open-nomad/nomad/vault.go

package nomad

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"math/rand"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"gopkg.in/tomb.v2"

	"github.com/hashicorp/nomad/nomad/structs"
	"github.com/hashicorp/nomad/nomad/structs/config"
	vapi "github.com/hashicorp/vault/api"
	"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"

	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
	"golang.org/x/time/rate"
)

const (
	// vaultTokenCreateTTL is the duration the wrapped token for the client is
	// valid for. The units are in seconds.
	vaultTokenCreateTTL = "60s"

	// minimumTokenTTL is the minimum Token TTL allowed for child tokens.
	minimumTokenTTL = 5 * time.Minute

	// defaultTokenTTL is the default Token TTL used when the passed token is a
	// root token such that child tokens aren't being created against a role
	// that has defined a TTL
	defaultTokenTTL = "72h"

	// requestRateLimit is the maximum number of requests per second Nomad will
	// make against Vault
	requestRateLimit rate.Limit = 500.0

	// maxParallelRevokes is the maximum number of parallel Vault
	// token revocation requests
	maxParallelRevokes = 64

	// vaultRevocationIntv is the interval at which Vault tokens that failed
	// initial revocation are retried
	vaultRevocationIntv = 5 * time.Minute
)

// VaultClient is the Servers interface for interfacing with Vault
type VaultClient interface {
	// SetActive activates or de-activates the Vault client. When active, token
	// creation/lookup/revocation operation are allowed.
	SetActive(active bool)

	// SetConfig updates the config used by the Vault client
	SetConfig(config *config.VaultConfig) error

	// CreateToken takes an allocation and task and returns an appropriate Vault
	// Secret
	CreateToken(ctx context.Context, a *structs.Allocation, task string) (*vapi.Secret, error)

	// LookupToken takes a token string and returns its capabilities.
	LookupToken(ctx context.Context, token string) (*vapi.Secret, error)

	// RevokeTokens takes a set of tokens accessor and revokes the tokens
	RevokeTokens(ctx context.Context, accessors []*structs.VaultAccessor, committed bool) error

	// Stop is used to stop token renewal
	Stop()
}

// PurgeVaultAccessor is called to remove VaultAccessors from the system. If
// the function returns an error, the token will still be tracked and revocation
// will retry till there is a success
type PurgeVaultAccessorFn func(accessors []*structs.VaultAccessor) error

// tokenData holds the relevant information about the Vault token passed to the
// client.
type tokenData struct {
	CreationTTL int      `mapstructure:"creation_ttl"`
	TTL         int      `mapstructure:"ttl"`
	Renewable   bool     `mapstructure:"renewable"`
	Policies    []string `mapstructure:"policies"`
	Role        string   `mapstructure:"role"`
	Root        bool
}

// vaultClient is the Servers implementation of the VaultClient interface. The
// client renews the PeriodicToken given in the Vault configuration and provides
// the Server with the ability to create child tokens and lookup the permissions
// of tokens.
type vaultClient struct {
	// limiter is used to rate limit requests to Vault
	limiter *rate.Limiter

	// client is the Vault API client
	client *vapi.Client

	// auth is the Vault token auth API client
	auth *vapi.TokenAuth

	// config is the user passed Vault config
	config *config.VaultConfig

	// connEstablished marks whether we have an established connection to Vault.
	// It should be accessed using a helper and updated atomically
	connEstablished int32

	// token is the raw token used by the client
	token string

	// tokenData is the data of the passed Vault token
	tokenData *tokenData

	// revoking tracks the VaultAccessors that must be revoked
	revoking map[*structs.VaultAccessor]time.Time
	purgeFn  PurgeVaultAccessorFn
	revLock  sync.Mutex

	// active indicates whether the vaultClient is active. It should be
	// accessed using a helper and updated atomically
	active int32

	// running indicates whether the vault client is started.
	running bool

	// childTTL is the TTL for child tokens.
	childTTL string

	// lastRenewed is the time the token was last renewed
	lastRenewed time.Time

	tomb   *tomb.Tomb
	logger *log.Logger

	// l is used to lock the configuration aspects of the client such that
	// multiple callers can't cause conflicting config updates
	l sync.Mutex
}

