port `Python::import` to `Bound` API (#3832)

* port `Python::import` to `Bound` API

* tidy up imports in tests/test_datetime_import.rs

---------

Co-authored-by: David Hewitt <mail@davidhewitt.dev>

README.md

@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
 
 fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-        let sys = py.import("sys")?;
+        let sys = py.import_bound("sys")?;
         let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
 
-        let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+        let locals = [("os", py.import_bound("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
         let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
         let user: String = py.eval_bound(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
 

guide/src/python_from_rust.md

@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
     let path = Path::new("/usr/share/python_app");
     let py_app = fs::read_to_string(path.join("app.py"))?;
     let from_python = Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<Py<PyAny>> {
-        let syspath: &PyList = py.import("sys")?.getattr("path")?.downcast()?;
+        let syspath = py.import_bound("sys")?.getattr("path")?.downcast_into::<PyList>()?;
         syspath.insert(0, &path)?;
         let app: Py<PyAny> = PyModule::from_code(py, &py_app, "", "")?
             .getattr("run")?
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ use pyo3::prelude::*;
 
 # fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
-    let signal = py.import("signal")?;
+    let signal = py.import_bound("signal")?;
     // Set SIGINT to have the default action
     signal
         .getattr("signal")?

src/buffer.rs

@@ -689,6 +689,7 @@ impl_element!(f64, Float);
 mod tests {
     use super::PyBuffer;
     use crate::ffi;
+    use crate::types::any::PyAnyMethods;
     use crate::Python;
 
     #[test]
@@ -890,11 +891,11 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_array_buffer() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let array = py
-                .import("array")
+                .import_bound("array")
                 .unwrap()
                 .call_method("array", ("f", (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5)), None)
                 .unwrap();
-            let buffer = PyBuffer::get(array).unwrap();
+            let buffer = PyBuffer::get(array.as_gil_ref()).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(buffer.dimensions(), 1);
             assert_eq!(buffer.item_count(), 4);
             assert_eq!(buffer.format().to_str().unwrap(), "f");
@@ -924,7 +925,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(buffer.to_vec(py).unwrap(), [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]);
 
             // F-contiguous fns
-            let buffer = PyBuffer::get(array).unwrap();
+            let buffer = PyBuffer::get(array.as_gil_ref()).unwrap();
             let slice = buffer.as_fortran_slice(py).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(slice.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(slice[1].get(), 11.0);

src/conversions/chrono.rs

@@ -540,15 +540,15 @@ impl DatetimeTypes {
         static TYPES: GILOnceCell<DatetimeTypes> = GILOnceCell::new();
         TYPES
             .get_or_try_init(py, || {
-                let datetime = py.import("datetime")?;
+                let datetime = py.import_bound("datetime")?;
                 let timezone = datetime.getattr("timezone")?;
                 Ok::<_, PyErr>(Self {
                     date: datetime.getattr("date")?.into(),
                     datetime: datetime.getattr("datetime")?.into(),
                     time: datetime.getattr("time")?.into(),
                     timedelta: datetime.getattr("timedelta")?.into(),
-                    timezone: timezone.into(),
                     timezone_utc: timezone.getattr("utc")?.into(),
+                    timezone: timezone.into(),
                     tzinfo: datetime.getattr("tzinfo")?.into(),
                 })
             })
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ mod tests {
                 let delta = delta.to_object(py);
                 let py_delta = new_py_datetime_ob(py, "timedelta", (py_days, py_seconds, py_ms));
                 assert!(
-                    delta.as_ref(py).eq(py_delta).unwrap(),
+                    delta.bind(py).eq(&py_delta).unwrap(),
                     "{}: {} != {}",
                     name,
                     delta,
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .to_object(py);
                 let py_date = new_py_datetime_ob(py, "date", (year, month, day));
                 assert_eq!(
-                    date.as_ref(py).compare(py_date).unwrap(),
+                    date.bind(py).compare(&py_date).unwrap(),
                     Ordering::Equal,
                     "{}: {} != {}",
                     name,
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ mod tests {
                         ),
                     );
                     assert_eq!(
-                        datetime.as_ref(py).compare(py_datetime).unwrap(),
+                        datetime.bind(py).compare(&py_datetime).unwrap(),
                         Ordering::Equal,
                         "{}: {} != {}",
                         name,
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ mod tests {
                         (year, month, day, hour, minute, second, py_ms, py_tz),
                     );
                     assert_eq!(
-                        datetime.as_ref(py).compare(py_datetime).unwrap(),
+                        datetime.bind(py).compare(&py_datetime).unwrap(),
                         Ordering::Equal,
                         "{}: {} != {}",
                         name,
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ mod tests {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let utc = Utc.to_object(py);
             let py_utc = python_utc(py);
-            assert!(utc.as_ref(py).is(py_utc));
+            assert!(utc.bind(py).is(&py_utc));
         })
     }
 
