().call0().unwrap();
 
         b.iter(|| {
             for _ in 0..1000 {
-                foo_module.call_method0("foo").unwrap();
+                black_box(foo_module).call_method0("foo").unwrap();
             }
         });
     })
diff --git a/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_intern.rs b/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_intern.rs
index 806c4e95..f9f9162a 100644
--- a/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_intern.rs
+++ b/pyo3-benches/benches/bench_intern.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::hint::black_box;
+
 use codspeed_criterion_compat::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, Criterion};
 
 use pyo3::prelude::*;
@@ -6,17 +8,17 @@ use pyo3::intern;
 
 fn getattr_direct(b: &mut Bencher<'_>) {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
+        let sys = &py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
 
-        b.iter(|| sys.getattr("version").unwrap());
+        b.iter(|| black_box(sys).getattr("version").unwrap());
     });
 }
 
 fn getattr_intern(b: &mut Bencher<'_>) {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
+        let sys = &py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
 
-        b.iter(|| sys.getattr(intern!(py, "version")).unwrap());
+        b.iter(|| black_box(sys).getattr(intern!(py, "version")).unwrap());
     });
 }
 
diff --git a/pytests/src/lib.rs b/pytests/src/lib.rs
index e65385bf..bfd80edb 100644
--- a/pytests/src/lib.rs
+++ b/pytests/src/lib.rs
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ fn pyo3_pytests(py: Python<'_>, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
     // Inserting to sys.modules allows importing submodules nicely from Python
     // e.g. import pyo3_pytests.buf_and_str as bas
 
-    let sys = PyModule::import(py, "sys")?;
-    let sys_modules: &PyDict = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast()?;
+    let sys = PyModule::import_bound(py, "sys")?;
+    let sys_modules = sys.getattr("modules")?.downcast_into::<PyDict>()?;
     sys_modules.set_item("pyo3_pytests.awaitable", m.getattr("awaitable")?)?;
     sys_modules.set_item("pyo3_pytests.buf_and_str", m.getattr("buf_and_str")?)?;
     sys_modules.set_item("pyo3_pytests.comparisons", m.getattr("comparisons")?)?;
diff --git a/src/conversions/anyhow.rs b/src/conversions/anyhow.rs
index a490bd4c..fba8816d 100644
--- a/src/conversions/anyhow.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/anyhow.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 //!     // could call inside an application...
 //!     // This might return a `PyErr`.
 //!     let res = Python::with_gil(|py| {
-//!         let zlib = PyModule::import(py, "zlib")?;
+//!         let zlib = PyModule::import_bound(py, "zlib")?;
 //!         let decompress = zlib.getattr("decompress")?;
 //!         let bytes = PyBytes::new_bound(py, bytes);
 //!         let value = decompress.call1((bytes,))?;
diff --git a/src/conversions/chrono.rs b/src/conversions/chrono.rs
index 3aa6dbeb..0c96ef9c 100644
--- a/src/conversions/chrono.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/chrono.rs
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ fn timezone_utc_bound(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{types::PyTuple, Py};
+    use crate::{types::PyTuple, Bound, Py};
     use std::{cmp::Ordering, panic};
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/conversions/chrono_tz.rs b/src/conversions/chrono_tz.rs
index b4d0e7ed..986bb831 100644
--- a/src/conversions/chrono_tz.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/chrono_tz.rs
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ impl FromPyObject<'_> for Tz {
 
 #[cfg(all(test, not(windows)))] // Troubles loading timezones on Windows
 mod tests {
+    use crate::{types::any::PyAnyMethods, Bound};
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/conversions/eyre.rs b/src/conversions/eyre.rs
index 64ed4a03..236e2c8b 100644
--- a/src/conversions/eyre.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/eyre.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 //!     // could call inside an application...
 //!     // This might return a `PyErr`.
 //!     let res = Python::with_gil(|py| {
-//!         let zlib = PyModule::import(py, "zlib")?;
+//!         let zlib = PyModule::import_bound(py, "zlib")?;
 //!         let decompress = zlib.getattr("decompress")?;
 //!         let bytes = PyBytes::new_bound(py, bytes);
 //!         let value = decompress.call1((bytes,))?;
diff --git a/src/conversions/num_bigint.rs b/src/conversions/num_bigint.rs
index 652df154..48a4ee60 100644
--- a/src/conversions/num_bigint.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/num_bigint.rs
@@ -262,7 +262,10 @@ fn int_n_bits(long: &Bound<'_, PyLong>) -> PyResult<usize> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::{PyDict, PyModule};
+    use crate::{
+        types::{PyDict, PyModule},
+        Bound,
+    };
     use indoc::indoc;
 
