open-vault/builtin/logical/transit/backend_test.go

package transit

import (
	"context"
	cryptoRand "crypto/rand"
	"encoding/base64"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"path"
	"reflect"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	uuid "github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid"
	logicaltest "github.com/hashicorp/vault/helper/testhelpers/logical"
	"github.com/hashicorp/vault/sdk/framework"
	"github.com/hashicorp/vault/sdk/helper/keysutil"
	"github.com/hashicorp/vault/sdk/logical"
	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
)

const (
	testPlaintext = "The quick brown fox"
)

func createBackendWithStorage(t testing.TB) (*backend, logical.Storage) {
	config := logical.TestBackendConfig()
	config.StorageView = &logical.InmemStorage{}

	b, _ := Backend(context.Background(), config)
	if b == nil {
		t.Fatalf("failed to create backend")
	}
	err := b.Backend.Setup(context.Background(), config)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	return b, config.StorageView
}

func createBackendWithSysView(t testing.TB) (*backend, logical.Storage) {
	sysView := logical.TestSystemView()
	storage := &logical.InmemStorage{}

	conf := &logical.BackendConfig{
		StorageView: storage,
		System:      sysView,
	}

	b, _ := Backend(context.Background(), conf)
	if b == nil {
		t.Fatal("failed to create backend")
	}

	err := b.Backend.Setup(context.Background(), conf)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	return b, storage
}

func createBackendWithSysViewWithStorage(t testing.TB, s logical.Storage) *backend {
	sysView := logical.TestSystemView()

	conf := &logical.BackendConfig{
		StorageView: s,
		System:      sysView,
	}

	b, _ := Backend(context.Background(), conf)
	if b == nil {
		t.Fatal("failed to create backend")
	}

	err := b.Backend.Setup(context.Background(), conf)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	return b
}

func createBackendWithForceNoCacheWithSysViewWithStorage(t testing.TB, s logical.Storage) *backend {
	sysView := logical.TestSystemView()
	sysView.CachingDisabledVal = true

	conf := &logical.BackendConfig{
		StorageView: s,
		System:      sysView,
	}

	b, _ := Backend(context.Background(), conf)
	if b == nil {
		t.Fatal("failed to create backend")
	}

	err := b.Backend.Setup(context.Background(), conf)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	return b
}

func TestTransit_RSA(t *testing.T) {
	testTransit_RSA(t, "rsa-2048")
	testTransit_RSA(t, "rsa-3072")
	testTransit_RSA(t, "rsa-4096")
}

func testTransit_RSA(t *testing.T, keyType string) {
	var resp *logical.Response
	var err error
	b, storage := createBackendWithStorage(t)

	keyReq := &logical.Request{
		Path:      "keys/rsa",
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"type": keyType,
		},
		Storage: storage,
	}

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), keyReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}

	plaintext := "dGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveA==" // "the quick brown fox"

	encryptReq := &logical.Request{
		Path:      "encrypt/rsa",
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Storage:   storage,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": plaintext,
		},
	}

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), encryptReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}

	ciphertext1 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	decryptReq := &logical.Request{
		Path:      "decrypt/rsa",
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Storage:   storage,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"ciphertext": ciphertext1,
		},
	}

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), decryptReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}

	decryptedPlaintext := resp.Data["plaintext"]

	if plaintext != decryptedPlaintext {
		t.Fatalf("bad: plaintext; expected: %q\nactual: %q", plaintext, decryptedPlaintext)
	}

	// Rotate the key
	rotateReq := &logical.Request{
		Path:      "keys/rsa/rotate",
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Storage:   storage,
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), rotateReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}

	// Encrypt again
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), encryptReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	ciphertext2 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	if ciphertext1 == ciphertext2 {
		t.Fatalf("expected different ciphertexts")
	}

	// See if the older ciphertext can still be decrypted
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), decryptReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	if resp.Data["plaintext"].(string) != plaintext {
		t.Fatal("failed to decrypt old ciphertext after rotating the key")
	}

	// Decrypt the new ciphertext
	decryptReq.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"ciphertext": ciphertext2,
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), decryptReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	if resp.Data["plaintext"].(string) != plaintext {
		t.Fatal("failed to decrypt ciphertext after rotating the key")
	}

	signReq := &logical.Request{
		Path:      "sign/rsa",
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Storage:   storage,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"input": plaintext,
		},
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), signReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	signature := resp.Data["signature"].(string)

	verifyReq := &logical.Request{
		Path:      "verify/rsa",
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Storage:   storage,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"input":     plaintext,
			"signature": signature,
		},
	}

