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---
layout: docs
page_title: PKCS#11 Provider - Vault Enterprise
description: |-
The Vault PKCS#11 Provider allows Vault KMIP Secrets Engine to be used via PKCS#11 calls.
The provider supports a subset of key generation, encryption, decryption and key storage operations.
This requires the Enterprise ADP-KM license.
---
# PKCS#11 Provider
[PKCS#11](http://docs.oasis-open.org/pkcs11/pkcs11-base/v2.40/os/pkcs11-base-v2.40-os.html)
is an open standard C API that provides a means to access cryptographic capabilities on a device.
For example, it is often used to access a Hardware Security Module (HSM) (like a [Yubikey](https://www.yubico.com/)) from a local program (such as [GPG](https://gnupg.org/)).
Vault provides a PKCS#11 library (or provider) so that Vault can be used as an SSM (Software Security Module).
This allows a user to treat Vault like any other PKCS#11 device to manage keys, objects, and perform encryption and decryption in Vault using PKCS#11 calls.
The PKCS#11 library connects to Vault's [KMIP Secrets Engine](/vault/docs/secrets/kmip) to provide cryptographic operations and object storage.
## Platform Support
This library works with Vault Enterprise 1.11+ with the advanced data protection module in the license
with the KMIP Secrets Engine.
| Operating System | Architecture | Distribution | glibc |
| ---------------- | -------------| ----------------- | ------- |
| Linux | x86-64 | RHEL 7 compatible | 2.17 |
| Linux | x86-64 | RHEL 8 compatible | 2.28 |
| Linux | x86-64 | RHEL 9 compatible | 2.34 |
| macOS | x86-64 | — | — |
_Note:_ `vault-pkcs11-provider` runs on _any_ glibc-based Linux distribution. The versions above are given in RHEL-compatible GLIBC versions; for your
distro's glibc version, choose the `vault-pkcs11-provider` built against the same or older version as what your distro provides.
The provider comes in the form of a shared C library, `libvault-pkcs11.so` (for Linux) or `libvault-pkcs11.dylib` (for macOS).
It can be downloaded from [releases.hashicorp.com](https://releases.hashicorp.com/vault-pkcs11-provider).
## Quick Start
1. To use the provider, you will need access to a Vault Enterprise instance with the KMIP Secrets Engine.
For example, you can start one locally (if you have a license in the `VAULT_LICENSE` environment variable) with:
```sh
docker pull hashicorp/vault-enterprise &&
docker run --name vault \
-p 5696:5696 \
-p 8200:8200 \
--cap-add=IPC_LOCK \
-e VAULT_LICENSE=$(printenv VAULT_LICENSE) \
-e VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200 \
-e VAULT_TOKEN=root \
hashicorp/vault-enterprise \
server -dev -dev-root-token-id root -dev-listen-address 0.0.0.0:8200
```
1. Configure the [KMIP Secrets Engine](/vault/docs/secrets/kmip) and a KMIP *scope*. The scope is used to hold keys and objects.
~> **Note**: These commands will output the credentials in plaintext.
```sh
vault secrets enable kmip
vault write kmip/config listen_addrs=0.0.0.0:5696
vault write -f kmip/scope/my-service
vault write kmip/scope/my-service/role/admin operation_all=true
vault write -f -format=json kmip/scope/my-service/role/admin/credential/generate | tee kmip.json
```
~> **Important**: When configuring KMIP in production, you will probably need to set the
`server_hostnames` and `server_ips` [configuration parameters](/vault/api-docs/secret/kmip#parameters),
otherwise the TLS connection to the KMIP Secrets Engine will fail due to certification validation errors.
This last line will generate a JSON file with the certificate, key, and CA certificate chain to connect
to the KMIP server. You'll need to save these to files so that the PKCS#11 provider can use them.
```sh
jq --raw-output --exit-status '.data.ca_chain[]' kmip.json > ca.pem
jq --raw-output --exit-status '.data.certificate' kmip.json > cert.pem
```
The certificate file from the KMIP Secrets Engine also contains the key.