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ mod tests {
                     .to_object(py);
                 let py_time = new_py_datetime_ob(py, "time", (hour, minute, second, py_ms));
                 assert!(
-                    time.as_ref(py).eq(py_time).unwrap(),
+                    time.bind(py).eq(&py_time).unwrap(),
                     "{}: {} != {}",
                     name,
                     time,
@@ -1071,12 +1071,12 @@ mod tests {
         })
     }
 
-    fn new_py_datetime_ob<'a>(
+    fn new_py_datetime_ob<'py>(
-        py: Python<'a>,
+        py: Python<'py>,
         name: &str,
         args: impl IntoPy<Py<PyTuple>>,
-    ) -> &'a PyAny {
+    ) -> Bound<'py, PyAny> {
-        py.import("datetime")
+        py.import_bound("datetime")
             .unwrap()
             .getattr(name)
             .unwrap()
@@ -1084,8 +1084,8 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn python_utc(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyAny {
+    fn python_utc(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
-        py.import("datetime")
+        py.import_bound("datetime")
             .unwrap()
             .getattr("timezone")
             .unwrap()
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ mod tests {
             fn test_pyo3_offset_fixed_frompyobject_created_in_python(timestamp in 0..(i32::MAX as i64), timedelta in -86399i32..=86399i32) {
                 Python::with_gil(|py| {
 
-                    let globals = [("datetime", py.import("datetime").unwrap())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+                    let globals = [("datetime", py.import_bound("datetime").unwrap())].into_py_dict_bound(py);
                     let code = format!("datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp({}).replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds={})))", timestamp, timedelta);
                     let t = py.eval_bound(&code, Some(&globals), None).unwrap();
 

src/conversions/chrono_tz.rs

@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_topyobject() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let assert_eq = |l: PyObject, r: &PyAny| {
+            let assert_eq = |l: PyObject, r: Bound<'_, PyAny>| {
-                assert!(l.as_ref(py).eq(r).unwrap());
+                assert!(l.bind(py).eq(r).unwrap());
             };
 
             assert_eq(
@@ -105,11 +105,14 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    fn new_zoneinfo<'a>(py: Python<'a>, name: &str) -> &'a PyAny {
+    fn new_zoneinfo<'py>(py: Python<'py>, name: &str) -> Bound<'py, PyAny> {
         zoneinfo_class(py).call1((name,)).unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn zoneinfo_class(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyAny {
+    fn zoneinfo_class(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
-        py.import("zoneinfo").unwrap().getattr("ZoneInfo").unwrap()
+        py.import_bound("zoneinfo")
+            .unwrap()
+            .getattr("ZoneInfo")
+            .unwrap()
     }
 }

src/conversions/rust_decimal.rs

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ static DECIMAL_CLS: GILOnceCell<Py<PyType>> = GILOnceCell::new();
 fn get_decimal_cls(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<&PyType> {
     DECIMAL_CLS
         .get_or_try_init(py, || {
-            py.import(intern!(py, "decimal"))?
+            py.import_bound(intern!(py, "decimal"))?
                 .getattr(intern!(py, "Decimal"))?
                 .extract()
         })

