package vault import ( "context" "encoding/base64" "errors" "fmt" "github.com/hashicorp/vault/sdk/helper/tlsutil" "math" "net/http" "net/url" "strings" "sync" "sync/atomic" "time" "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto" "github.com/hashicorp/errwrap" cleanhttp "github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp" wrapping "github.com/hashicorp/go-kms-wrapping" uuid "github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid" "github.com/hashicorp/vault/api" "github.com/hashicorp/vault/physical/raft" "github.com/hashicorp/vault/sdk/helper/jsonutil" "github.com/hashicorp/vault/sdk/logical" "github.com/hashicorp/vault/vault/seal" "github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure" "golang.org/x/net/http2" ) var ( raftTLSStoragePath = "core/raft/tls" raftTLSRotationPeriod = 24 * time.Hour ) type raftFollowerStates struct { l sync.RWMutex followers map[string]uint64 } func (s *raftFollowerStates) update(nodeID string, appliedIndex uint64) { s.l.Lock() s.followers[nodeID] = appliedIndex s.l.Unlock() } func (s *raftFollowerStates) delete(nodeID string) { s.l.RLock() delete(s.followers, nodeID) s.l.RUnlock() } func (s *raftFollowerStates) get(nodeID string) uint64 { s.l.RLock() index := s.followers[nodeID] s.l.RUnlock() return index } func (s *raftFollowerStates) minIndex() uint64 { var min uint64 = math.MaxUint64 minFunc := func(a, b uint64) uint64 { if a > b { return b } return a } s.l.RLock() for _, i := range s.followers { min = minFunc(min, i) } s.l.RUnlock() if min == math.MaxUint64 { return 0 } return min } // startRaftStorage will call SetupCluster in the raft backend which starts raft // up and enables the cluster handler. func (c *Core) startRaftStorage(ctx context.Context) (retErr error) { raftStorage, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend) if !ok { return nil } if raftStorage.Initialized() { return nil } // Retrieve the raft TLS information raftTLSEntry, err := c.barrier.Get(ctx, raftTLSStoragePath) if err != nil { return err } var creating bool var raftTLS *raft.TLSKeyring switch raftTLSEntry { case nil: // If we did not find a TLS keyring we will attempt to create one here. // This happens after a storage migration process. This node is also // marked to start as leader so we can write the new TLS Key. This is an // error condition if there are already multiple nodes in the cluster, // and the below storage write will fail. If the cluster is somehow in // this state the unseal will fail and a cluster recovery will need to // be done. creating = true raftTLSKey, err := raft.GenerateTLSKey(c.secureRandomReader) if err != nil { return err } raftTLS = &raft.TLSKeyring{ Keys: []*raft.TLSKey{raftTLSKey}, ActiveKeyID: raftTLSKey.ID, } default: raftTLS = new(raft.TLSKeyring) if err := raftTLSEntry.DecodeJSON(raftTLS); err != nil { return err } } raftStorage.SetRestoreCallback(c.raftSnapshotRestoreCallback(true, true)) if err := raftStorage.SetupCluster(ctx, raft.SetupOpts{ TLSKeyring: raftTLS, ClusterListener: c.getClusterListener(), StartAsLeader: creating, }); err != nil { return err } defer func() { if retErr != nil { c.logger.Info("stopping raft server") if err := raftStorage.TeardownCluster(c.getClusterListener()); err != nil { c.logger.Error("failed to stop raft server", "error", err) } } }() // If we are in need of creating the TLS keyring then we should write it out // to storage here. If we fail it may mean we couldn't become leader and we // should error out. if creating { c.logger.Info("writing raft TLS keyring to storage") entry, err := logical.StorageEntryJSON(raftTLSStoragePath, raftTLS) if err != nil { c.logger.Error("error marshaling raft TLS keyring", "error", err) return err } if err := c.barrier.Put(ctx, entry); err != nil { c.logger.Error("error writing raft TLS keyring", "error", err) return err } } return nil } func (c *Core) setupRaftActiveNode(ctx context.Context) error { c.pendingRaftPeers = make(map[string][]byte) return c.startPeriodicRaftTLSRotate(ctx) } func (c *Core) stopRaftActiveNode() { c.pendingRaftPeers = nil c.stopPeriodicRaftTLSRotate() } // startPeriodicRaftTLSRotate will spawn a go routine in charge of periodically // rotating the TLS certs and keys used for raft traffic. // // The logic for updating the TLS certificate uses a pseudo two phase commit // using the known applied indexes from standby nodes. When writing a new Key // it will be appended to the end of the keyring. Standbys can start accepting // connections with this key as soon as they see the update. Then it will write // the keyring a second time indicating the applied index for this key update. // // The active node will wait