     fn rust_fib<T>() -> impl Iterator<Item = T>
@@ -323,7 +326,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    fn python_index_class(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyModule {
+    fn python_index_class(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyModule> {
         let index_code = indoc!(
             r#"
                 class C:
@@ -333,7 +336,7 @@ mod tests {
                         return self.x
                 "#
         );
-        PyModule::from_code(py, index_code, "index.py", "index").unwrap()
+        PyModule::from_code_bound(py, index_code, "index.py", "index").unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src/conversions/num_complex.rs b/src/conversions/num_complex.rs
index 3b4fe0fc..c736a7ba 100644
--- a/src/conversions/num_complex.rs
+++ b/src/conversions/num_complex.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 //! ```ignore
 //! # // not tested because nalgebra isn't supported on msrv
 //! # // please file an issue if it breaks!
-//! use nalgebra::base::{dimension::Const, storage::Storage, Matrix};
+//! use nalgebra::base::{dimension::Const, Matrix};
 //! use num_complex::Complex;
 //! use pyo3::prelude::*;
 //!
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@
 //! #
 //! # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 //! #     Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-//! #         let module = PyModule::new(py, "my_module")?;
+//! #         let module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "my_module")?;
 //! #
-//! #         module.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(get_eigenvalues, module)?)?;
+//! #         module.add_function(&wrap_pyfunction!(get_eigenvalues, module.as_gil_ref())?.as_borrowed())?;
 //! #
 //! #         let m11 = PyComplex::from_doubles_bound(py, 0_f64, -1_f64);
 //! #         let m12 = PyComplex::from_doubles_bound(py, 1_f64, 0_f64);
@@ -199,8 +199,7 @@ complex_conversion!(f64);
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::types::complex::PyComplexMethods;
-    use crate::types::PyModule;
+    use crate::types::{any::PyAnyMethods, complex::PyComplexMethods, PyModule};
 
     #[test]
     fn from_complex() {
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn from_python_magic() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
                 py,
                 r#"
 class A:
@@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ class C:
     #[test]
     fn from_python_inherited_magic() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
                 py,
                 r#"
 class First: pass
@@ -311,7 +310,7 @@ class C(First, IndexMixin): pass
         // `type(inst).attr(inst)` equivalent to `inst.attr()` for methods, but this isn't the only
         // way the descriptor protocol might be implemented.
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
                 py,
                 r#"
 class A:
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ class A:
     fn from_python_nondescriptor_magic() {
         // Magic methods don't need to implement the descriptor protocol, if they're callable.
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
                 py,
                 r#"
 class MyComplex:
diff --git a/src/instance.rs b/src/instance.rs
index 84b4cb62..f35ab4bb 100644
--- a/src/instance.rs
+++ b/src/instance.rs
@@ -722,12 +722,12 @@ impl<T> IntoPy<PyObject> for Borrowed<'_, '_, T> {
 /// #
 /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 /// #     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-/// #         let m = pyo3::types::PyModule::new(py, "test")?;
+/// #         let m = pyo3::types::PyModule::new_bound(py, "test")?;
 /// #         m.add_class::<Foo>()?;
 /// #
-/// #         let foo: &PyCell<Foo> = m.getattr("Foo")?.call0()?.downcast()?;
+/// #         let foo: Bound<'_, Foo> = m.getattr("Foo")?.call0()?.downcast_into()?;
 /// #         let dict = &foo.borrow().inner;
-/// #         let dict: &PyDict = dict.as_ref(py);
+/// #         let dict: &Bound<'_, PyDict> = dict.bind(py);
 /// #
 /// #         Ok(())
 /// #     })
@@ -759,10 +759,10 @@ impl<T> IntoPy<PyObject> for Borrowed<'_, '_, T> {
 /// #
 /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 /// #     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-/// #         let m = pyo3::types::PyModule::new(py, "test")?;
+/// #         let m = pyo3::types::PyModule::new_bound(py, "test")?;
 /// #         m.add_class::<Foo>()?;
 /// #
-/// #         let foo: &PyCell<Foo> = m.getattr("Foo")?.call0()?.downcast()?;
+/// #         let foo: Bound<'_, Foo> = m.getattr("Foo")?.call0()?.downcast_into()?;
 /// #         let bar = &foo.borrow().inner;
 /// #         let bar: &Bar = &*bar.borrow(py);
 /// #
@@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let ob = PyModule::new(py, "empty").unwrap().into_py(py);
+    /// #    let ob = PyModule::new_bound(py, "empty").unwrap().into_py(py);
     /// #    set_answer(ob, py).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
@@ -1905,6 +1905,7 @@ impl PyObject {
 #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "gil-refs"), allow(deprecated))]
 mod tests {
     use super::{Bound, Py, PyObject};
+    use crate::types::any::PyAnyMethods;
     use crate::types::PyCapsule;
     use crate::types::{dict::IntoPyDict, PyDict, PyString};
     use crate::{ffi, Borrowed, PyAny, PyNativeType, PyResult, Python, ToPyObject};
@@ -1978,7 +1979,7 @@ class A:
     pass
 a = A()
    "#;
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
             let instance: Py<PyAny> = module.getattr("a")?.into();
 