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), verifyReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	if !resp.Data["valid"].(bool) {
		t.Fatalf("failed to verify the RSA signature")
	}

	signReq.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"input":          plaintext,
		"hash_algorithm": "invalid",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), signReq)
	if err == nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	signReq.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"input":          plaintext,
		"hash_algorithm": "sha2-512",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), signReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	signature = resp.Data["signature"].(string)

	verifyReq.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"input":     plaintext,
		"signature": signature,
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), verifyReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	if resp.Data["valid"].(bool) {
		t.Fatalf("expected validation to fail")
	}

	verifyReq.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"input":          plaintext,
		"signature":      signature,
		"hash_algorithm": "sha2-512",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), verifyReq)
	if err != nil || (resp != nil && resp.IsError()) {
		t.Fatalf("bad: err: %v\nresp: %#v", err, resp)
	}
	if !resp.Data["valid"].(bool) {
		t.Fatalf("failed to verify the RSA signature")
	}
}

func TestBackend_basic(t *testing.T) {
	decryptData := make(map[string]interface{})
	logicaltest.Test(t, logicaltest.TestCase{
		LogicalFactory: Factory,
		Steps: []logicaltest.TestStep{
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", true),
			testAccStepWritePolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", false, false),
			testAccStepEncrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepEncrypt(t, "test", "", decryptData),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", "", decryptData),
			testAccStepDeleteNotDisabledPolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepEnableDeletion(t, "test"),
			testAccStepDeletePolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepWritePolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepEnableDeletion(t, "test"),
			testAccStepDisableDeletion(t, "test"),
			testAccStepDeleteNotDisabledPolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepEnableDeletion(t, "test"),
			testAccStepDeletePolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", true, false),
		},
	})
}

func TestBackend_upsert(t *testing.T) {
	decryptData := make(map[string]interface{})
	logicaltest.Test(t, logicaltest.TestCase{
		LogicalFactory: Factory,
		Steps: []logicaltest.TestStep{
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", true, false),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", true),
			testAccStepEncryptUpsert(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", false, false),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
		},
	})
}

func TestBackend_datakey(t *testing.T) {
	dataKeyInfo := make(map[string]interface{})
	logicaltest.Test(t, logicaltest.TestCase{
		LogicalFactory: Factory,
		Steps: []logicaltest.TestStep{
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", true),
			testAccStepWritePolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", false, false),
			testAccStepWriteDatakey(t, "test", false, 256, dataKeyInfo),
			testAccStepDecryptDatakey(t, "test", dataKeyInfo),
			testAccStepWriteDatakey(t, "test", true, 128, dataKeyInfo),
		},
	})
}

func TestBackend_rotation(t *testing.T) {
	defer os.Setenv("TRANSIT_ACC_KEY_TYPE", "")
	testBackendRotation(t)
	os.Setenv("TRANSIT_ACC_KEY_TYPE", "CHACHA")
	testBackendRotation(t)
}

func testBackendRotation(t *testing.T) {
	decryptData := make(map[string]interface{})
	encryptHistory := make(map[int]map[string]interface{})
	logicaltest.Test(t, logicaltest.TestCase{
		LogicalFactory: Factory,
		Steps: []logicaltest.TestStep{
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", true),
			testAccStepWritePolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepEncryptVX(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData, 0, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepEncryptVX(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData, 1, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepRotate(t, "test"), // now v2
			testAccStepEncryptVX(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData, 2, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepRotate(t, "test"), // now v3
			testAccStepEncryptVX(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData, 3, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepRotate(t, "test"), // now v4
			testAccStepEncryptVX(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData, 4, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepEncryptVX(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData, 99, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecryptExpectFailure(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 0, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 1, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 2, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 3, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 99, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecryptExpectFailure(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 4, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepDeleteNotDisabledPolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepAdjustPolicyMinDecryption(t, "test", 3),
			testAccStepAdjustPolicyMinEncryption(t, "test", 4),
			testAccStepReadPolicyWithVersions(t, "test", false, false, 3, 4),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 0, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecryptExpectFailure(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 1, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecryptExpectFailure(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 2, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecryptExpectFailure(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 3, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 4, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepAdjustPolicyMinDecryption(t, "test", 1),
			testAccStepReadPolicyWithVersions(t, "test", false, false, 1, 4),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 0, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 1, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepLoadVX(t, "test", decryptData, 2, encryptHistory),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepRewrap(t, "test", decryptData, 4),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepEnableDeletion(t, "test"),
			testAccStepDeletePolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", true, false),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", true),
		},
	})
}