src/conversions/std/time.rs

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn unix_epoch_py(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyObject {
             }
             #[cfg(Py_LIMITED_API)]
             {
-                let datetime = py.import("datetime")?;
+                let datetime = py.import_bound("datetime")?;
                 let utc = datetime.getattr("timezone")?.getattr("utc")?;
                 Ok::<_, PyErr>(
                     datetime
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_duration_topyobject() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let assert_eq = |l: PyObject, r: &PyAny| {
+            let assert_eq = |l: PyObject, r: Bound<'_, PyAny>| {
-                assert!(l.as_ref(py).eq(r).unwrap());
+                assert!(l.bind(py).eq(r).unwrap());
             };
 
             assert_eq(
@@ -300,8 +300,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_time_topyobject() {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let assert_eq = |l: PyObject, r: &PyAny| {
+            let assert_eq = |l: PyObject, r: Bound<'_, PyAny>| {
-                assert!(l.as_ref(py).eq(r).unwrap());
+                assert!(l.bind(py).eq(r).unwrap());
             };
 
             assert_eq(
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ mod tests {
         minute: u8,
         second: u8,
         microsecond: u32,
-    ) -> &PyAny {
+    ) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
         datetime_class(py)
             .call1((
                 year,
@@ -346,13 +346,11 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn max_datetime(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyAny {
+    fn max_datetime(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
         let naive_max = datetime_class(py).getattr("max").unwrap();
         let kargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
         kargs.set_item("tzinfo", tz_utc(py)).unwrap();
-        naive_max
+        naive_max.call_method("replace", (), Some(&kargs)).unwrap()
-            .call_method("replace", (), Some(kargs.as_gil_ref()))
-            .unwrap()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -365,8 +363,8 @@ mod tests {
         })
     }
 
-    fn tz_utc(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyAny {
+    fn tz_utc(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
-        py.import("datetime")
+        py.import_bound("datetime")
             .unwrap()
             .getattr("timezone")
             .unwrap()
@@ -374,17 +372,28 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn new_timedelta(py: Python<'_>, days: i32, seconds: i32, microseconds: i32) -> &PyAny {
+    fn new_timedelta(
+        py: Python<'_>,
+        days: i32,
+        seconds: i32,
+        microseconds: i32,
+    ) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
         timedelta_class(py)
             .call1((days, seconds, microseconds))
             .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn datetime_class(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyAny {
+    fn datetime_class(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
-        py.import("datetime").unwrap().getattr("datetime").unwrap()
+        py.import_bound("datetime")
+            .unwrap()
+            .getattr("datetime")
+            .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn timedelta_class(py: Python<'_>) -> &PyAny {
+    fn timedelta_class(py: Python<'_>) -> Bound<'_, PyAny> {
-        py.import("datetime").unwrap().getattr("timedelta").unwrap()
+        py.import_bound("datetime")
+            .unwrap()
+            .getattr("timedelta")
+            .unwrap()
     }
 }

src/coroutine/waker.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::sync::GILOnceCell;
+use crate::types::any::PyAnyMethods;
 use crate::types::PyCFunction;
 use crate::{intern, wrap_pyfunction, Py, PyAny, PyObject, PyResult, Python};
 use pyo3_macros::pyfunction;
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ impl LoopAndFuture {
     fn new(py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Self> {
         static GET_RUNNING_LOOP: GILOnceCell<PyObject> = GILOnceCell::new();
         let import = || -> PyResult<_> {
-            let module = py.import("asyncio")?;
+            let module = py.import_bound("asyncio")?;
             Ok(module.getattr("get_running_loop")?.into())
         };
         let event_loop = GET_RUNNING_LOOP.get_or_try_init(py, import)?.call0(py)?;

src/err/mod.rs

@@ -974,6 +974,7 @@ impl_signed_integer!(isize);
 mod tests {
     use super::PyErrState;
     use crate::exceptions::{self, PyTypeError, PyValueError};
+    use crate::types::any::PyAnyMethods;
     use crate::{PyErr, PyTypeInfo, Python};
 