             instance.getattr(py, "foo").unwrap_err();
@@ -2005,7 +2006,7 @@ class A:
     pass
 a = A()
    "#;
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
             let instance: Py<PyAny> = module.getattr("a")?.into();
 
             let foo = crate::intern!(py, "foo");
diff --git a/src/marker.rs b/src/marker.rs
index 059a5662..449ea2bd 100644
--- a/src/marker.rs
+++ b/src/marker.rs
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
     where
         N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,
     {
-        PyModule::import(self, name)
+        Self::import_bound(self, name).map(Bound::into_gil_ref)
     }
 
     /// Imports the Python module with the specified name.
@@ -772,11 +772,7 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
     where
         N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,
     {
-        // FIXME: This should be replaced by `PyModule::import_bound` once thats
-        // implemented.
-        PyModule::import(self, name)
-            .map(PyNativeType::as_borrowed)
-            .map(crate::Borrowed::to_owned)
+        PyModule::import_bound(self, name)
     }
 
     /// Gets the Python builtin value `None`.
diff --git a/src/pyclass_init.rs b/src/pyclass_init.rs
index ac3aa3ef..94d377a7 100644
--- a/src/pyclass_init.rs
+++ b/src/pyclass_init.rs
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl<T: PyClass> PyClassInitializer<T> {
     ///
     /// fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     ///     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///         let m = PyModule::new(py, "example")?;
+    ///         let m = PyModule::new_bound(py, "example")?;
     ///         m.add_class::<SubClass>()?;
     ///         m.add_class::<BaseClass>()?;
     ///
diff --git a/src/types/any.rs b/src/types/any.rs
index 4d371764..15f2fd31 100644
--- a/src/types/any.rs
+++ b/src/types/any.rs
@@ -146,16 +146,16 @@ impl PyAny {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, PyAny, Python, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
-    /// fn set_answer(ob: &PyAny) -> PyResult<()> {
+    /// fn set_answer(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
     ///     ob.setattr(intern!(ob.py(), "answer"), 42)
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let ob = PyModule::new(py, "empty").unwrap();
-    /// #    set_answer(ob).unwrap();
+    /// #    let ob = PyModule::new_bound(py, "empty").unwrap();
+    /// #    set_answer(&ob).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
     pub fn setattr<N, V>(&self, attr_name: N, value: V) -> PyResult<()>
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+    ///     let builtins = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
     ///     let print = builtins.getattr("print")?;
     ///     assert!(print.is_callable());
     ///     Ok(())
@@ -385,12 +385,12 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let kwargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
     ///     kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
-    ///     let result = fun.call(args, Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?;
+    ///     let result = fun.call(args, Some(&kwargs))?;
     ///     assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
     ///     let help = module.getattr("help")?;
     ///     help.call0()?;
     ///     Ok(())
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let result = fun.call1(args)?;
@@ -485,12 +485,12 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let kwargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
     ///     kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
-    ///     let result = instance.call_method("method", args, Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?;
+    ///     let result = instance.call_method("method", args, Some(&kwargs))?;
     ///     assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
     ///     let result = instance.call_method0("method")?;
     ///     assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with no arguments");
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl PyAny {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let result = instance.call_method1("method", args)?;
@@ -1008,16 +1008,16 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, PyAny, Python, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
-    /// fn set_answer(ob: &PyAny) -> PyResult<()> {
+    /// fn set_answer(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
     ///     ob.setattr(intern!(ob.py(), "answer"), 42)
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let ob = PyModule::new(py, "empty").unwrap();
