--- layout: guides page_title: Encryption as a Service - Guides sidebar_title: Encryption as a Service description: >- HashiCorp Vault's transit secrets engine handles cryptographic functions on data in-transit. It can also viewed as _encryption as a service_. --- # Encryption as a Service: Transit Secrets Engine Vault's `transit` secrets engine handles cryptographic functions on data-in-transit. Vault doesn't store the data sent to the secrets engine, so it can also be viewed as **_encryption as a service_**. Although the `transit` secrets engine provides additional features (sign and verify data, generate hashes and HMACs of data, and act as a source of random bytes), its primary use case is to encrypt data. This relieves the burden of proper encryption/decryption from application developers and pushes the burden onto the operators of Vault. ## Reference Materials - [Transit Secret Engine](/docs/secrets/transit) - [Transit Secret Engine API](/api/secret/transit) - [Transparent Data Encryption in the Modern Datacenter](https://www.hashicorp.com/blog/transparent-data-encryption-in-the-modern-datacenter) ~> **NOTE:** An [interactive tutorial](https://www.katacoda.com/hashicorp/scenarios/vault-transit) is also available if you do not have a Vault environment to perform the steps described in this guide. ## Estimated Time to Complete 10 minutes ## Personas The end-to-end scenario described in this guide involves two personas: - **operator** with privileged permissions to manage the encryption keys - **app** with un-privileged permissions encrypt/decrypt secrets via API ## Challenge Think of the following scenario: _Example Inc._ recently made headlines for a massive data breach which exposed millions of their users' payment card accounts online. When they tracked down the problem they found that a new HVAC system with management software had been put into their data centers and had created vulnerabilities in their networks and exposed ports and IPs to the databases publicly. ## Solutions The `transit` secrets engine enables security teams to fortify data during transit and at rest. So even if an intrusion occurs, your data is encrypted with AES 256-bit CBC encryption (TLS in transit). Even if an attacker were able to access the raw data, they would only have encrypted bits. This means attackers would need to compromise multiple systems before exfiltrating data. ![Encryption as a Service](/img/vault-encryption.png) This guide demonstrates the basics of the `transit` secrets engine. ## Prerequisites To perform the tasks described in this guide, you need to have a Vault environment. Refer to the [Getting Started](/intro/getting-started/install) guide to install Vault. Make sure that your Vault server has been [initialized and unsealed](/intro/getting-started/deploy). ### Policy requirements -> **NOTE:** For the purpose of this guide, you can use **`root`** token to work with Vault. However, it is recommended that root tokens are only used for just enough initial setup or in emergencies. As a best practice, use tokens with appropriate set of policies based on your role in the organization. To perform all tasks demonstrated in this guide, your policy must include the following permissions: ```shell # Enable transit secrets engine path "sys/mounts/transit" { capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ] } # To read enabled secrets engines path "sys/mounts" { capabilities = [ "read" ] } # Manage the transit secrets engine path "transit/*" { capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ] } ``` If you are not familiar with policies, complete the [policies](/guides/identity/policies) guide. ## Steps You will perform the following: 1. [Configure Transit Secret Engine](#step1) 1. [Encrypt Secrets](#step2) 1. [Decrypt a cipher-text](#step3) 1. [Rotate the Encryption Key](#step4) 1. [Update Key Configuration](#step5) ### Step 1: Configure Transit Secret Engine ((#step1)) (**Persona:** operator) The `transit` secrets engine must be configured before it can perform its operations. This step is usually done by an **operator** or configuration management tool. #### CLI command Enable the `transit` secret engine by executing the following command: ```shell-session $ vault secrets enable transit ``` > By default, the secrets engine will mount at the name of the engine. If you > wish to enable