func TestBackend_basic_derived(t *testing.T) {
	decryptData := make(map[string]interface{})
	logicaltest.Test(t, logicaltest.TestCase{
		LogicalFactory: Factory,
		Steps: []logicaltest.TestStep{
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", true),
			testAccStepWritePolicy(t, "test", true),
			testAccStepListPolicy(t, "test", false),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", false, true),
			testAccStepEncryptContext(t, "test", testPlaintext, "my-cool-context", decryptData),
			testAccStepDecrypt(t, "test", testPlaintext, decryptData),
			testAccStepEnableDeletion(t, "test"),
			testAccStepDeletePolicy(t, "test"),
			testAccStepReadPolicy(t, "test", true, true),
		},
	})
}

func testAccStepWritePolicy(t *testing.T, name string, derived bool) logicaltest.TestStep {
	ts := logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"derived": derived,
		},
	}
	if os.Getenv("TRANSIT_ACC_KEY_TYPE") == "CHACHA" {
		ts.Data["type"] = "chacha20-poly1305"
	}
	return ts
}

func testAccStepListPolicy(t *testing.T, name string, expectNone bool) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.ListOperation,
		Path:      "keys",
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			if resp == nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing response")
			}
			if expectNone {
				keysRaw, ok := resp.Data["keys"]
				if ok || keysRaw != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("response data when expecting none")
				}
				return nil
			}
			if len(resp.Data) == 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("no data returned")
			}

			var d struct {
				Keys []string `mapstructure:"keys"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if len(d.Keys) > 0 && d.Keys[0] != name {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad name: %#v", d)
			}
			if len(d.Keys) != 1 {
				return fmt.Errorf("only 1 key expected, %d returned", len(d.Keys))
			}
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepAdjustPolicyMinDecryption(t *testing.T, name string, minVer int) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name + "/config",
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"min_decryption_version": minVer,
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepAdjustPolicyMinEncryption(t *testing.T, name string, minVer int) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name + "/config",
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"min_encryption_version": minVer,
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepDisableDeletion(t *testing.T, name string) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name + "/config",
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"deletion_allowed": false,
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepEnableDeletion(t *testing.T, name string) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name + "/config",
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"deletion_allowed": true,
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepDeletePolicy(t *testing.T, name string) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.DeleteOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name,
	}
}

func testAccStepDeleteNotDisabledPolicy(t *testing.T, name string) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.DeleteOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name,
		ErrorOk:   true,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			if resp == nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("got nil response instead of error")
			}
			if resp.IsError() {
				return nil
			}
			return fmt.Errorf("expected error but did not get one")
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepReadPolicy(t *testing.T, name string, expectNone, derived bool) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return testAccStepReadPolicyWithVersions(t, name, expectNone, derived, 1, 0)
}

func testAccStepReadPolicyWithVersions(t *testing.T, name string, expectNone, derived bool, minDecryptionVersion int, minEncryptionVersion int) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.ReadOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			if resp == nil && !expectNone {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing response")
			} else if expectNone {
				if resp != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("response when expecting none")
				}
				return nil
			}
			var d struct {
				Name                 string           `mapstructure:"name"`
				Key                  []byte           `mapstructure:"key"`
				Keys                 map[string]int64 `mapstructure:"keys"`
				Type                 string           `mapstructure:"type"`
				Derived              bool             `mapstructure:"derived"`
				KDF                  string           `mapstructure:"kdf"`
				DeletionAllowed      bool             `mapstructure:"deletion_allowed"`
				ConvergentEncryption bool             `mapstructure:"convergent_encryption"`
				MinDecryptionVersion int              `mapstructure:"min_decryption_version"`
				MinEncryptionVersion int              `mapstructure:"min_encryption_version"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}