-    /// #    set_answer(ob).unwrap();
+    /// #    let ob = PyModule::new_bound(py, "empty").unwrap();
+    /// #    set_answer(&ob).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
     fn setattr<N, V>(&self, attr_name: N, value: V) -> PyResult<()>
@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+    ///     let builtins = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
     ///     let print = builtins.getattr("print")?;
     ///     assert!(print.is_callable());
     ///     Ok(())
@@ -1265,12 +1265,12 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let kwargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
     ///     kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
-    ///     let result = fun.call(args, Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?;
+    ///     let result = fun.call(args, Some(&kwargs))?;
     ///     assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
     ///     let help = module.getattr("help")?;
     ///     help.call0()?;
     ///     Ok(())
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let result = fun.call1(args)?;
@@ -1357,12 +1357,12 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let kwargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
     ///     kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
-    ///     let result = instance.call_method("method", args, Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?;
+    ///     let result = instance.call_method("method", args, Some(&kwargs))?;
     ///     assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
     ///     let result = instance.call_method0("method")?;
     ///     assert_eq!(result.extract::<&str>()?, "called with no arguments");
@@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code(py, CODE, "", "")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
     ///     let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
     ///     let args = ("hello",);
     ///     let result = instance.call_method1("method", args)?;
@@ -2326,13 +2326,13 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::{
         basic::CompareOp,
         types::{any::PyAnyMethods, IntoPyDict, PyAny, PyBool, PyList, PyLong, PyModule},
-        PyNativeType, PyTypeInfo, Python, ToPyObject,
+        Bound, PyNativeType, PyTypeInfo, Python, ToPyObject,
     };
 
     #[test]
     fn test_lookup_special() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
                 py,
                 r#"
 class CustomCallable:
@@ -2371,13 +2371,8 @@ class NonHeapNonDescriptorInt:
             .unwrap();
 
             let int = crate::intern!(py, "__int__");
-            let eval_int = |obj: &PyAny| {
-                obj.as_borrowed()
-                    .lookup_special(int)?
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .call0()?
-                    .extract::<u32>()
-            };
+            let eval_int =
+                |obj: Bound<'_, PyAny>| obj.lookup_special(int)?.unwrap().call0()?.extract::<u32>();
 
             let simple = module.getattr("SimpleInt").unwrap().call0().unwrap();
             assert_eq!(eval_int(simple).unwrap(), 1);
@@ -2430,7 +2425,7 @@ class NonHeapNonDescriptorInt:
     #[test]
     fn test_call_method0() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let module = PyModule::from_code(
+            let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(
                 py,
                 r#"
 class SimpleClass:
diff --git a/src/types/capsule.rs b/src/types/capsule.rs
index 342ee9b4..aa1a910d 100644
--- a/src/types/capsule.rs
+++ b/src/types/capsule.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int, c_void};
 ///
 ///     let capsule = PyCapsule::new_bound(py, foo, Some(name.clone()))?;
 ///
-///     let module = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+///     let module = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
 ///     module.add("capsule", capsule)?;
 ///
 ///     let cap: &Foo = unsafe { PyCapsule::import(py, name.as_ref())? };
@@ -441,11 +441,13 @@ fn name_ptr_ignore_error(slf: &Bound<'_, PyCapsule>) -> *const c_char {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "gil-refs"), allow(deprecated))]
 mod tests {
     use libc::c_void;
 
     use crate::prelude::PyModule;
     use crate::types::capsule::PyCapsuleMethods;
+    use crate::types::module::PyModuleMethods;
     use crate::{types::PyCapsule, Py, PyResult, Python};
     use std::ffi::CString;
     use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Sender};
@@ -528,7 +530,7 @@ mod tests {
 
             let capsule = PyCapsule::new_bound(py, foo, Some(name.clone()))?;
 