it at a different path, use the `-path` argument. > **Example:** `vault secrets enable -path=encryption transit` Now, create an encryption key ring named, `orders` by executing the following command: ```shell-session $ vault write -f transit/keys/orders ``` #### API call using cURL Enable `transit` secret engine using `/sys/mounts` endpoint: ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: " \ --request POST \ --data \ /v1/sys/mounts/ ``` Where `` is your valid token, and `` holds [configuration parameters](/api/system/mounts#enable-secrets-engine) of the secret engine. **Example:** The following example enables transit secret engine at `sys/mounts/transit` path, and passed the secret engine type (`transit`) in the request payload. ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ --data '{"type":"transit"}' \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/sys/mounts/transit ``` Now, create an encryption key ring named, `orders` using the `transit/keys` endpoint: ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/keys/orders ``` #### Web UI Open a web browser and launch the Vault UI (e.g. http://127.0.0.1:8200/ui) and then login. 1. Select **Enable new engine** and select **Transit** from **Secrets engine type** drop-down list. ![Enable new engine](/img/vault-secrets-enable.png) 1. Click **Enable Engine**. 1. Select **Create encryption key** and enter `orders` in the **Name** field. ![Create a key](/img/vault-transit-1.png) 1. Click **Create encryption key** to complete. ~> **NOTE:** Typically, you want to create an encryption key ring for each application. ### Step 2: Encrypt Secrets ((#step2)) (**Persona:** operator) Once the `transit` secrets engine has been configured, any client with a valid token with proper permission can send data to encrypt. Here, you are going to encrypt a plaintext, _"credit-card-number"_. -> **NOTE:** You can pass non-text binary file such as a PDF or image. When you encrypt a plaintext, it must be base64-encoded. #### CLI command To encrypt your secret, use the `transit/encrypt` endpoint: ```shell-session $ vault write transit/encrypt/ ``` Execute the following command to encrypt a plaintext: ```shell-session $ vault write transit/encrypt/orders plaintext=$(base64 <<< "credit-card-number") Key Value --- ----- ciphertext vault:v1:cZNHVx+sxdMErXRSuDa1q/pz49fXTn1PScKfhf+PIZPvy8xKfkytpwKcbC0fF2U= ``` Vault does _NOT_ store any of this data. The output you received is the ciphertext. You can store this ciphertext at the desired location (e.g. MySQL database) or pass it to another application. #### API call using cURL To encrypt your secret, use the [`transit/encrypt` endpoint](/api/secret/transit#encrypt-data). **Example:** ```shell # Generate base64-encoded plaintext $ base64 <<< "credit-card-number" Y3JlZGl0LWNhcmQtbnVtYmVyCg== # Pass the base64-encoded plaintext in the request payload $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ --data '{"plaintext": "Y3JlZGl0LWNhcmQtbnVtYmVyCg=="}' \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/encrypt/orders | jq { "request_id": "f483d9b6-8132-782e-1665-ad432c2461ab", "lease_id": "", "renewable": false, "lease_duration": 0, "data": { "ciphertext": "vault:v1:/9hdQutaWpZR72s3+VSCLK1JNhV1wKM49hYVjh7RjmuxIy/OvshtgV4L4uVB+aQ=" }, ... } ``` Vault does _NOT_ store any of this data. The output you received is the ciphertext. You can store this ciphertext at the desired location (e.g. MySQL database) or pass it to another application. #### Web UI 1. Select the **orders** encryption key. 1. Select **Key actions**. ![Key action](/img/vault-transit-2.png) 1. Make sure that **Encrypt** is selected under **TRANSIT ACTIONS**, and then enter "credit-card-number" in the **Plaintext** field. ![Encrypt plaintext](/img/vault-transit-3.png) 1. Click **Encode to base64** to encode the plaintext. 