     #[test]
@@ -1174,7 +1175,7 @@ mod tests {
             let cls = py.get_type::<exceptions::PyUserWarning>();
 
             // Reset warning filter to default state
-            let warnings = py.import("warnings").unwrap();
+            let warnings = py.import_bound("warnings").unwrap();
             warnings.call_method0("resetwarnings").unwrap();
 
             // First, test the warning is emitted

src/exceptions.rs

@@ -101,13 +101,14 @@ macro_rules! import_exception {
             fn type_object_raw(py: $crate::Python<'_>) -> *mut $crate::ffi::PyTypeObject {
                 use $crate::sync::GILOnceCell;
                 use $crate::prelude::PyTracebackMethods;
+                use $crate::prelude::PyAnyMethods;
                 static TYPE_OBJECT: GILOnceCell<$crate::Py<$crate::types::PyType>> =
                     GILOnceCell::new();
 
                 TYPE_OBJECT
                     .get_or_init(py, || {
                         let imp = py
-                            .import(stringify!($module))
+                            .import_bound(stringify!($module))
                             .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                                 let traceback = err
                                     .traceback_bound(py)
@@ -812,7 +813,7 @@ mod tests {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let err: PyErr = gaierror::new_err(());
             let socket = py
-                .import("socket")
+                .import_bound("socket")
                 .map_err(|e| e.display(py))
                 .expect("could not import socket");
 
@@ -836,7 +837,7 @@ mod tests {
         Python::with_gil(|py| {
             let err: PyErr = MessageError::new_err(());
             let email = py
-                .import("email")
+                .import_bound("email")
                 .map_err(|e| e.display(py))
                 .expect("could not import email");
 

src/gil.rs

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ where
 
     // Import the threading module - this ensures that it will associate this thread as the "main"
     // thread, which is important to avoid an `AssertionError` at finalization.
-    pool.python().import("threading").unwrap();
+    pool.python().import_bound("threading").unwrap();
 
     // Execute the closure.
     let result = f(pool.python());

src/impl_/pymodule.rs

@@ -67,13 +67,14 @@ impl ModuleDef {
     pub fn make_module(&'static self, py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<Py<PyModule>> {
         #[cfg(all(PyPy, not(Py_3_8)))]
         {
+            use crate::types::any::PyAnyMethods;
             const PYPY_GOOD_VERSION: [u8; 3] = [7, 3, 8];
             let version = py
-                .import("sys")?
+                .import_bound("sys")?
                 .getattr("implementation")?
                 .getattr("version")?;
             if version.lt(crate::types::PyTuple::new_bound(py, PYPY_GOOD_VERSION))? {
-                let warn = py.import("warnings")?.getattr("warn")?;
+                let warn = py.import_bound("warnings")?.getattr("warn")?;
                 warn.call1((
                     "PyPy 3.7 versions older than 7.3.8 are known to have binary \
                         compatibility issues which may cause segfaults. Please upgrade.",
@@ -202,7 +203,8 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!((*module_def.ffi_def.get()).m_doc, DOC.as_ptr() as _);
 
             Python::with_gil(|py| {
-                module_def.initializer.0(py, py.import("builtins").unwrap()).unwrap();
+                module_def.initializer.0(py, py.import_bound("builtins").unwrap().into_gil_ref())
+                    .unwrap();
                 assert!(INIT_CALLED.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
             })
         }

src/instance.rs

@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, IntoPy, Py, Python, PyObject, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
     /// fn version(sys: Py<PyModule>, py: Python<'_>) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ impl<T> Py<T> {
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap().into_py(py);
+    /// #    let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap().unbind();
     /// #    version(sys, py).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```

src/lib.rs

@@ -218,10 +218,10 @@
 //!
 //! fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
 //!     Python::with_gil(|py| {
-//!         let sys = py.import("sys")?;
+//!         let sys = py.import_bound("sys")?;
 //!         let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
 //!
-//!         let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
+//!         let locals = [("os", py.import_bound("os")?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 //!         let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
 //!         let user: String = py.eval_bound(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
 //!