// NewVaultClient returns a Vault client from the given config. If the client
// couldn't be made an error is returned.
func NewVaultClient(c *config.VaultConfig, logger *log.Logger, purgeFn PurgeVaultAccessorFn) (*vaultClient, error) {
	if c == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("must pass valid VaultConfig")
	}

	if logger == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("must pass valid logger")
	}

	v := &vaultClient{
		config:   c,
		logger:   logger,
		limiter:  rate.NewLimiter(requestRateLimit, int(requestRateLimit)),
		revoking: make(map[*structs.VaultAccessor]time.Time),
		purgeFn:  purgeFn,
		tomb:     &tomb.Tomb{},
	}

	if v.config.Enabled {
		if err := v.buildClient(); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		// Launch the required goroutines
		v.tomb.Go(wrapNilError(v.establishConnection))
		v.tomb.Go(wrapNilError(v.revokeDaemon))

		v.running = true
	}

	return v, nil
}

func (v *vaultClient) Stop() {
	v.l.Lock()
	running := v.running
	v.running = false
	v.l.Unlock()

	if running {
		v.tomb.Kill(nil)
		v.tomb.Wait()
		v.flush()
	}
}

// SetActive activates or de-activates the Vault client. When active, token
// creation/lookup/revocation operation are allowed. All queued revocations are
// cancelled if set un-active as it is assumed another instances is taking over
func (v *vaultClient) SetActive(active bool) {
	atomic.StoreInt32(&v.active, 1)
	return
}

// flush is used to reset the state of the vault client
func (v *vaultClient) flush() {
	v.l.Lock()
	defer v.l.Unlock()

	v.client = nil
	v.auth = nil
	v.connEstablished = 0
	v.token = ""
	v.tokenData = nil
	v.revoking = make(map[*structs.VaultAccessor]time.Time)
	v.childTTL = ""
	v.tomb = &tomb.Tomb{}
}

// SetConfig is used to update the Vault config being used. A temporary outage
// may occur after calling as it re-establishes a connection to Vault
func (v *vaultClient) SetConfig(config *config.VaultConfig) error {
	if config == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("must pass valid VaultConfig")
	}

	v.l.Lock()
	defer v.l.Unlock()

	// Store the new config
	v.config = config

	if v.config.Enabled {
		// Stop accepting any new request
		atomic.StoreInt32(&v.connEstablished, 0)

		// Kill any background routine and create a new tomb
		v.tomb.Kill(nil)
		v.tomb.Wait()
		v.tomb = &tomb.Tomb{}

		// Rebuild the client
		if err := v.buildClient(); err != nil {
			v.l.Unlock()
			return err
		}

		// Launch the required goroutines
		v.tomb.Go(wrapNilError(v.establishConnection))
		v.tomb.Go(wrapNilError(v.revokeDaemon))
	}

	return nil
}

// buildClient is used to build a Vault client based on the stored Vault config
func (v *vaultClient) buildClient() error {
	// Validate we have the required fields.
	if v.config.Token == "" {
		return errors.New("Vault token must be set")
	} else if v.config.Addr == "" {
		return errors.New("Vault address must be set")
	}

	// Parse the TTL if it is set
	if v.config.TaskTokenTTL != "" {
		d, err := time.ParseDuration(v.config.TaskTokenTTL)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TaskTokenTTL %q: %v", v.config.TaskTokenTTL, err)
		}

		if d.Nanoseconds() < minimumTokenTTL.Nanoseconds() {
			return fmt.Errorf("ChildTokenTTL is less than minimum allowed of %v", minimumTokenTTL)
		}

		v.childTTL = v.config.TaskTokenTTL
	} else {
		// Default the TaskTokenTTL
		v.childTTL = defaultTokenTTL
	}

	// Get the Vault API configuration
	apiConf, err := v.config.ApiConfig()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to create Vault API config: %v", err)
	}