-            let module = PyModule::import(py, "builtins")?;
+            let module = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
             module.add("capsule", capsule)?;
 
             // check error when wrong named passed for capsule.
diff --git a/src/types/module.rs b/src/types/module.rs
index 137b1b37..245d38d9 100644
--- a/src/types/module.rs
+++ b/src/types/module.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use crate::callback::IntoPyCallbackOutput;
 use crate::err::{PyErr, PyResult};
 use crate::ffi_ptr_ext::FfiPtrExt;
+use crate::py_result_ext::PyResultExt;
 use crate::pyclass::PyClass;
 use crate::types::{
     any::PyAnyMethods, list::PyListMethods, PyAny, PyCFunction, PyDict, PyList, PyString,
 };
-use crate::{exceptions, ffi, Bound, FromPyObject, IntoPy, Py, PyNativeType, PyObject, Python};
+use crate::{exceptions, ffi, Bound, IntoPy, Py, PyNativeType, PyObject, Python};
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::str;
 
@@ -22,6 +23,19 @@ pub struct PyModule(PyAny);
 pyobject_native_type_core!(PyModule, pyobject_native_static_type_object!(ffi::PyModule_Type), #checkfunction=ffi::PyModule_Check);
 
 impl PyModule {
+    /// Deprecated form of [`PyModule::new_bound`].
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(feature = "gil-refs"),
+        deprecated(
+            since = "0.21.0",
+            note = "`PyModule::new` will be replaced by `PyModule::new_bound` in a future PyO3 version"
+        )
+    )]
+    pub fn new<'py>(py: Python<'py>, name: &str) -> PyResult<&'py PyModule> {
+        Self::new_bound(py, name).map(Bound::into_gil_ref)
+    }
+
     /// Creates a new module object with the `__name__` attribute set to `name`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -31,22 +45,39 @@ impl PyModule {
     ///
     /// # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::new(py, "my_module")?;
+    ///     let module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "my_module")?;
     ///
-    ///     assert_eq!(module.name()?, "my_module");
+    ///     assert_eq!(module.name()?.to_cow()?, "my_module");
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })?;
     /// # Ok(())}
     ///  ```
-    pub fn new<'p>(py: Python<'p>, name: &str) -> PyResult<&'p PyModule> {
+    pub fn new_bound<'py>(py: Python<'py>, name: &str) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyModule>> {
         // Could use PyModule_NewObject, but it doesn't exist on PyPy.
         let name = CString::new(name)?;
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
         unsafe {
-            py.from_owned_ptr_or_err(ffi::PyModule_New(name.as_ptr()))
+            ffi::PyModule_New(name.as_ptr())
+                .assume_owned_or_err(py)
+                .downcast_into_unchecked()
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated form of [`PyModule::import_bound`].
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(feature = "gil-refs"),
+        deprecated(
+            since = "0.21.0",
+            note = "`PyModule::import` will be replaced by `PyModule::import_bound` in a future PyO3 version"
+        )
+    )]
+    pub fn import<N>(py: Python<'_>, name: N) -> PyResult<&PyModule>
+    where
+        N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,
+    {
+        Self::import_bound(py, name).map(Bound::into_gil_ref)
+    }
+
     /// Imports the Python module with the specified name.
     ///
     /// # Examples
@@ -56,7 +87,7 @@ impl PyModule {
     /// use pyo3::prelude::*;
     ///
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    ///     let module = PyModule::import(py, "antigravity").expect("No flying for you.");
+    ///     let module = PyModule::import_bound(py, "antigravity").expect("No flying for you.");
     /// });
     /// # }
     ///  ```
@@ -65,17 +96,36 @@ impl PyModule {
     /// ```python
     /// import antigravity
     /// ```
-    pub fn import<N>(py: Python<'_>, name: N) -> PyResult<&PyModule>
+    pub fn import_bound<N>(py: Python<'_>, name: N) -> PyResult<Bound<'_, PyModule>>
     where
         N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,
     {
         let name: Py<PyString> = name.into_py(py);
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
         unsafe {
-            py.from_owned_ptr_or_err(ffi::PyImport_Import(name.as_ptr()))
+            ffi::PyImport_Import(name.as_ptr())
+                .assume_owned_or_err(py)
+                .downcast_into_unchecked()
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deprecated form of [`PyModule::from_code_bound`].
+    #[inline]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(feature = "gil-refs"),
+        deprecated(
+            since = "0.21.0",
+            note = "`PyModule::from_code` will be replaced by `PyModule::from_code_bound` in a future PyO3 version"
+        )
+    )]
+    pub fn from_code<'py>(
+        py: Python<'py>,
+        code: &str,
+        file_name: &str,
+        module_name: &str,
+    ) -> PyResult<&'py PyModule> {
+        Self::from_code_bound(py, code, file_name, module_name).map(Bound::into_gil_ref)
+    }
+
     /// Creates and loads a module named `module_name`,
     /// containing the Python code passed to `code`
     /// and pretending to live at `file_name`.
@@ -105,7 +155,7 @@ impl PyModule {
     /// let code = include_str!("../../assets/script.py");
     ///
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     PyModule::from_code(py, code, "example.py", "example")?;
+    ///     PyModule::from_code_bound(py, code, "example.py", "example")?;
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })?;
     /// # Ok(())
@@ -124,36 +174,29 @@ impl PyModule {
     /// let code = std::fs::read_to_string("assets/script.py")?;
     ///
     /// Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     PyModule::from_code(py, &code, "example.py", "example")?;
+    ///     PyModule::from_code_bound(py, &code, "example.py", "example")?;
     ///     Ok(())
     /// })?;
     /// Ok(())
     /// # }
     /// ```
-    pub fn from_code<'p>(
-        py: Python<'p>,
+    pub fn from_code_bound<'py>(
+        py: Python<'py>,
         code: &str,
         file_name: &str,
         module_name: &str,
-    ) -> PyResult<&'p PyModule> {
+    ) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyModule>> {
         let data = CString::new(code)?;
         let filename = CString::new(file_name)?;
         let module = CString::new(module_name)?;
 