src/marker.rs

@@ -736,7 +736,14 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
         T::type_object_bound(self).into_gil_ref()
     }
 
-    /// Imports the Python module with the specified name.
+    /// Deprecated form of [`Python::import_bound`]
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        not(feature = "gil-refs"),
+        deprecated(
+            since = "0.21.0",
+            note = "`Python::import` will be replaced by `Python::import_bound` in a future PyO3 version"
+        )
+    )]
     pub fn import<N>(self, name: N) -> PyResult<&'py PyModule>
     where
         N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,
@@ -744,6 +751,18 @@ impl<'py> Python<'py> {
         PyModule::import(self, name)
     }
 
+    /// Imports the Python module with the specified name.
+    pub fn import_bound<N>(self, name: N) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyModule>>
+    where
+        N: IntoPy<Py<PyString>>,
+    {
+        // FIXME: This should be replaced by `PyModule::import_bound` once thats
+        // implemented.
+        PyModule::import(self, name)
+            .map(PyNativeType::as_borrowed)
+            .map(crate::Borrowed::to_owned)
+    }
+
     /// Gets the Python builtin value `None`.
     #[allow(non_snake_case)] // the Python keyword starts with uppercase
     #[inline]

src/sync.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 //! Synchronization mechanisms based on the Python GIL.
-use crate::{types::PyString, types::PyType, Bound, Py, PyResult, PyVisit, Python};
+use crate::{
+    types::{any::PyAnyMethods, PyString, PyType},
+    Bound, Py, PyResult, PyVisit, Python,
+};
 use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 
 /// Value with concurrent access protected by the GIL.
@@ -197,8 +200,10 @@ impl GILOnceCell<Py<PyType>> {
         module_name: &str,
         attr_name: &str,
     ) -> PyResult<&Bound<'py, PyType>> {
-        self.get_or_try_init(py, || py.import(module_name)?.getattr(attr_name)?.extract())
+        self.get_or_try_init(py, || {
-            .map(|ty| ty.bind(py))
+            py.import_bound(module_name)?.getattr(attr_name)?.extract()
+        })
+        .map(|ty| ty.bind(py))
     }
 }
 

src/tests/common.rs

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ mod inner {
     #[cfg(all(feature = "macros", Py_3_8))]
     impl UnraisableCapture {
         pub fn install(py: Python<'_>) -> Py<Self> {
-            let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+            let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
             let old_hook = sys.getattr("unraisablehook").unwrap().into();
 
             let capture = Py::new(
@@ -104,22 +104,22 @@ mod inner {
         pub fn uninstall(&mut self, py: Python<'_>) {
             let old_hook = self.old_hook.take().unwrap();
 
-            let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+            let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
             sys.setattr("unraisablehook", old_hook).unwrap();
         }
     }
 
     pub struct CatchWarnings<'py> {
-        catch_warnings: &'py PyAny,
+        catch_warnings: Bound<'py, PyAny>,
     }
 
     impl<'py> CatchWarnings<'py> {
         pub fn enter<R>(py: Python<'py>, f: impl FnOnce(&PyList) -> PyResult<R>) -> PyResult<R> {
-            let warnings = py.import("warnings")?;
+            let warnings = py.import_bound("warnings")?;
             let kwargs = [("record", true)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
             let catch_warnings = warnings
                 .getattr("catch_warnings")?
-                .call((), Some(kwargs.as_gil_ref()))?;
+                .call((), Some(&kwargs))?;
             let list = catch_warnings.call_method0("__enter__")?.extract()?;
             let _guard = Self { catch_warnings };
             f(list)

