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docs	Using PGP, GPG, and Keybase	docs-concepts-pgp-gpg-keybase	Vault has the ability to integrate with OpenPGP-compatible programs like GPG and services like Keybase.io to provide an additional layer of security when performing certain operations. This page details the various GPG integrations, their use, and operation.

Using PGP, GPG, and Keybase

Vault has the ability to integrate with OpenPGP-compatible programs like GPG and services like Keybase.io to provide an additional layer of security when performing certain operations. This page details the various PGP integrations, their use, and operation.

Initializing with PGP

One of the early fundamental problems when bootstrapping and initializing Vault was that the first user (the initializer) received a plain-text copy of all of the unseal keys. This defeats the promises of Vault's security model, and it also makes the distribution of those keys more difficult. Since Vault 0.3, Vault can optionally be initialized using PGP keys. In this mode, Vault will generate the unseal keys and then immediately encrypt them using the given users' public PGP keys. Only the owner of the corresponding private key is then able to decrypt the value, revealing the plain-text unseal key.

First, you must create, acquire, or import the appropriate key(s) onto the local machine from which you are initializing Vault. This guide will not attempt to cover all aspects of PGP keys but give examples using two popular programs: Keybase and GPG.

For beginners, we suggest using Keybase.io ("Keybase") as it can be both simpler and has a number of useful behaviors and properties around key management, such as verification of users' identities using a number of public online sources. It also exposes the ability for users to have PGP keys generated, stored, and managed securely on their servers. Using Vault with Keybase will be discussed first as it is simpler.

Initializing with Keybase

To generate unseal keys for Keybase users, Vault accepts the keybase: prefix to the -pgp-keys argument:

$ vault init -key-shares=3 -key-threshold=2 \
    -pgp-keys="keybase:jefferai,keybase:vishalnayak,keybase:sethvargo"

This requires far fewer steps than traditional PGP (e.g. with gpg) because Keybase handles a few of the tedious steps. The output will be the similar to the following:

Key 1: c1c04c03d5f43b6432ea77f3010800...
Key 2: 612b611295f255baa2eb702a5e254f...
Key 3: ebfd78302325e2631bcc21e11cae00...
...

Unsealing with Keybase

As a user, the easiest way to decrypt your unseal key is with the Keybase CLI tool. You can download it from Keybase.io download page. After you have downloaded and configured the Keybase CLI, you are now tasked with entering your unseal key. To get the plain-text unseal key, you must decrypt the value given to you by the initializer. To get the plain-text value, run the following command:

$ echo "c1c0..." | xxd -r -p | keybase pgp decrypt

And replace c1c0... with the encrypted key.

You will be prompted to enter your Keybase passphrase. The output will be the plain-text unseal key.

6ecb46277133e04b29bd0b1b05e60722dab7cdc684a0d3ee2de50ce4c38a357101

This is your unseal key in plain-text and should be guarded the same way you guard a password. Now you can enter your key to the unseal command:

$ vault unseal
Key (will be hidden): ...

Initializing with GPG

GPG is an open-source implementation of the OpenPGP standard and is available on nearly every platform. For more information, please see the GPG manual.

To create a new PGP key, run, following the prompts:

$ gpg --gen-key

To import an existing key, download the public key onto disk and run:

$ gpg --import key.asc

Once you have imported the users' public keys, you need to save their values to disk as either base64 or binary key files. For example:

$ gpg --export 348FFC4C | base64 > seth.asc

These key files must exist on disk in base64 (the "standard" base64 character set, without ASCII armoring) or binary. Once saved to disk, the path to these files can be specified as an argument to the -pgp-keys flag.

$ vault init -key-shares=3 -key-threshold=2 \
    -pgp-keys="jeff.asc,vishal.asc,seth.asc"

The result should look something like this:

Key 1: c1c04c03d5f43b6432ea77f3010800...
Key 2: 612b611295f255baa2eb702a5e254f...
Key 3: ebfd78302325e2631bcc21e11cae00...
...

The output should be rather long in comparison to a regular unseal key. These keys are encrypted, and only the user holding the corresponding private key can decrypt the value. The keys are encrypted in the order in which specified in the -pgp-keys attribute. As such, the first key belongs to Jeff, the second to Vishal, and the third to Seth. These keys can be distributed over almost any medium, although common sense and judgement are best advised.

Unsealing with a GPG

Assuming you have been given an unseal key that was encrypted using your public PGP key, you are now tasked with entering your unseal key. To get the plain-text unseal key, you must decrypt the value given to you by the initializer. To get the plain-text value, run the following command:

$ echo "c1c0..." | xxd -r -p | gpg -d

And replace c1c0... with the encrypted key. (Vault's API and command line client return the encrypted keys as ASCII hexdumps of the binary data, which can be converted back to binary with the xxd tool.)

If you encrypted your private PGP key with a passphrase, you may be prompted to enter it. After you enter your password, the output will be the plain-text key:

6ecb46277133e04b29bd0b1b05e60722dab7cdc684a0d3ee2de50ce4c38a357101