			if d.Name != name {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad name: %#v", d)
			}
			if os.Getenv("TRANSIT_ACC_KEY_TYPE") == "CHACHA" {
				if d.Type != keysutil.KeyType(keysutil.KeyType_ChaCha20_Poly1305).String() {
					return fmt.Errorf("bad key type: %#v", d)
				}
			} else if d.Type != keysutil.KeyType(keysutil.KeyType_AES256_GCM96).String() {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad key type: %#v", d)
			}
			// Should NOT get a key back
			if d.Key != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			if d.Keys == nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			if d.MinDecryptionVersion != minDecryptionVersion {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			if d.MinEncryptionVersion != minEncryptionVersion {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			if d.DeletionAllowed == true {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			if d.Derived != derived {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			if derived && d.KDF != "hkdf_sha256" {
				return fmt.Errorf("bad: %#v", d)
			}
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepEncrypt(
	t *testing.T, name, plaintext string, decryptData map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "encrypt/" + name,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(plaintext)),
		},
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Ciphertext string `mapstructure:"ciphertext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if d.Ciphertext == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing ciphertext")
			}
			decryptData["ciphertext"] = d.Ciphertext
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepEncryptUpsert(
	t *testing.T, name, plaintext string, decryptData map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.CreateOperation,
		Path:      "encrypt/" + name,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(plaintext)),
		},
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Ciphertext string `mapstructure:"ciphertext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if d.Ciphertext == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing ciphertext")
			}
			decryptData["ciphertext"] = d.Ciphertext
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepEncryptContext(
	t *testing.T, name, plaintext, context string, decryptData map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "encrypt/" + name,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(plaintext)),
			"context":   base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(context)),
		},
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Ciphertext string `mapstructure:"ciphertext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if d.Ciphertext == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing ciphertext")
			}
			decryptData["ciphertext"] = d.Ciphertext
			decryptData["context"] = base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(context))
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepDecrypt(
	t *testing.T, name, plaintext string, decryptData map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "decrypt/" + name,
		Data:      decryptData,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Plaintext string `mapstructure:"plaintext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}

			// Decode the base64
			plainRaw, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(d.Plaintext)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			if string(plainRaw) != plaintext {
				return fmt.Errorf("plaintext mismatch: %s expect: %s, decryptData was %#v", plainRaw, plaintext, decryptData)
			}
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepRewrap(
	t *testing.T, name string, decryptData map[string]interface{}, expectedVer int) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "rewrap/" + name,
		Data:      decryptData,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Ciphertext string `mapstructure:"ciphertext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if d.Ciphertext == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing ciphertext")
			}
			splitStrings := strings.Split(d.Ciphertext, ":")
			verString := splitStrings[1][1:]
			ver, err := strconv.Atoi(verString)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("error pulling out version from verString '%s', ciphertext was %s", verString, d.Ciphertext)
			}
			if ver != expectedVer {
				return fmt.Errorf("did not get expected version")
			}
			decryptData["ciphertext"] = d.Ciphertext
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepEncryptVX(
	t *testing.T, name, plaintext string, decryptData map[string]interface{},
	ver int, encryptHistory map[int]map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "encrypt/" + name,
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(plaintext)),
		},
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Ciphertext string `mapstructure:"ciphertext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if d.Ciphertext == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("missing ciphertext")
			}
			splitStrings := strings.Split(d.Ciphertext, ":")
			splitStrings[1] = "v" + strconv.Itoa(ver)
			ciphertext := strings.Join(splitStrings, ":")
			decryptData["ciphertext"] = ciphertext
			encryptHistory[ver] = map[string]interface{}{
				"ciphertext": ciphertext,
			}
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepLoadVX(
	t *testing.T, name string, decryptData map[string]interface{},
	ver int, encryptHistory map[int]map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	// This is really a no-op to allow us to do data manip in the check function
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.ReadOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			decryptData["ciphertext"] = encryptHistory[ver]["ciphertext"].(string)
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepDecryptExpectFailure(
	t *testing.T, name, plaintext string, decryptData map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "decrypt/" + name,
		Data:      decryptData,
		ErrorOk:   true,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			if !resp.IsError() {
				return fmt.Errorf("expected error")
			}
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepRotate(t *testing.T, name string) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/" + name + "/rotate",
	}
}