	// Create the Vault API client
	client, err := vapi.NewClient(apiConf)
	if err != nil {
		v.logger.Printf("[ERR] vault: failed to create Vault client. Not retrying: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	// Set the token and store the client
	v.token = v.config.Token
	client.SetToken(v.token)
	v.client = client
	v.auth = client.Auth().Token()
	return nil
}

// establishConnection is used to make first contact with Vault. This should be
// called in a go-routine since the connection is retried til the Vault Client
// is stopped or the connection is successfully made at which point the renew
// loop is started.
func (v *vaultClient) establishConnection() {
	// Create the retry timer and set initial duration to zero so it fires
	// immediately
	retryTimer := time.NewTimer(0)

OUTER:
	for {
		select {
		case <-v.tomb.Dying():
			return
		case <-retryTimer.C:
			// Ensure the API is reachable
			if _, err := v.client.Sys().InitStatus(); err != nil {
				v.logger.Printf("[WARN] vault: failed to contact Vault API. Retrying in %v",
					v.config.ConnectionRetryIntv)
				retryTimer.Reset(v.config.ConnectionRetryIntv)
				continue OUTER
			}

			break OUTER
		}
	}

	// Retrieve our token, validate it and parse the lease duration
	if err := v.parseSelfToken(); err != nil {
		v.logger.Printf("[ERR] vault: failed to lookup self token and not retrying: %v", err)
		return
	}

	// Set the wrapping function such that token creation is wrapped now
	// that we know our role
	v.client.SetWrappingLookupFunc(v.getWrappingFn())

	// If we are given a non-root token, start renewing it
	if v.tokenData.Root && v.tokenData.CreationTTL == 0 {
		v.logger.Printf("[DEBUG] vault: not renewing token as it is root")
	} else {
		v.logger.Printf("[DEBUG] vault: token lease duration is %v",
			time.Duration(v.tokenData.CreationTTL)*time.Second)
		v.tomb.Go(wrapNilError(v.renewalLoop))
	}

	atomic.StoreInt32(&v.connEstablished, 1)
}

// renewalLoop runs the renew loop. This should only be called if we are given a
// non-root token.
func (v *vaultClient) renewalLoop() {
	// Create the renewal timer and set initial duration to zero so it fires
	// immediately
	authRenewTimer := time.NewTimer(0)

	// Backoff is to reduce the rate we try to renew with Vault under error
	// situations
	backoff := 0.0

	for {
		select {
		case <-v.tomb.Dying():
			return
		case <-authRenewTimer.C:
			// Renew the token and determine the new expiration
			err := v.renew()
			currentExpiration := v.lastRenewed.Add(time.Duration(v.tokenData.CreationTTL) * time.Second)

			// Successfully renewed
			if err == nil {
				// If we take the expiration (lastRenewed + auth duration) and
				// subtract the current time, we get a duration until expiry.
				// Set the timer to poke us after half of that time is up.
				durationUntilRenew := currentExpiration.Sub(time.Now()) / 2

				v.logger.Printf("[INFO] vault: renewing token in %v", durationUntilRenew)
				authRenewTimer.Reset(durationUntilRenew)

				// Reset any backoff
				backoff = 0
				break
			}

			// Back off, increasing the amount of backoff each time. There are some rules:
			//
			// * If we have an existing authentication that is going to expire,
			// never back off more than half of the amount of time remaining
			// until expiration
			// * Never back off more than 30 seconds multiplied by a random
			// value between 1 and 2
			// * Use randomness so that many clients won't keep hitting Vault
			// at the same time

			// Set base values and add some backoff

			v.logger.Printf("[DEBUG] vault: got error or bad auth, so backing off: %v", err)
			switch {
			case backoff < 5:
				backoff = 5
			case backoff >= 24:
				backoff = 30
			default:
				backoff = backoff * 1.25
			}

			// Add randomness
			backoff = backoff * (1.0 + rand.Float64())

			maxBackoff := currentExpiration.Sub(time.Now()) / 2
			if maxBackoff < 0 {
				// We have failed to renew the token past its expiration. Stop
				// renewing with Vault.
				v.logger.Printf("[ERR] vault: failed to renew Vault token before lease expiration. Shutting down Vault client")
				atomic.StoreInt32(&v.connEstablished, 0)
				return