1. Create a configuration file called `vault-pkcs11.hcl`:
```hcl
slot {
server = "127.0.0.1:5696"
tls_cert_path = "cert.pem"
ca_path = "ca.pem"
scope = "my-service"
}
```
See [below](#configuration) for all available parameters.
1. Copy the certificates from the KMIP credentials into the files specified in the configuration file (e.g., `cert.pem`, and `ca.pem`).
1. You should now be able to use the `libvault-pkcs11.so` (or `.dylib`) library to access the KMIP Secrets Engine in Vault using any PKCS#11-compatible tool, like OpenSC's `pkcs11-tool`, e.g.:
```sh
$ VAULT_LOG_FILE=/dev/null pkcs11-tool --module ./libvault-pkcs11.so -L
Available slots:
Slot 0 (0x0): Vault slot 0
token label : Token 0
token manufacturer : HashiCorp
token model : Vault Enterprise
token flags : token initialized, PIN initialized, other flags=0x60
hardware version : 1.12
firmware version : 1.12
serial num : 1234
pin min/max : 0/255
$ VAULT_LOG_FILE=/dev/null pkcs11-tool --module ./libvault-pkcs11.so --keygen -a abc123 --key-type AES:32 \
--extractable --allow-sw 2>/dev/null
Key generated:
Secret Key Object; AES length 32
VALUE:
label: abc123
Usage: encrypt, decrypt, wrap, unwrap
Access: none
```
The `VAULT_LOG_FILE=/dev/null` setting is to prevent the Vault PKCS#11 driver logs from appearing in stdout (the default if no file is specified).
In production, it's good to set `VAULT_LOG_FILE` to point to somewhere more permanent, like `/var/log/vault.log`.
## Configuration
The PKCS#11 Provider can be configured through an HCL file and through envionment variables.
The HCL file contains directives to map PKCS#11 device
[slots](http://docs.oasis-open.org/pkcs11/pkcs11-base/v2.40/os/pkcs11-base-v2.40-os.html#_Toc416959678) (logical devices)
to Vault instances and KMIP scopes and configures how the library will authenticate to KMIP (with a client TLS certificate).
The PKCS#11 library will look for this file in `vault-pkcs11.hcl` and `/etc/vault-pkcs11.hcl` by default, or you can override this by setting the `VAULT_KMIP_CONFIG` environment variable.
For example,
```hcl
slot {
server = "127.0.0.1:5696"
tls_cert_path = "cert.pem"
ca_path = "ca.pem"
scope = "my-service"
}
```
The `slot` block configures the first PKCS#11 slot to point to Vault.
Most programs will use only one slot.
- `server` (required): the Vault server's IP or DNS name and port number (5696 is the default).
- `tls_cert_path` (required): the location of the client TLS certificate used to authenticate to the KMIP engine.
- `tls_key_path` (optional, defaults to the value of `tls_cert_path`): the location of the encrypted or unencrypted TLS key used to authenticate to the KMIP engine.
- `ca_path` (required): the location of the CA bundle that will be used to verify the server's certificate.
- `scope` (required): the [KMIP scope](/vault/docs/secrets/kmip#scopes-and-roles) to authenticate against and where the TDE master keys and associated metadata will be stored.
- `cache` (optional, default `true`): if the provider uses a cache to improve the performance of `C_GetAttributeValue` (KMIP: `GetAttributes`) calls.
- `emulate_hardware` (optional, default `false`): specifies if the provider should report that it is connected to a hardware device.
The default location the PKCS#11 library will look for the configuration file is the current directory (`vault-pkcs11.hcl`) and `/etc/vault-pkcs11.hcl`, but you can override this by setting the `VAULT_KMIP_CONFIG` environment variable to any file.
Environment variables can be also used to configure these parameters and more.
- `VAULT_KMIP_CONFIG`: location of the HCL configuration file. By default, the provider will check `./vault-pkcs11.hcl` and `/etc/vault-pkcs11.hcl`.