until it sees all standby nodes are at or past the // applied index for this update. At that point it will delete the older key // and make the new key active. The key isn't officially in use until this // happens. The dual write ensures the standby at least gets the first update // containing the key before the active node switches over to using it. // // If a standby is shut down then it cannot advance the key term until it // receives the update. This ensures a standby node isn't left behind and unable // to reconnect with the cluster. Additionally, only one outstanding key // is allowed for this same reason (max keyring size of 2). func (c *Core) startPeriodicRaftTLSRotate(ctx context.Context) error { raftStorage, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend) if !ok { return nil } stopCh := make(chan struct{}) followerStates := &raftFollowerStates{ followers: make(map[string]uint64), } // Pre-populate the follower list with the set of peers. raftConfig, err := raftStorage.GetConfiguration(ctx) if err != nil { return err } for _, server := range raftConfig.Servers { if server.NodeID != raftStorage.NodeID() { followerStates.update(server.NodeID, 0) } } logger := c.logger.Named("raft") c.raftTLSRotationStopCh = stopCh c.raftFollowerStates = followerStates readKeyring := func() (*raft.TLSKeyring, error) { tlsKeyringEntry, err := c.barrier.Get(ctx, raftTLSStoragePath) if err != nil { return nil, err } if tlsKeyringEntry == nil { return nil, errors.New("no keyring found") } var keyring raft.TLSKeyring if err := tlsKeyringEntry.DecodeJSON(&keyring); err != nil { return nil, err } return &keyring, nil } // rotateKeyring writes new key data to the keyring and adds an applied // index that is used to verify it has been committed. The keys written in // this function can be used on standbys but the active node doesn't start // using it yet. rotateKeyring := func() (time.Time, error) { // Read the existing keyring keyring, err := readKeyring() if err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to read raft TLS keyring: {{err}}", err) } switch { case len(keyring.Keys) == 2 && keyring.Keys[1].AppliedIndex == 0: // If this case is hit then the second write to add the applied // index failed. Attempt to write it again. keyring.Keys[1].AppliedIndex = raftStorage.AppliedIndex() keyring.AppliedIndex = raftStorage.AppliedIndex() entry, err := logical.StorageEntryJSON(raftTLSStoragePath, keyring) if err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to json encode keyring: {{err}}", err) } if err := c.barrier.Put(ctx, entry); err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to write keyring: {{err}}", err) } case len(keyring.Keys) > 1: // If there already exists a pending key update then the update // hasn't replicated down to all standby nodes yet. Don't allow any // new keys to be created until all standbys have seen this previous // rotation. As a backoff strategy another rotation attempt is // scheduled for 5 minutes from now. logger.Warn("skipping new raft TLS config creation, keys are pending") return time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 5), nil } logger.Info("creating new raft TLS config") // Create a new key raftTLSKey, err := raft.GenerateTLSKey(c.secureRandomReader) if err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to generate new raft TLS key: {{err}}", err) } // Advance the term and store the new key keyring.Term += 1 keyring.Keys = append(keyring.Keys, raftTLSKey) entry, err := logical.StorageEntryJSON(raftTLSStoragePath, keyring) if err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to json encode keyring: {{err}}", err) } if err := c.barrier.Put(ctx, entry); err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to write keyring: {{err}}", err) } // Write the keyring again with the new applied index. This allows us to // track if standby nodes receive the update. keyring.Keys[1].AppliedIndex = raftStorage.AppliedIndex() keyring.AppliedIndex = raftStorage.AppliedIndex() entry, err = logical.StorageEntryJSON(raftTLSStoragePath, keyring) if err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to json encode keyring: {{err}}", err) } if err := c.barrier.Put(ctx, entry); err != nil { return time.Time{}, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to write keyring: {{err}}", err) } logger.Info("wrote new raft TLS config") // Schedule the next rotation return raftTLSKey.CreatedTime.Add(raftTLSRotationPeriod), nil } // checkCommitted verifies key updates have been applied to all nodes and // finalizes the rotation by deleting the old keys and updating the raft // backend. checkCommitted := func() error { keyring, err := readKeyring() if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to read raft TLS keyring: {{err}}", err) } switch { case len(keyring.Keys) == 1: // No Keys to apply return nil case keyring.Keys[1].AppliedIndex != keyring.AppliedIndex: // We haven't fully committed the new key, continue here return nil case followerStates.minIndex() < keyring.AppliedIndex: // Not all the followers have applied the latest key return nil } // Upgrade to the new key keyring.Keys = keyring.Keys[1:] keyring.ActiveKeyID = keyring.Keys[0].ID keyring.Term += 1 entry, err := logical.StorageEntryJSON(raftTLSStoragePath, keyring) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to json encode keyring: {{err}}", err) } if err := c.barrier.Put(ctx, entry); err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to write keyring: {{err}}", err) } // Update the TLS Key in the backend if err := raftStorage.SetTLSKeyring(keyring); err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to install keyring: {{err}}", err) } logger.Info("installed new raft TLS key", "term", keyring.Term) return nil } // Read the keyring to calculate the time of next rotation. keyring, err := readKeyring() if err != nil { return err } activeKey := keyring.GetActive() if activeKey == nil { return errors.New("no active raft TLS key found") } // Start the process in a go routine go func() { nextRotationTime := activeKey.CreatedTime.Add(raftTLSRotationPeriod) keyCheckInterval := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Minute) defer keyCheckInterval.Stop() var backoff bool for { // If we encountered and error we should try to create the key // again. if backoff { nextRotationTime = time.Now().Add(10 * time.Second) backoff = false } select { case <-keyCheckInterval.C: err := checkCommitted() if err != nil { logger.Error("failed to activate TLS key", "error", err) } case <-time.After(time.Until(nextRotationTime)): // It's time to rotate the keys next, err := rotateKeyring() if err != nil { logger.Error("failed to rotate TLS key", "error", err) backoff = true continue } nextRotationTime = next case <-stopCh: return } } }() return nil } func (c *Core) createRaftTLSKeyring(ctx context.Context) error { if _, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend); !ok { return nil } raftTLS, err := raft.GenerateTLSKey(c.secureRandomReader) if err != nil { return err } keyring := &raft.TLSKeyring{ Keys: []*raft.TLSKey{raftTLS}, ActiveKeyID: raftTLS.ID, } entry, err := logical.StorageEntryJSON(raftTLSStoragePath, keyring) if err != nil { return err } if err := c.barrier.Put(ctx, entry); err != nil { return err } return nil } func (c *Core) stopPeriodicRaftTLSRotate() { if c.raftTLSRotationStopCh != nil { close(c.raftTLSRotationStopCh) } c.raftTLSRotationStopCh = nil c.raftFollowerStates = nil } func (c *Core) checkRaftTLSKeyUpgrades(ctx context.Context) error { raftStorage, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend) if !ok { return nil } tlsKeyringEntry, err := c.barrier.Get(ctx, raftTLSStoragePath) if err != nil { return err } if tlsKeyringEntry == nil { return nil } var keyring raft.TLSKeyring if err := tlsKeyringEntry.DecodeJSON(&keyring); err != nil { return err } if err := raftStorage.SetTLSKeyring(&keyring); err != nil { return err } return nil } // handleSnapshotRestore is for the raft backend to hook back into core after a // snapshot is restored so we can clear the necessary caches and handle changing // keyrings or master keys func (c *Core) raftSnapshotRestoreCallback(grabLock bool, sealNode bool) func(context.Context) error { return func(ctx context.Context) (retErr error) { c.logger.Info("running post snapshot restore invalidations") if grabLock { // Grab statelock if stopped := grabLockOrStop(c.stateLock.Lock, c.stateLock.Unlock, c.standbyStopCh); stopped { c.logger.Error("did not apply snapshot; vault is shutting down") return errors.New("did not apply snapshot; vault is shutting down") } defer c.stateLock.Unlock() } if sealNode { // If we failed to restore the snapshot we should seal this node as // it's in an unknown state defer func() { if retErr != nil { if err := c.sealInternalWithOptions(false, false, true); err != nil { c.logger.Error("failed to seal node", "error", err) } } }() } // Purge the cache so we make sure we are operating on fresh data c.physicalCache.Purge(ctx) // Reload the keyring in case it changed. If this fails it's likely // we've changed master keys. err := c.performKeyUpgrades(ctx) if err != nil { // The snapshot contained a master key or keyring we couldn't // recover switch c.seal.BarrierType() { case wrapping.Shamir: // If we are a shamir seal we can't do anything. Just // seal