src/types/any.rs

@@ -86,16 +86,16 @@ impl PyAny {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, Python, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
-    /// fn has_version(sys: &PyModule) -> PyResult<bool> {
+    /// fn has_version(sys: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<bool> {
     ///     sys.hasattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+    /// #    let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
-    /// #    has_version(sys).unwrap();
+    /// #    has_version(&sys).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
     pub fn hasattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<bool>
@@ -115,16 +115,16 @@ impl PyAny {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, PyAny, Python, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
-    /// fn version(sys: &PyModule) -> PyResult<&PyAny> {
+    /// fn version<'py>(sys: &Bound<'py, PyModule>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>> {
     ///     sys.getattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+    /// #    let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
-    /// #    version(sys).unwrap();
+    /// #    version(&sys).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
     pub fn getattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<&PyAny>
@@ -956,16 +956,16 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, Python, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
-    /// fn has_version(sys: &PyModule) -> PyResult<bool> {
+    /// fn has_version(sys: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<bool> {
     ///     sys.hasattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+    /// #    let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
-    /// #    has_version(sys).unwrap();
+    /// #    has_version(&sys).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
     fn hasattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<bool>
@@ -982,16 +982,16 @@ pub trait PyAnyMethods<'py> {
     /// # Example: `intern!`ing the attribute name
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// # use pyo3::{intern, pyfunction, types::PyModule, PyAny, Python, PyResult};
+    /// # use pyo3::{prelude::*, intern};
     /// #
     /// #[pyfunction]
-    /// fn version(sys: &PyModule) -> PyResult<&PyAny> {
+    /// fn version<'py>(sys: &Bound<'py, PyModule>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>> {
     ///     sys.getattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
     /// }
     /// #
     /// # Python::with_gil(|py| {
-    /// #    let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+    /// #    let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
-    /// #    version(sys).unwrap();
+    /// #    version(&sys).unwrap();
     /// # });
     /// ```
     fn getattr<N>(&self, attr_name: N) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>>

src/types/traceback.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ use crate::types::PyString;
 use crate::{ffi, Bound};
 use crate::{PyAny, PyNativeType};
 
+use super::any::PyAnyMethods;
+use super::string::PyStringMethods;
+
 /// Represents a Python traceback.
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct PyTraceback(PyAny);
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ impl<'py> PyTracebackMethods<'py> for Bound<'py, PyTraceback> {
     fn format(&self) -> PyResult<String> {
         let py = self.py();
         let string_io = py
-            .import(intern!(py, "io"))?
+            .import_bound(intern!(py, "io"))?
             .getattr(intern!(py, "StringIO"))?
             .call0()?;
         let result = unsafe { ffi::PyTraceBack_Print(self.as_ptr(), string_io.as_ptr()) };
@@ -104,8 +107,8 @@ impl<'py> PyTracebackMethods<'py> for Bound<'py, PyTraceback> {
             .getattr(intern!(py, "getvalue"))?
             .call0()?
             .downcast::<PyString>()?
-            .to_str()?
+            .to_cow()?
-            .to_owned();
+            .into_owned();
         Ok(formatted)
     }
 }

tests/test_class_attributes.rs

@@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ fn test_fallible_class_attribute() {
     use pyo3::{exceptions::PyValueError, types::PyString};
 
     struct CaptureStdErr<'py> {
-        oldstderr: &'py PyAny,
+        oldstderr: Bound<'py, PyAny>,
-        string_io: &'py PyAny,
+        string_io: Bound<'py, PyAny>,
     }
 
     impl<'py> CaptureStdErr<'py> {
         fn new(py: Python<'py>) -> PyResult<Self> {
-            let sys = py.import("sys")?;
+            let sys = py.import_bound("sys")?;
             let oldstderr = sys.getattr("stderr")?;
-            let string_io = py.import("io")?.getattr("StringIO")?.call0()?;
+            let string_io = py.import_bound("io")?.getattr("StringIO")?.call0()?;
-            sys.setattr("stderr", string_io)?;
+            sys.setattr("stderr", &string_io)?;
             Ok(Self {
                 oldstderr,
                 string_io,
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ fn test_fallible_class_attribute() {
                 .getattr("getvalue")?
                 .call0()?
                 .downcast::<PyString>()?
-                .to_str()?
+                .to_cow()?
-                .to_owned();
+                .into_owned();
-            let sys = py.import("sys")?;
+            let sys = py.import_bound("sys")?;
             sys.setattr("stderr", self.oldstderr)?;
             Ok(payload)
         }