- `VAULT_KMIP_CERT_FILE`: location of the TLS certificate used for authentication to the KMIP engine.
- `VAULT_KMIP_KEY_FILE`: location of the TLS key used for authentication to the KMIP engine.
- `VAULT_KMIP_KEY_PASSWORD`: password for the TLS key file, if it is encrypted to the KMIP engine.
- `VAULT_KMIP_CA_FILE`: location of the TLS CA bundle used to authenticate the connection to the KMIP engine.
- `VAULT_KMIP_SERVER`: address and port of the KMIP engine to use for encryption and storage.
- `VAULT_KMIP_SCOPE`: KMIP scope to use for encryption and storage
- `VAULT_KMIP_CACHE`: whether or not to cache `C_GetAttributeValue` (KMIP: `GetAttributes`) calls.
- `VAULT_LOG_LEVEL`: the log level that the provider will use. Defaults to `WARN`. Valid values include `TRACE`, `DEBUG`, `INFO`, `WARN`, `ERROR`, and `OFF`.
- `VAULT_LOG_FILE`: the location of the file the provider will use for logging. Defaults to standard out.
- `VAULT_EMULATE_HARDWARE`: whether or not the provider will report that it is backed by a hardware device.
## Encrypted TLS Key Support
The TLS key returned by the KMIP engine is unencrypted by default.
However, the PKCS#11 provider does support (limited) encryption options for the key using [RFC 1423](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1423).
We would only recommend using AES-256-CBC out of the available algorithms.
The keys from KMIP should be ECDSA keys, and can be encrypted with a password with OpenSSL, e.g.,:
```sh
openssl ec -in cert.key -out encrypted.key -aes-256-cbc
```
The PKCS#11 provider will need access to the password to decrypt the TLS key.
The password can be supplied to the provider in two ways:
- The `VAULT_KMIP_KEY_PASSWORD` environment variable, or
- the "PIN" parameter to the `C_Login` PKCS#11 function will be used to try to decrypt an encrypted TLS key.
Note that only a single password can be supplied via the `VAULT_KMIP_KEY_PASSWORD`, so if multiple slots in the HCL file use encrypted TLS keys, they will need to be encrypted with the same password, or use the `C_Login` method to specify the password.
## Error Handling
If an error occurs, the first place to check will be the `VAULT_LOG_FILE` for any relevant error messages.
If the PKCS#11 provider returns an error code of `0x30` (`CKR_DEVICE_ERROR`), then an additional device error code may
be available from the `C_SessionInfo` call.
Here are the known device error codes the provider will return:
| Code | Meaning |
| ---- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 400 | Invalid input was provided in the configuration or PKCS#11 call. |
| 401 | Invalid credentials were provided. |
| 404 | The object, attribute, or key was not found. |
| 600 | An unknown I/O error occurred. |
| 601 | A KMIP engine error occured. |
## Capabilities
The Vault PKCS#11 provider implements the following PKCS#11 provider profiles:
- [Baseline](http://docs.oasis-open.org/pkcs11/pkcs11-profiles/v2.40/os/pkcs11-profiles-v2.40-os.html#_Toc416960548)
- [Extended](http://docs.oasis-open.org/pkcs11/pkcs11-profiles/v2.40/os/pkcs11-profiles-v2.40-os.html#_Toc416960554)
The following key genration mechanisms are currently supported:
| Name | Mechanism Number |Provider Version|Vault Version|
| ------------------ | ---------------- |----------------|-------------|
| RSA-PKCS | `0x0000` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| AES key generation | `0x1080` | 0.1.0 | 1.12 |
The following encryption mechanisms are currently supported:
| Name | Mechanism Number |Provider Version|Vault Version|
| ------------------ | ---------------- |----------------|-------------|
| RSA-PKCS | `0x0001` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| RSA-PKCS-OAEP | `0x0009` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| AES-ECB | `0x1081` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| AES-CBC | `0x1082` | 0.1.0 | 1.12 |
| AES-CBC Pad | `0x1085` | 0.1.0 | 1.12 |
| AES-CTR | `0x1086` | 0.1.0 | 1.12 |
| AES-GCM | `0x1087` | 0.1.0 | 1.12 |
| AES-OFB | `0x2104` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| AES-CFB128 | `0x2107` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
The following signing mechanisms are currently supported:
| Name | Mechanism Number |Provider Version|Vault Version|
| ------------------ | ---------------- |----------------|-------------|
| RSA-PKCS | `0x0001` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA256-RSA-PKCS | `0x0040` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA384-RSA-PKCS | `0x0041` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA512-RSA-PKCS | `0x0042` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA224-RSA-PKCS | `0x0046` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA512-224-HMAC | `0x0049` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA512-256-HMAC | `0x004D` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA256-HMAC | `0x0251` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA224-HMAC | `0x0256` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA384-HMAC | `0x0261` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
| SHA512-HMAC | `0x0271` | 0.2.0 | 1.13 |
<Tabs>
<Tab heading="Supported PKCS#11 Functions (version 0.2)">
Here is the list of supported and unsupported PKCS#11 functions:
- Encryption and decryption
- [X] `C_EncryptInit`
- [X] `C_Encrypt`
- [X] `C_EncryptUpdate`
- [X] `C_EncryptFinal`
- [X] `C_DecryptInit`
- [X] `C_Decrypt`
- [X] `C_DecryptUpdate`
- [X] `C_DecryptFinal`
- Key management
- [X] `C_GenerateKey`
- [X] `C_GenerateKeyPair`
- [ ] `C_WrapKey`
- [ ] `C_UnwrapKey`
- [ ] `C_DeriveKey`
- Objects
- [X] `C_CreateObject`
- [X] `C_DestroyObject`
- [X] `C_GetAttributeValue`
- [X] `C_FindObjectsInit`
- [X] `C_FindObjects`
- [X] `C_FindObjectsFinal`
- [ ] `C_SetAttributeValue`
- [ ] `C_CopyObject`
- [ ] `C_GetObjectSize`
- Management
- [X] `C_Initialize`
- [X] `C_Finalize`
- [X] `C_Login` (PIN is used as a passphrase for the TLS encryption key, if provided)
- [X] `C_Logout`
- [X] `C_GetInfo`
- [X] `C_GetSlotList`
- [X] `C_GetSlotInfo`
- [X] `C_GetTokenInfo`
- [X] `C_GetMechanismList`
- [X] `C_GetMechanismInfo`
- [X] `C_OpenSession`
- [X] `C_CloseSession`
- [X] `C_CloseAllSessions`
- [X] `C_GetSessionInfo`
- [ ] `C_InitToken`
- [ ] `C_InitPIN`
- [ ] `C_SetPIN`
- [ ] `C_GetOperationState`
- [ ] `C_SetOperationState`
- [ ] `C_GetFunctionStatus`
- [ ] `C_CancelFunction`
- [ ] `C_WaitForSlotEvent`
- Signing
- [X] `C_SignInit`
- [X] `C_Sign`
- [X] `C_SignUpdate`
- [X] `C_SignFinal`
- [ ] `C_SignRecoverInit`
- [ ] `C_SignRecover`
- [X] `C_VerifyInit`
- [X] `C_Verify`
- [X] `C_VerifyUpdate`
- [X] `C_VerifyFinal`
- [ ] `C_VerifyRecoverInit`
- [ ] `C_VerifyRecover`
- Digests
- [ ] `C_DigestInit`
- [ ] `C_Digest`
- [ ] `C_DigestUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DigestKey`
- [ ] `C_DigestFinal`
- [ ] `C_DigestEncryptUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DecryptDigestUpdate`
- [ ] `C_SignEncryptUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DecryptVerifyUpdate`