all nodes. // Seal ourselves c.logger.Info("failed to perform key upgrades, sealing", "error", err) return err default: // If we are using an auto-unseal we can try to use the seal to // unseal again. If the auto-unseal mechanism has changed then // there isn't anything we can do but seal. c.logger.Info("failed to perform key upgrades, reloading using auto seal") keys, err := c.seal.GetStoredKeys(ctx) if err != nil { c.logger.Error("raft snapshot restore failed to get stored keys", "error", err) return err } if err := c.barrier.Seal(); err != nil { c.logger.Error("raft snapshot restore failed to seal barrier", "error", err) return err } if err := c.barrier.Unseal(ctx, keys[0]); err != nil { c.logger.Error("raft snapshot restore failed to unseal barrier", "error", err) return err } c.logger.Info("done reloading master key using auto seal") } } return nil } } func (c *Core) InitiateRetryJoin(ctx context.Context) error { raftStorage, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend) if !ok { return errors.New("raft storage not configured") } if raftStorage.Initialized() { return nil } leaderInfos, err := raftStorage.JoinConfig() if err != nil { return err } // Nothing to do if config wasn't supplied if len(leaderInfos) == 0 { return nil } c.logger.Info("raft retry join initiated") if _, err = c.JoinRaftCluster(ctx, leaderInfos, false); err != nil { return err } return nil } func (c *Core) JoinRaftCluster(ctx context.Context, leaderInfos []*raft.LeaderJoinInfo, nonVoter bool) (bool, error) { raftStorage, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend) if !ok { return false, errors.New("raft storage not configured") } if raftStorage.Initialized() { return false, errors.New("raft storage is already initialized") } init, err := c.Initialized(ctx) if err != nil { return false, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to check if core is initialized: {{err}}", err) } if init { return true, nil } join := func(retry bool) error { joinLeader := func(leaderInfo *raft.LeaderJoinInfo) error { if leaderInfo == nil { return errors.New("raft leader information is nil") } if len(leaderInfo.LeaderAPIAddr) == 0 { return errors.New("raft leader address not provided") } init, err := c.Initialized(ctx) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to check if core is initialized: {{err}}", err) } if init { c.logger.Info("returning from raft join as the node is initialized") return nil } if !c.Sealed() { c.logger.Info("returning from raft join as the node is unsealed") return nil } c.logger.Info("attempting to join possible raft leader node", "leader_addr", leaderInfo.LeaderAPIAddr) // Create an API client to interact with the leader node transport := cleanhttp.DefaultPooledTransport() if leaderInfo.TLSConfig == nil && (len(leaderInfo.LeaderCACert) != 0 || len(leaderInfo.LeaderClientCert) != 0 || len(leaderInfo.LeaderClientKey) != 0) { leaderInfo.TLSConfig, err = tlsutil.ClientTLSConfig([]byte(leaderInfo.LeaderCACert), []byte(leaderInfo.LeaderClientCert), []byte(leaderInfo.LeaderClientKey)) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to create TLS config: {{err}}", err) } } if leaderInfo.TLSConfig != nil { transport.TLSClientConfig = leaderInfo.TLSConfig.Clone() if err := http2.ConfigureTransport(transport); err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to configure TLS: {{err}}", err) } } client := &http.Client{ Transport: transport, } config := api.DefaultConfig() if config.Error != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to create api client: {{err}}", config.Error) } config.Address = leaderInfo.LeaderAPIAddr config.HttpClient = client config.MaxRetries = 0 apiClient, err := api.NewClient(config) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to create api client: {{err}}", err) } // Attempt to join the leader by requesting for the bootstrap challenge secret, err := apiClient.Logical().Write("sys/storage/raft/bootstrap/challenge", map[string]interface{}{ "server_id": raftStorage.NodeID(), }) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("error during raft bootstrap init call: {{err}}", err) } if secret == nil { return errors.New("could not retrieve raft bootstrap package") } var sealConfig SealConfig err = mapstructure.Decode(secret.Data["seal_config"], &sealConfig) if err != nil { return err } if sealConfig.Type != c.seal.BarrierType() { return fmt.Errorf("mismatching seal types between raft leader (%s) and follower (%s)", sealConfig.Type, c.seal.BarrierType()) } challengeB64, ok := secret.Data["challenge"] if !ok { return errors.New("error during raft bootstrap call, no challenge given") } challengeRaw, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(challengeB64.