func testAccStepWriteDatakey(t *testing.T, name string,
	noPlaintext bool, bits int,
	dataKeyInfo map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	data := map[string]interface{}{}
	subPath := "plaintext"
	if noPlaintext {
		subPath = "wrapped"
	}
	if bits != 256 {
		data["bits"] = bits
	}
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "datakey/" + subPath + "/" + name,
		Data:      data,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Plaintext  string `mapstructure:"plaintext"`
				Ciphertext string `mapstructure:"ciphertext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if noPlaintext && len(d.Plaintext) != 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("received plaintxt when we disabled it")
			}
			if !noPlaintext {
				if len(d.Plaintext) == 0 {
					return fmt.Errorf("did not get plaintext when we expected it")
				}
				dataKeyInfo["plaintext"] = d.Plaintext
				plainBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(d.Plaintext)
				if err != nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("could not base64 decode plaintext string '%s'", d.Plaintext)
				}
				if len(plainBytes)*8 != bits {
					return fmt.Errorf("returned key does not have correct bit length")
				}
			}
			dataKeyInfo["ciphertext"] = d.Ciphertext
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func testAccStepDecryptDatakey(t *testing.T, name string,
	dataKeyInfo map[string]interface{}) logicaltest.TestStep {
	return logicaltest.TestStep{
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "decrypt/" + name,
		Data:      dataKeyInfo,
		Check: func(resp *logical.Response) error {
			var d struct {
				Plaintext string `mapstructure:"plaintext"`
			}
			if err := mapstructure.Decode(resp.Data, &d); err != nil {
				return err
			}

			if d.Plaintext != dataKeyInfo["plaintext"].(string) {
				return fmt.Errorf("plaintext mismatch: got '%s', expected '%s', decryptData was %#v", d.Plaintext, dataKeyInfo["plaintext"].(string), resp.Data)
			}
			return nil
		},
	}
}

func TestKeyUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
	key, _ := uuid.GenerateRandomBytes(32)
	p := &keysutil.Policy{
		Name: "test",
		Key:  key,
		Type: keysutil.KeyType_AES256_GCM96,
	}

	p.MigrateKeyToKeysMap()

	if p.Key != nil ||
		p.Keys == nil ||
		len(p.Keys) != 1 ||
		!reflect.DeepEqual(p.Keys[strconv.Itoa(1)].Key, key) {
		t.Errorf("bad key migration, result is %#v", p.Keys)
	}
}

func TestDerivedKeyUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
	testDerivedKeyUpgrade(t, keysutil.KeyType_AES256_GCM96)
	testDerivedKeyUpgrade(t, keysutil.KeyType_ChaCha20_Poly1305)
}

func testDerivedKeyUpgrade(t *testing.T, keyType keysutil.KeyType) {
	storage := &logical.InmemStorage{}
	key, _ := uuid.GenerateRandomBytes(32)
	keyContext, _ := uuid.GenerateRandomBytes(32)

	p := &keysutil.Policy{
		Name:    "test",
		Key:     key,
		Type:    keyType,
		Derived: true,
	}

	p.MigrateKeyToKeysMap()
	p.Upgrade(context.Background(), storage, cryptoRand.Reader) // Need to run the upgrade code to make the migration stick

	if p.KDF != keysutil.Kdf_hmac_sha256_counter {
		t.Fatalf("bad KDF value by default; counter val is %d, KDF val is %d, policy is %#v", keysutil.Kdf_hmac_sha256_counter, p.KDF, *p)
	}

	derBytesOld, err := p.GetKey(keyContext, 1, 0)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	derBytesOld2, err := p.GetKey(keyContext, 1, 0)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(derBytesOld, derBytesOld2) {
		t.Fatal("mismatch of same context alg")
	}

	p.KDF = keysutil.Kdf_hkdf_sha256
	if p.NeedsUpgrade() {
		t.Fatal("expected no upgrade needed")
	}

	derBytesNew, err := p.GetKey(keyContext, 1, 64)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	derBytesNew2, err := p.GetKey(keyContext, 1, 64)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	if !reflect.DeepEqual(derBytesNew, derBytesNew2) {
		t.Fatal("mismatch of same context alg")
	}

	if reflect.DeepEqual(derBytesOld, derBytesNew) {
		t.Fatal("match of different context alg")
	}
}

func TestConvergentEncryption(t *testing.T) {
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 0, keysutil.KeyType_AES256_GCM96)
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 2, keysutil.KeyType_AES128_GCM96)
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 2, keysutil.KeyType_AES256_GCM96)
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 2, keysutil.KeyType_ChaCha20_Poly1305)
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 3, keysutil.KeyType_AES128_GCM96)
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 3, keysutil.KeyType_AES256_GCM96)
	testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t, 3, keysutil.KeyType_ChaCha20_Poly1305)
}