         unsafe {
-            let cptr = ffi::Py_CompileString(data.as_ptr(), filename.as_ptr(), ffi::Py_file_input);
-            if cptr.is_null() {
-                return Err(PyErr::fetch(py));
-            }
+            let code = ffi::Py_CompileString(data.as_ptr(), filename.as_ptr(), ffi::Py_file_input)
+                .assume_owned_or_err(py)?;
 
-            let mptr = ffi::PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx(module.as_ptr(), cptr, filename.as_ptr());
-            ffi::Py_DECREF(cptr);
-            if mptr.is_null() {
-                return Err(PyErr::fetch(py));
-            }
-
-            #[allow(deprecated)]
-            <&PyModule as FromPyObject>::extract(py.from_owned_ptr_or_err(mptr)?)
+            ffi::PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx(module.as_ptr(), code.as_ptr(), filename.as_ptr())
+                .assume_owned_or_err(py)
+                .downcast_into()
         }
     }
 
@@ -293,10 +336,10 @@ impl PyModule {
     ///
     /// #[pymodule]
     /// fn my_module(py: Python<'_>, module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let submodule = PyModule::new(py, "submodule")?;
+    ///     let submodule = PyModule::new_bound(py, "submodule")?;
     ///     submodule.add("super_useful_constant", "important")?;
     ///
-    ///     module.add_submodule(submodule)?;
+    ///     module.add_submodule(submodule.as_gil_ref())?;
     ///     Ok(())
     /// }
     /// ```
@@ -487,10 +530,10 @@ pub trait PyModuleMethods<'py> {
     ///
     /// #[pymodule]
     /// fn my_module(py: Python<'_>, module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
-    ///     let submodule = PyModule::new(py, "submodule")?;
+    ///     let submodule = PyModule::new_bound(py, "submodule")?;
     ///     submodule.add("super_useful_constant", "important")?;
     ///
-    ///     module.add_submodule(submodule)?;
+    ///     module.add_submodule(submodule.as_gil_ref())?;
     ///     Ok(())
     /// }
     /// ```
@@ -580,8 +623,6 @@ impl<'py> PyModuleMethods<'py> for Bound<'py, PyModule> {
     fn name(&self) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyString>> {
         #[cfg(not(PyPy))]
         {
-            use crate::py_result_ext::PyResultExt;
-
             unsafe {
                 ffi::PyModule_GetNameObject(self.as_ptr())
                     .assume_owned_or_err(self.py())
@@ -601,8 +642,6 @@ impl<'py> PyModuleMethods<'py> for Bound<'py, PyModule> {
 