1. Click **Encrypt**. Vault does _NOT_ store any of this data. The output you received is the ciphertext. You can click **Copy** to copy the resulting ciphertext and store it at the desired location (e.g. MySQL database) or pass it to another application. ![Encrypt plaintext](/img/vault-transit-4.png) ### Step 3: Decrypt a cipher-text ((#step3)) (**Persona:** operator) Any client with a valid token with proper permission can decrypt the ciphertext generated by Vault. To decrypt the ciphertext, invoke the `transit/decrypt` endpoint. #### CLI command Execute the following command to decrypt the ciphertext resulted in [Step 2](#step2): ```shell-session $ vault write transit/decrypt/orders \ ciphertext="vault:v1:cZNHVx+sxdMErXRSuDa1q/pz49fXTn1PScKfhf+PIZPvy8xKfkytpwKcbC0fF2U=" \ Key Value --- ----- plaintext Y3JlZGl0LWNhcmQtbnVtYmVyCg== ``` The resulting data is base64-encoded. To reveal the original plaintext, run the following command: ```shell-session $ base64 --decode <<< "Y3JlZGl0LWNhcmQtbnVtYmVyCg==" credit-card-number ``` #### API call using cURL Use the `transit/decrypt` endpoint to decrypt the ciphertext resulted in [Step 2](#step2): **Example:** ```shell # Pass the ciphertext in the request payload to decode $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ --data '{"ciphertext": "vault:v1:/9hdQutaWpZR72s3+VSCLK1JNhV1wKM49hYVjh7RjmuxIy/OvshtgV4L4uVB+aQ="}' \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/decrypt/orders | jq { "request_id": "062d7998-8932-76f2-f96c-5938a55ff005", "lease_id": "", "renewable": false, "lease_duration": 0, "data": { "plaintext": "Y3JlZGl0LWNhcmQtbnVtYmVyCg==" }, ... } # The resulting data is base64-encoded that it must be decoded to reveal the plaintext $ base64 --decode <<< "Y3JlZGl0LWNhcmQtbnVtYmVyCg==" credit-card-number ``` #### Web UI 1. Select the **orders** encryption key. 1. Select **Key actions**. 1. Make sure that **Decrypt** is selected under **TRANSIT ACTIONS**, and then enter the ciphertext you wish to decrypt. ![Decrypt ciphertext](/img/vault-transit-5.png) 1. Click **Decrypt**. 1. The resulting data is base64-encoded. Click **Decode from base64** to reveal the plaintext. ### Step 4: Rotate the Encryption Key ((#step4)) (**Persona:** operator) One of the benefits of using the Vault `transit` secrets engine is its ability to easily rotate the encryption keys. Keys can be rotated manually by a human, or an automated process which invokes the key rotation API endpoint through cron, a CI pipeline, a periodic Nomad batch job, Kubernetes Job, etc. Vault maintains the versioned keyring and the operator can decide the minimum version allowed for decryption operations. When data is encrypted using Vault, the resulting ciphertext is prepended with the version of the key used to encrypt it. #### CLI command To rotate the encryption key, invoke the `transit/keys//rotate` endpoint. ```shell-session $ vault write -f transit/keys/orders/rotate ``` Let's encrypt another data: ```shell-session $ vault write transit/encrypt/orders plaintext=$(base64 <<< "visa-card-number") Key Value --- ----- ciphertext vault:v2:45f9zW6cglbrzCjI0yCyC6DBYtSBSxnMgUn9B5aHcGEit71xefPEmmjMbrk3 ``` Compare the ciphertexts from [Step 2](#step2). ``` ciphertext vault:v1:cZNHVx+sxdMErXRSuDa1q/pz49fXTn1PScKfhf+PIZPvy8xKfkytpwKcbC0fF2U= ``` Notice that the first ciphertext starts with "**`vault:v1:`**". After rotating the encryption key, the ciphertext starts with "**`vault:v2:`**". This indicates that the data gets encrypted using the latest version of the key after the rotation. Execute the following command to rewrap your ciphertext from [Step 2](#step2) with the latest version of the encryption key: ```shell-session $ vault write transit/rewrap/orders \ ciphertext="vault:v1:cZNHVx+sxdMErXRSuDa1q/pz49fXTn1PScKfhf+PIZPvy8xKfkytpwKcbC0fF2U=" Key Value --- ----- ciphertext vault:v2:kChHZ9w4ILRfw+DzO53IZ8m5PyB2yp2/tKbub34uB+iDqtDRB+NLCPrpzTtJHJ4= ``` Notice that the resulting ciphertext now starts with "`vault:v2:`". This operation does not reveal the plaintext data. But Vault will decrypt the value using the appropriate key in the keyring and then encrypted the resulting plaintext with the newest key in the keyring. #### API call using cURL To rotate the encryption key, invoke the `transit/keys//rotate` endpoint. ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/keys/orders/rotate ``` Let's encrypt another data: ```shell # Generate base64-encoded plaintext $ base64 <<< "visa-card-number" dmlzYS1jYXJkLW51bWJlcgo= # Pass the base64-encoded plaintext in the request payload $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ --data '{"plaintext": "dmlzYS1jYXJkLW51bWJlcgo="}' \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/encrypt/orders | jq { ... "data": { "ciphertext": "vault:v2:et873RqkfLlS268LqYspVUnqhqZm0flNwhthe4ZzfcuZQab1TnirQ8/hMNYA" }, ... } ``` Compare the ciphertexts from [Step 2](#step2). ``` ciphertext vault:v1:cZNHVx+sxdMErXRSuDa1q/pz49fXTn1PScKfhf+PIZPvy8xKfkytpwKcbC0fF2U= ``` Notice that the first ciphertext starts with "**`vault:v1:`**". After rotating the encryption key, the ciphertext starts with "**`vault:v2:`**". This indicates that the data gets encrypted using the latest version of the key after the rotation. Execute the `transit/rewrap` endpoint to rewrap your ciphertext from [Step 2](#step2) with the latest version of the encryption key: ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST \ --data '{"ciphertext": "vault:v1:/9hdQutaWpZR72s3+VSCLK1JNhV1wKM49hYVjh7RjmuxIy/OvshtgV4L4uVB+aQ="}' \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/rewrap/orders | jq { ... "data": { "ciphertext": "vault:v2:ykqXDP65tLVSrqxoNZh51gIobYQSwNGT+SbiD/2nl8rrhF2md+wplBGdXlhDzd4=" }, ... ``` Notice that the resulting ciphertext now starts with "`vault:v2:`". This operation does not reveal the plaintext data. But Vault will decrypt the value using the appropriate key in the keyring and then encrypted the resulting plaintext with the newest key in the keyring. ## Step 5: Update Key Configuration ((#step5)) (**Persona:** operator) The operators can [update the encryption key configuration](/api/secret/transit#update-key-configuration) to specify the minimum version of ciphertext allowed to be decrypted, the minimum version of the key that can be used to encrypt the plaintext, the key is allowed to be deleted, etc. This helps further tightening the data encryption rule. #### CLI Command Execute the key rotation command a few times to generate multiple versions of the key: ```shell-session $ vault write -f transit/keys/orders/rotate ``` Now, read the `orders` key information: ```shell-session $ vault read transit/keys/orders Key Value --- ----- ... keys map[6:1531439714 1:1531439594 2:1531439667 3:1531439714 4:1531439714 5:1531439714] latest_version 6 min_decryption_version 1 min_encryption_version 0 ... ``` In the example, the current version of the key is **6**. However, there is no restriction about the minimum encryption key version, and any of the key versions can decrypt the data (`min_decryption_version`). Run the following command to enforce the use of the encryption key at version **5** or later to decrypt the data. ```shell-session $ vault write transit/keys/orders/config min_decryption_version=5 ``` Now, verify the `orders` key configuration: ```shell-session $ vault read transit/keys/orders Key Value --- ----- allow_plaintext_backup false deletion_allowed false derived false exportable false keys map[5:1531811719 6:1531811721] latest_version 6 min_decryption_version 5 min_encryption_version 0 ... ``` #### API call using cURL Execute the `transit/keys//rotate` endpoint a few times key rotation command a few times to generate multiple versions of the key: ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/keys/orders/rotate ``` Read the `transit/keys/orders` endpoint to review the `orders` key detail: ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/keys/orders | jq { ... "keys": { "1": 1531804669, "2": 1531810236, "3": 1531811712, "4": 1531811715, "5": 1531811719, "6": 1531811721 }, "latest_version": 6, "min_decryption_version": 1, "min_encryption_version": 0, ... ``` In the example, the current version of the key is **6**. However, there is no restriction about the minimum encryption key version, and any of the key versions can decrypt the data (`min_decryption_version`). Run the following command to enforce the use of the encryption key at version **5** or later to decrypt the data. ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ --request POST --data '{"min_decryption_version": 5}' https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/keys/orders/config ``` Now, verify the `orders` key configuration: ```shell-session $ curl --header "X-Vault-Token: ..." \ https://127.0.0.1:8200/v1/transit/keys/orders | jq { ... "keys": { "5": 1531811719, "6": 1531811721 }, "latest_version": 6, "min_decryption_version": 5, "min_encryption_version": 0, ... ``` -> **NOTE:** Notice that the output only displays two valid encryption key versions (`5` and `6`). ## Next steps [Transit Secrets Re-wrapping](/guides/encryption/transit-rewrap) guide introduces a sample application which re-wraps data after rotating an encryption key in the transit engine in Vault.