func testConvergentEncryptionCommon(t *testing.T, ver int, keyType keysutil.KeyType) {
	b, storage := createBackendWithSysView(t)

	req := &logical.Request{
		Storage:   storage,
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/testkeynonderived",
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"derived":               false,
			"convergent_encryption": true,
		},
	}
	resp, err := b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if !resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("bad: expected error response, got %#v", *resp)
	}

	req = &logical.Request{
		Storage:   storage,
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/testkey",
		Data: map[string]interface{}{
			"derived":               true,
			"convergent_encryption": true,
		},
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp != nil {
		t.Fatal("expected nil response")
	}

	p, err := keysutil.LoadPolicy(context.Background(), storage, path.Join("policy", "testkey"))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if p == nil {
		t.Fatal("got nil policy")
	}

	if ver > 2 {
		p.ConvergentVersion = -1
	} else {
		p.ConvergentVersion = ver
	}
	err = p.Persist(context.Background(), storage)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	b.invalidate(context.Background(), "policy/testkey")

	if ver < 3 {
		// There will be an embedded key version of 3, so specifically clear it
		key := p.Keys[strconv.Itoa(p.LatestVersion)]
		key.ConvergentVersion = 0
		p.Keys[strconv.Itoa(p.LatestVersion)] = key
		err = p.Persist(context.Background(), storage)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		b.invalidate(context.Background(), "policy/testkey")

		// Verify it
		p, err = keysutil.LoadPolicy(context.Background(), storage, path.Join(p.StoragePrefix, "policy", "testkey"))
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		if p == nil {
			t.Fatal("got nil policy")
		}
		if p.ConvergentVersion != ver {
			t.Fatalf("bad convergent version %d", p.ConvergentVersion)
		}
		key = p.Keys[strconv.Itoa(p.LatestVersion)]
		if key.ConvergentVersion != 0 {
			t.Fatalf("bad convergent key version %d", key.ConvergentVersion)
		}
	}

	// First, test using an invalid length of nonce -- this is only used for v1 convergent
	req.Path = "encrypt/testkey"
	if ver < 2 {
		req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": "emlwIHphcA==", // "zip zap"
			"nonce":     "Zm9vIGJhcg==", // "foo bar"
			"context":   "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOlxandSdd7S",
		}
		resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
		if err == nil {
			t.Fatalf("expected error, got nil, version is %d", ver)
		}
		if resp == nil {
			t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
		}
		if !resp.IsError() {
			t.Fatalf("expected error response, got %#v", *resp)
		}

		// Ensure we fail if we do not provide a nonce
		req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
			"plaintext": "emlwIHphcA==", // "zip zap"
			"context":   "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOlxandSdd7S",
		}
		resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
		if err == nil && (resp == nil || !resp.IsError()) {
			t.Fatal("expected error response")
		}
	}

	// Now test encrypting the same value twice
	req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"plaintext": "emlwIHphcA==",     // "zip zap"
		"nonce":     "b25ldHdvdGhyZWVl", // "onetwothreee"
		"context":   "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOlxandSdd7S",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext1 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext2 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	if ciphertext1 != ciphertext2 {
		t.Fatalf("expected the same ciphertext but got %s and %s", ciphertext1, ciphertext2)
	}

	// For sanity, also check a different nonce value...
	req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"plaintext": "emlwIHphcA==",     // "zip zap"
		"nonce":     "dHdvdGhyZWVmb3Vy", // "twothreefour"
		"context":   "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOlxandSdd7S",
	}
	if ver < 2 {
		req.Data["nonce"] = "dHdvdGhyZWVmb3Vy" // "twothreefour"
	} else {
		req.Data["context"] = "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOldandSdd7S"
	}

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext3 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext4 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	if ciphertext3 != ciphertext4 {
		t.Fatalf("expected the same ciphertext but got %s and %s", ciphertext3, ciphertext4)
	}
	if ciphertext1 == ciphertext3 {
		t.Fatalf("expected different ciphertexts")
	}

	// ...and a different context value
	req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"plaintext": "emlwIHphcA==",     // "zip zap"
		"nonce":     "dHdvdGhyZWVmb3Vy", // "twothreefour"
		"context":   "qV4h9iQyvn+raODOer4JNAsOhkXBwdT4HZ677Ql4KLqXSU+Jk4C/fXBWbv6xkSYT",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext5 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext6 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	if ciphertext5 != ciphertext6 {
		t.Fatalf("expected the same ciphertext but got %s and %s", ciphertext5, ciphertext6)
	}
	if ciphertext1 == ciphertext5 {
		t.Fatalf("expected different ciphertexts")
	}
	if ciphertext3 == ciphertext5 {
		t.Fatalf("expected different ciphertexts")
	}