- Random Number Generation (see note below)
- [X] `C_SeedRandom`
- [X] `C_GenerateRandom`
</Tab>
<Tab heading="Supported PKCS#11 Functions (version 0.1)">
Here is the list of supported and unsupported PKCS#11 functions:
- Encryption and decryption
- [X] `C_EncryptInit`
- [X] `C_Encrypt`
- [ ] `C_EncryptUpdate`
- [ ] `C_EncryptFinal`
- [X] `C_DecryptInit`
- [X] `C_Decrypt`
- [ ] `C_DecryptUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DecryptFinal`
- Key management
- [X] `C_GenerateKey`
- [ ] `C_GenerateKeyPair`
- [ ] `C_WrapKey`
- [ ] `C_UnwrapKey`
- [ ] `C_DeriveKey`
- Objects
- [X] `C_CreateObject`
- [X] `C_DestroyObject`
- [X] `C_GetAttributeValue`
- [X] `C_FindObjectsInit`
- [X] `C_FindObjects`
- [X] `C_FindObjectsFinal`
- [ ] `C_SetAttributeValue`
- [ ] `C_CopyObject`
- [ ] `C_GetObjectSize`
- Management
- [X] `C_Initialize`
- [X] `C_Finalize`
- [X] `C_Login` (PIN is used as a passphrase for the TLS encryption key, if provided)
- [X] `C_Logout`
- [X] `C_GetInfo`
- [X] `C_GetSlotList`
- [X] `C_GetSlotInfo`
- [X] `C_GetTokenInfo`
- [X] `C_GetMechanismList`
- [X] `C_GetMechanismInfo`
- [X] `C_OpenSession`
- [X] `C_CloseSession`
- [X] `C_CloseAllSessions`
- [X] `C_GetSessionInfo`
- [ ] `C_InitToken`
- [ ] `C_InitPIN`
- [ ] `C_SetPIN`
- [ ] `C_GetOperationState`
- [ ] `C_SetOperationState`
- [ ] `C_GetFunctionStatus`
- [ ] `C_CancelFunction`
- [ ] `C_WaitForSlotEvent`
- Signing
- [ ] `C_SignInit`
- [ ] `C_Sign`
- [ ] `C_SignUpdate`
- [ ] `C_SignFinal`
- [ ] `C_SignRecoverInit`
- [ ] `C_SignRecover`
- [ ] `C_VerifyInit`
- [ ] `C_Verify`
- [ ] `C_VerifyUpdate`
- [ ] `C_VerifyFinal`
- [ ] `C_VerifyRecoverInit`
- [ ] `C_VerifyRecover`
- Digests
- [ ] `C_DigestInit`
- [ ] `C_Digest`
- [ ] `C_DigestUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DigestKey`
- [ ] `C_DigestFinal`
- [ ] `C_DigestEncryptUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DecryptDigestUpdate`
- [ ] `C_SignEncryptUpdate`
- [ ] `C_DecryptVerifyUpdate`
- Random Number Generation (see note below)
- [X] `C_SeedRandom`
- [X] `C_GenerateRandom`
</Tab>
</Tabs>
## Limitations and Notes
Due to the nature of Vault, the KMIP Secrets Engine, and PKCS#11, there are some other limitations to be aware of:
- The key and object IDs returned by `C_FindObjects`, etc., are randomized for each session, and cannot be shared between sessions; they have no meaning after a session is closed.
This is because KMIP objects, which are used to store the PKCS#11 objects, have long random strings as IDs, but the PKCS#11 object ID is limited to a 32-bit integer. Also, the PKCS#11 provider does not have any local storage.
- The PKCS#11 provider's performance is heavily dependent on the latency to the Vault server and its performance.
This is because nearly all PKCS#11 API calls are translated 1-1 to KMIP calls, aside from some object attribute calls (which can be locally cached).
Multiple sessions can be safely used simultaneously though, and a single Vault server node has been tested as supporting thousands of ongoing sessions.
- The object attribute cache is valid only for a single object per session, and will be cleared when another object's attributes are queried.
- The random number generator function, `C_GenerateRandom`, is currently implemented in software in the library by calling out to Go's [`crypto/rand`](https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/rand) package,
and does **not** call Vault.
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