(string)) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("error decoding raft bootstrap challenge: {{err}}", err) } eBlob := &wrapping.EncryptedBlobInfo{} if err := proto.Unmarshal(challengeRaw, eBlob); err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("error decoding raft bootstrap challenge: {{err}}", err) } raftInfo := &raftInformation{ challenge: eBlob, leaderClient: apiClient, leaderBarrierConfig: &sealConfig, nonVoter: nonVoter, } if c.seal.BarrierType() == wrapping.Shamir { c.raftInfo = raftInfo if err := c.seal.SetBarrierConfig(ctx, &sealConfig); err != nil { return err } if !retry { return nil } // Wait until unseal keys are supplied c.raftInfo.joinInProgress = true if atomic.LoadUint32(c.postUnsealStarted) != 1 { return errors.New("waiting for unseal keys to be supplied") } } if err := c.joinRaftSendAnswer(ctx, c.seal.GetAccess(), raftInfo); err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to send answer to raft leader node: {{err}}", err) } if c.seal.BarrierType() == wrapping.Shamir { // Reset the state c.raftInfo = nil // In case of Shamir unsealing, inform the unseal process that raft join is completed close(c.raftJoinDoneCh) } c.logger.Info("successfully joined the raft cluster", "leader_addr", leaderInfo.LeaderAPIAddr) return nil } // Each join try goes through all the possible leader nodes and attempts to join // them, until one of the attempt succeeds. for _, leaderInfo := range leaderInfos { err = joinLeader(leaderInfo) if err == nil { return nil } c.logger.Info("join attempt failed", "error", err) } return errors.New("failed to join any raft leader node") } switch leaderInfos[0].Retry { case true: go func() { for { select { case <-ctx.Done(): return default: } err := join(true) if err == nil { return } c.logger.Error("failed to retry join raft cluster", "retry", "2s") time.Sleep(2 * time.Second) } }() // Backgrounded so return false return false, nil default: if err := join(false); err != nil { c.logger.Error("failed to join raft cluster", "error", err) return false, errwrap.Wrapf("failed to join raft cluster: {{err}}", err) } } return true, nil } // This is used in tests to override the cluster address var UpdateClusterAddrForTests uint32 func (c *Core) joinRaftSendAnswer(ctx context.Context, sealAccess *seal.Access, raftInfo *raftInformation) error { if raftInfo.challenge == nil { return errors.New("raft challenge is nil") } raftStorage, ok := c.underlyingPhysical.(*raft.RaftBackend) if !ok { return errors.New("raft storage not in use") } if raftStorage.Initialized() { return errors.New("raft is already initialized") } plaintext, err := sealAccess.Decrypt(ctx, raftInfo.challenge, nil) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("error decrypting challenge: {{err}}", err) } parsedClusterAddr, err := url.Parse(c.ClusterAddr()) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("error parsing cluster address: {{err}}", err) } clusterAddr := parsedClusterAddr.Host if atomic.LoadUint32(&UpdateClusterAddrForTests) == 1 && strings.HasSuffix(clusterAddr, ":0") { // We are testing and have an address provider, so just create a random // addr, it will be overwritten later. var err error clusterAddr, err = uuid.GenerateUUID() if err != nil { return err } } answerReq := raftInfo.leaderClient.NewRequest("PUT", "/v1/sys/storage/raft/bootstrap/answer") if err := answerReq.SetJSONBody(map[string]interface{}{ "answer": base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(plaintext), "cluster_addr": clusterAddr, "server_id": raftStorage.NodeID(), "non_voter": raftInfo.nonVoter, }); err != nil { return err } answerRespJson, err := raftInfo.leaderClient.RawRequestWithContext(ctx, answerReq) if answerRespJson != nil { defer answerRespJson.Body.Close() } if err != nil { return err } var answerResp answerRespData if err := jsonutil.DecodeJSONFromReader(answerRespJson.Body, &answerResp); err != nil { return err } raftStorage.Bootstrap(ctx, answerResp.Data.Peers) err = c.startClusterListener(ctx) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("error starting cluster: {{err}}", err) } raftStorage.SetRestoreCallback(c.raftSnapshotRestoreCallback(true, true)) err = raftStorage.SetupCluster(ctx, raft.SetupOpts{ TLSKeyring: answerResp.Data.TLSKeyring, ClusterListener: c.getClusterListener(), }) if err != nil { return errwrap.Wrapf("failed to setup raft cluster: {{err}}", err) } return nil } func (c *Core) isRaftUnseal() bool { return c.raftInfo != nil } type answerRespData struct { Data answerResp `json:"data"` } type answerResp struct { Peers []raft.Peer `json:"peers"` TLSKeyring *raft.TLSKeyring `json:"tls_keyring"` }