	// If running version 2, check upgrade handling
	if ver == 2 {
		curr, err := keysutil.LoadPolicy(context.Background(), storage, path.Join(p.StoragePrefix, "policy", "testkey"))
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		if curr == nil {
			t.Fatal("got nil policy")
		}
		if curr.ConvergentVersion != 2 {
			t.Fatalf("bad convergent version %d", curr.ConvergentVersion)
		}
		key := curr.Keys[strconv.Itoa(curr.LatestVersion)]
		if key.ConvergentVersion != 0 {
			t.Fatalf("bad convergent key version %d", key.ConvergentVersion)
		}

		curr.ConvergentVersion = 3
		err = curr.Persist(context.Background(), storage)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		b.invalidate(context.Background(), "policy/testkey")

		// Different algorithm, should be different value
		resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		if resp == nil {
			t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
		}
		if resp.IsError() {
			t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
		}
		ciphertext7 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

		// Now do it via key-specified version
		if len(curr.Keys) != 1 {
			t.Fatalf("unexpected length of keys %d", len(curr.Keys))
		}
		key = curr.Keys[strconv.Itoa(curr.LatestVersion)]
		key.ConvergentVersion = 3
		curr.Keys[strconv.Itoa(curr.LatestVersion)] = key
		curr.ConvergentVersion = 2
		err = curr.Persist(context.Background(), storage)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		b.invalidate(context.Background(), "policy/testkey")

		resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
		if err != nil {
			t.Fatal(err)
		}
		if resp == nil {
			t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
		}
		if resp.IsError() {
			t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
		}
		ciphertext8 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

		if ciphertext7 != ciphertext8 {
			t.Fatalf("expected the same ciphertext but got %s and %s", ciphertext7, ciphertext8)
		}
		if ciphertext6 == ciphertext7 {
			t.Fatalf("expected different ciphertexts")
		}
		if ciphertext3 == ciphertext7 {
			t.Fatalf("expected different ciphertexts")
		}
	}

	// Finally, check operations on empty values
	// First, check without setting a plaintext at all
	req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"nonce":   "b25ldHdvdGhyZWVl", // "onetwothreee"
		"context": "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOlxandSdd7S",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected error, got nil")
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if !resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("expected error response, got: %#v", *resp)
	}

	// Now set plaintext to empty
	req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"plaintext": "",
		"nonce":     "b25ldHdvdGhyZWVl", // "onetwothreee"
		"context":   "pWZ6t/im3AORd0lVYE0zBdKpX6Bl3/SvFtoVTPWbdkzjG788XmMAnOlxandSdd7S",
	}
	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext7 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	resp, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected non-nil response")
	}
	if resp.IsError() {
		t.Fatalf("got error response: %#v", *resp)
	}
	ciphertext8 := resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

	if ciphertext7 != ciphertext8 {
		t.Fatalf("expected the same ciphertext but got %s and %s", ciphertext7, ciphertext8)
	}
}

func TestPolicyFuzzing(t *testing.T) {
	var be *backend
	sysView := logical.TestSystemView()
	sysView.CachingDisabledVal = true
	conf := &logical.BackendConfig{
		System: sysView,
	}

	be, _ = Backend(context.Background(), conf)
	be.Setup(context.Background(), conf)
	testPolicyFuzzingCommon(t, be)

	sysView.CachingDisabledVal = true
	be, _ = Backend(context.Background(), conf)
	be.Setup(context.Background(), conf)
	testPolicyFuzzingCommon(t, be)
}

func testPolicyFuzzingCommon(t *testing.T, be *backend) {
	storage := &logical.InmemStorage{}
	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}

	funcs := []string{"encrypt", "decrypt", "rotate", "change_min_version"}
	// keys := []string{"test1", "test2", "test3", "test4", "test5"}
	keys := []string{"test1", "test2", "test3"}

	// This is the goroutine loop
	doFuzzy := func(id int) {
		// Check for panics, otherwise notify we're done
		defer func() {
			wg.Done()
		}()