     #[cfg(not(PyPy))]
     fn filename(&self) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyString>> {
-        use crate::py_result_ext::PyResultExt;
-
         unsafe {
             ffi::PyModule_GetFilenameObject(self.as_ptr())
                 .assume_owned_or_err(self.py())
@@ -676,14 +715,21 @@ fn __name__(py: Python<'_>) -> &Bound<'_, PyString> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(feature = "gil-refs"), allow(deprecated))]
 mod tests {
-    use crate::{types::PyModule, Python};
+    use crate::{
+        types::{module::PyModuleMethods, string::PyStringMethods, PyModule},
+        Python,
+    };
 
     #[test]
     fn module_import_and_name() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let builtins = PyModule::import(py, "builtins").unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(builtins.name().unwrap(), "builtins");
+            let builtins = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(
+                builtins.name().unwrap().to_cow().unwrap().as_ref(),
+                "builtins"
+            );
         })
     }
 
@@ -691,8 +737,13 @@ mod tests {
     #[cfg(not(PyPy))]
     fn module_filename() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let site = PyModule::import(py, "site").unwrap();
-            assert!(site.filename().unwrap().ends_with("site.py"));
+            let site = PyModule::import_bound(py, "site").unwrap();
+            assert!(site
+                .filename()
+                .unwrap()
+                .to_cow()
+                .unwrap()
+                .ends_with("site.py"));
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/types/traceback.rs b/src/types/traceback.rs
index 24b935e2..b8782463 100644
--- a/src/types/traceback.rs
+++ b/src/types/traceback.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 use crate::err::{error_on_minusone, PyResult};
-use crate::types::PyString;
+use crate::types::{any::PyAnyMethods, string::PyStringMethods, PyString};
 use crate::{ffi, Bound};
 use crate::{PyAny, PyNativeType};
 
-use super::any::PyAnyMethods;
-use super::string::PyStringMethods;
-
 /// Represents a Python traceback.
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct PyTraceback(PyAny);
diff --git a/tests/test_class_basics.rs b/tests/test_class_basics.rs
index fe80625e..21ccc4a6 100644
--- a/tests/test_class_basics.rs
+++ b/tests/test_class_basics.rs
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ struct EmptyClassInModule {}
 #[ignore]
 fn empty_class_in_module() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let module = PyModule::new(py, "test_module.nested").unwrap();
+        let module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "test_module.nested").unwrap();
         module.add_class::<EmptyClassInModule>().unwrap();
 
         let ty = module.getattr("EmptyClassInModule").unwrap();
diff --git a/tests/test_class_new.rs b/tests/test_class_new.rs
index 9037590f..9e16631b 100644
--- a/tests/test_class_new.rs
+++ b/tests/test_class_new.rs
@@ -169,10 +169,7 @@ c = Class()
 assert c.from_rust is False
 "#
         );
-        let globals = PyModule::import(py, "__main__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .dict()
-            .as_borrowed();
+        let globals = PyModule::import_bound(py, "__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals.set_item("SuperClass", super_cls).unwrap();
         py.run_bound(source, Some(&globals), None)
             .map_err(|e| e.display(py))
diff --git a/tests/test_coroutine.rs b/tests/test_coroutine.rs
index b3b8ba7b..e04aafda 100644
--- a/tests/test_coroutine.rs
+++ b/tests/test_coroutine.rs
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ fn test_async_method_receiver() {
     Python::with_gil(|gil| {
         let test = r#"
         import asyncio
-        
+
         obj = Counter()
         coro1 = obj.get()
         coro2 = obj.get()
diff --git a/tests/test_inheritance.rs b/tests/test_inheritance.rs
index 9b29fefd..7a465f1a 100644
--- a/tests/test_inheritance.rs
+++ b/tests/test_inheritance.rs
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ fn module_add_class_inherit_bool_fails() {
     struct ExtendsBool;
 