tests/test_coroutine.rs

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn cancelled_coroutine() {
             await task
         asyncio.run(main())
         "#;
-        let globals = gil.import("__main__").unwrap().dict().as_borrowed();
+        let globals = gil.import_bound("__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals.set_item("sleep", sleep).unwrap();
         let err = gil
             .run_bound(
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn coroutine_cancel_handle() {
             return await task
         assert asyncio.run(main()) == 0
         "#;
-        let globals = gil.import("__main__").unwrap().dict().as_borrowed();
+        let globals = gil.import_bound("__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals
             .set_item("cancellable_sleep", cancellable_sleep)
             .unwrap();
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ fn coroutine_is_cancelled() {
             await task
         asyncio.run(main())
         "#;
-        let globals = gil.import("__main__").unwrap().dict().as_borrowed();
+        let globals = gil.import_bound("__main__").unwrap().dict();
         globals.set_item("sleep_loop", sleep_loop).unwrap();
         gil.run_bound(
             &pyo3::unindent::unindent(&handle_windows(test)),

tests/test_datetime.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ fn _get_subclasses<'py>(
     args: &str,
 ) -> PyResult<(Bound<'py, PyAny>, Bound<'py, PyAny>, Bound<'py, PyAny>)> {
     // Import the class from Python and create some subclasses
-    let datetime = py.import("datetime")?;
+    let datetime = py.import_bound("datetime")?;
 
     let locals = [(py_type, datetime.getattr(py_type)?)].into_py_dict_bound(py);
 

tests/test_datetime_import.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![cfg(not(Py_LIMITED_API))]
 
-use pyo3::{types::PyDate, Python};
+use pyo3::{prelude::*, types::PyDate};
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic(expected = "module 'datetime' has no attribute 'datetime_CAPI'")]
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fn test_bad_datetime_module_panic() {
     std::fs::File::create(tmpdir.join("datetime.py")).unwrap();
 
     Python::with_gil(|py: Python<'_>| {
-        let sys = py.import("sys").unwrap();
+        let sys = py.import_bound("sys").unwrap();
         sys.getattr("path")
             .unwrap()
             .call_method1("insert", (0, tmpdir))

tests/test_various.rs

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl PickleSupport {
 }
 
 fn add_module(py: Python<'_>, module: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
-    py.import("sys")?
+    py.import_bound("sys")?
         .dict()
         .get_item("modules")
         .unwrap()

tests/ui/invalid_intern_arg.rs

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ use pyo3::Python;
 
 fn main() {
     let foo = if true { "foo" } else { "bar" };
-    Python::with_gil(|py| py.import(pyo3::intern!(py, foo)).unwrap());
+    Python::with_gil(|py| py.import_bound(pyo3::intern!(py, foo)).unwrap());
 }

tests/ui/invalid_intern_arg.stderr

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 error[E0435]: attempt to use a non-constant value in a constant
- --> tests/ui/invalid_intern_arg.rs:5:55
+ --> tests/ui/invalid_intern_arg.rs:5:61
   |
-5 |     Python::with_gil(|py| py.import(pyo3::intern!(py, foo)).unwrap());
+5 |     Python::with_gil(|py| py.import_bound(pyo3::intern!(py, foo)).unwrap());
-  |                                     ------------------^^^-
+  |                                           ------------------^^^-
-  |                                     |                 |
+  |                                           |                 |
-  |                                     |                 non-constant value
+  |                                           |                 non-constant value
-  |                                     help: consider using `let` instead of `static`: `let INTERNED`
+  |                                           help: consider using `let` instead of `static`: `let INTERNED`