		// Holds the latest encrypted value for each key
		latestEncryptedText := map[string]string{}

		startTime := time.Now()
		req := &logical.Request{
			Storage: storage,
			Data:    map[string]interface{}{},
		}
		fd := &framework.FieldData{}

		var chosenFunc, chosenKey string

		// t.Errorf("Starting %d", id)
		for {
			// Stop after 10 seconds
			if time.Now().Sub(startTime) > 10*time.Second {
				return
			}

			// Pick a function and a key
			chosenFunc = funcs[rand.Int()%len(funcs)]
			chosenKey = keys[rand.Int()%len(keys)]

			fd.Raw = map[string]interface{}{
				"name": chosenKey,
			}
			fd.Schema = be.pathKeys().Fields

			// Try to write the key to make sure it exists
			_, err := be.pathPolicyWrite(context.Background(), req, fd)
			if err != nil {
				t.Errorf("got an error: %v", err)
			}

			switch chosenFunc {
			// Encrypt our plaintext and store the result
			case "encrypt":
				// t.Errorf("%s, %s, %d", chosenFunc, chosenKey, id)
				fd.Raw["plaintext"] = base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(testPlaintext))
				fd.Schema = be.pathEncrypt().Fields
				resp, err := be.pathEncryptWrite(context.Background(), req, fd)
				if err != nil {
					t.Errorf("got an error: %v, resp is %#v", err, *resp)
				}
				latestEncryptedText[chosenKey] = resp.Data["ciphertext"].(string)

			// Rotate to a new key version
			case "rotate":
				// t.Errorf("%s, %s, %d", chosenFunc, chosenKey, id)
				fd.Schema = be.pathRotate().Fields
				resp, err := be.pathRotateWrite(context.Background(), req, fd)
				if err != nil {
					t.Errorf("got an error: %v, resp is %#v, chosenKey is %s", err, *resp, chosenKey)
				}

			// Decrypt the ciphertext and compare the result
			case "decrypt":
				// t.Errorf("%s, %s, %d", chosenFunc, chosenKey, id)
				ct := latestEncryptedText[chosenKey]
				if ct == "" {
					continue
				}

				fd.Raw["ciphertext"] = ct
				fd.Schema = be.pathDecrypt().Fields
				resp, err := be.pathDecryptWrite(context.Background(), req, fd)
				if err != nil {
					// This could well happen since the min version is jumping around
					if resp.Data["error"].(string) == keysutil.ErrTooOld {
						continue
					}
					t.Errorf("got an error: %v, resp is %#v, ciphertext was %s, chosenKey is %s, id is %d", err, *resp, ct, chosenKey, id)
				}
				ptb64, ok := resp.Data["plaintext"].(string)
				if !ok {
					t.Errorf("no plaintext found, response was %#v", *resp)
					return
				}
				pt, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(ptb64)
				if err != nil {
					t.Errorf("got an error decoding base64 plaintext: %v", err)
					return
				}
				if string(pt) != testPlaintext {
					t.Errorf("got bad plaintext back: %s", pt)
				}

			// Change the min version, which also tests the archive functionality
			case "change_min_version":
				// t.Errorf("%s, %s, %d", chosenFunc, chosenKey, id)
				resp, err := be.pathPolicyRead(context.Background(), req, fd)
				if err != nil {
					t.Errorf("got an error reading policy %s: %v", chosenKey, err)
				}
				latestVersion := resp.Data["latest_version"].(int)

				// keys start at version 1 so we want [1, latestVersion] not [0, latestVersion)
				setVersion := (rand.Int() % latestVersion) + 1
				fd.Raw["min_decryption_version"] = setVersion
				fd.Schema = be.pathConfig().Fields
				resp, err = be.pathConfigWrite(context.Background(), req, fd)
				if err != nil {
					t.Errorf("got an error setting min decryption version: %v", err)
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// Spawn 1000 of these workers for 10 seconds
	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
		wg.Add(1)
		go doFuzzy(i)
	}

	// Wait for them all to finish
	wg.Wait()
}

func TestBadInput(t *testing.T) {
	b, storage := createBackendWithSysView(t)

	req := &logical.Request{
		Storage:   storage,
		Operation: logical.UpdateOperation,
		Path:      "keys/test",
	}

	resp, err := b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if resp != nil {
		t.Fatal("expected nil response")
	}

	req.Path = "decrypt/test"
	req.Data = map[string]interface{}{
		"ciphertext": "vault:v1:abcd",
	}

	_, err = b.HandleRequest(context.Background(), req)
	if err == nil {
		t.Fatal("expected error")
	}
}