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let m = PyModule::new(py, "test_module").unwrap();
+        let m = PyModule::new_bound(py, "test_module").unwrap();
 
         let err = m.add_class::<ExtendsBool>().unwrap_err();
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/tests/test_module.rs b/tests/test_module.rs
index 9a59770e..9d14f243 100644
--- a/tests/test_module.rs
+++ b/tests/test_module.rs
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ fn test_module_renaming() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_module_from_code() {
+fn test_module_from_code_bound() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let adder_mod = PyModule::from_code(
+        let adder_mod = PyModule::from_code_bound(
             py,
             "def add(a,b):\n\treturn a+b",
             "adder_mod.py",
@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ fn subfunction() -> String {
     "Subfunction".to_string()
 }
 
-fn submodule(module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
-    module.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(subfunction, module)?)?;
+fn submodule(module: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    module.add_function(&wrap_pyfunction!(subfunction, module.as_gil_ref())?.as_borrowed())?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ fn superfunction() -> String {
 #[pymodule]
 fn supermodule(py: Python<'_>, module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
     module.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(superfunction, module)?)?;
-    let module_to_add = PyModule::new(py, "submodule")?;
-    submodule(module_to_add)?;
-    module.add_submodule(module_to_add)?;
-    let module_to_add = PyModule::new(py, "submodule_with_init_fn")?;
-    submodule_with_init_fn(py, module_to_add)?;
-    module.add_submodule(module_to_add)?;
+    let module_to_add = PyModule::new_bound(py, "submodule")?;
+    submodule(&module_to_add)?;
+    module.add_submodule(module_to_add.as_gil_ref())?;
+    let module_to_add = PyModule::new_bound(py, "submodule_with_init_fn")?;
+    submodule_with_init_fn(py, module_to_add.as_gil_ref())?;
+    module.add_submodule(module_to_add.as_gil_ref())?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/test_proto_methods.rs b/tests/test_proto_methods.rs
index fb813b6e..61b91243 100644
--- a/tests/test_proto_methods.rs
+++ b/tests/test_proto_methods.rs
@@ -697,10 +697,7 @@ if sys.platform == "win32" and sys.version_info >= (3, 8, 0):
 
 asyncio.run(main())
 "#;
-        let globals = PyModule::import(py, "__main__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .dict()
-            .as_borrowed();
+        let globals = PyModule::import_bound(py, "__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals.set_item("Once", once).unwrap();
         py.run_bound(source, Some(&globals), None)
             .map_err(|e| e.display(py))
@@ -754,10 +751,7 @@ if sys.platform == "win32" and sys.version_info >= (3, 8, 0):
 
 asyncio.run(main())
 "#;
-        let globals = PyModule::import(py, "__main__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .dict()
-            .as_borrowed();
+        let globals = PyModule::import_bound(py, "__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals.set_item("Once", once).unwrap();
         globals
             .set_item("AsyncIterator", py.get_type_bound::<AsyncIterator>())
@@ -829,10 +823,7 @@ del c.counter
 assert c.counter.count == 1
 "#
         );
-        let globals = PyModule::import(py, "__main__")
-            .unwrap()
-            .dict()
-            .as_borrowed();
+        let globals = PyModule::import_bound(py, "__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals.set_item("Counter", counter).unwrap();
         py.run_bound(source, Some(&globals), None)
             .map_err(|e| e.display(py))
diff --git a/tests/test_various.rs b/tests/test_various.rs
index 9ed1e1cf..6f1bfd90 100644
--- a/tests/test_various.rs
+++ b/tests/test_various.rs
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ impl PickleSupport {
     }
 }
 
-fn add_module(py: Python<'_>, module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
-    py.import_bound("sys")?
+fn add_module(module: Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
+    PyModule::import_bound(module.py(), "sys")?
         .dict()
         .get_item("modules")
         .unwrap()
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ fn add_module(py: Python<'_>, module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
 #[cfg_attr(all(Py_LIMITED_API, not(Py_3_10)), ignore)]
 fn test_pickle() {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let module = PyModule::new(py, "test_module").unwrap();
+        let module = PyModule::new_bound(py, "test_module").unwrap();
         module.add_class::<PickleSupport>().unwrap();
-        add_module(py, module).unwrap();
+        add_module(module).unwrap();
         let inst = Py::new(py, PickleSupport {}).unwrap();
         py_run!(
             py,