			} else if backoff > maxBackoff.Seconds() {
				backoff = maxBackoff.Seconds()
			}

			durationUntilRetry := time.Duration(backoff) * time.Second
			v.logger.Printf("[INFO] vault: backing off for %v", durationUntilRetry)

			authRenewTimer.Reset(durationUntilRetry)
		}
	}
}

// renew attempts to renew our Vault token. If the renewal fails, an error is
// returned. This method updates the lastRenewed time
func (v *vaultClient) renew() error {
	// Attempt to renew the token
	secret, err := v.auth.RenewSelf(v.tokenData.CreationTTL)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	auth := secret.Auth
	if auth == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("renewal successful but not auth information returned")
	} else if auth.LeaseDuration == 0 {
		return fmt.Errorf("renewal successful but no lease duration returned")
	}

	v.lastRenewed = time.Now()
	v.logger.Printf("[DEBUG] vault: succesfully renewed server token")
	return nil
}

// getWrappingFn returns an appropriate wrapping function for Nomad Servers
func (v *vaultClient) getWrappingFn() func(operation, path string) string {
	createPath := "auth/token/create"
	if !v.tokenData.Root {
		createPath = fmt.Sprintf("auth/token/create/%s", v.tokenData.Role)
	}

	return func(operation, path string) string {
		// Only wrap the token create operation
		if operation != "POST" || path != createPath {
			return ""
		}

		return vaultTokenCreateTTL
	}
}

// parseSelfToken looks up the Vault token in Vault and parses its data storing
// it in the client. If the token is not valid for Nomads purposes an error is
// returned.
func (v *vaultClient) parseSelfToken() error {
	// Get the initial lease duration
	auth := v.client.Auth().Token()
	self, err := auth.LookupSelf()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to lookup Vault periodic token: %v", err)
	}

	// Read and parse the fields
	var data tokenData
	if err := mapstructure.WeakDecode(self.Data, &data); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Vault token's data block: %v", err)
	}

	root := false
	for _, p := range data.Policies {
		if p == "root" {
			root = true
			break
		}
	}

	if !root {
		// All non-root tokens must be renewable
		if !data.Renewable {
			return fmt.Errorf("Vault token is not renewable or root")
		}

		// All non-root tokens must have a lease duration
		if data.CreationTTL == 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("invalid lease duration of zero")
		}

		// The lease duration can not be expired
		if data.TTL == 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("token TTL is zero")
		}

		// There must be a valid role
		if data.Role == "" {
			return fmt.Errorf("token role name must be set when not using a root token")
		}
	} else if data.CreationTTL != 0 {
		// If the root token has a TTL it must be renewable
		if !data.Renewable {
			return fmt.Errorf("Vault token has a TTL but is not renewable")
		} else if data.TTL == 0 {
			// If the token has a TTL make sure it has not expired
			return fmt.Errorf("token TTL is zero")
		}
	}

	data.Root = root
	v.tokenData = &data
	return nil
}

// ConnectionEstablished returns whether a connection to Vault has been
// established.
func (v *vaultClient) ConnectionEstablished() bool {
	return atomic.LoadInt32(&v.connEstablished) == 1
}

func (v *vaultClient) Enabled() bool {
	v.l.Lock()
	defer v.l.Unlock()
	return v.config.Enabled
}

//
func (v *vaultClient) Active() bool {
	return atomic.LoadInt32(&v.active) == 1
}

// CreateToken takes the allocation and task and returns an appropriate Vault
// token. The call is rate limited and may be canceled with the passed policy
func (v *vaultClient) CreateToken(ctx context.Context, a *structs.Allocation, task string) (*vapi.Secret, error) {
	if !v.Enabled() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Vault integration disabled")
	}

	if !v.Active() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Vault client not active")
	}

	// Check if we have established a connection with Vault
	if !v.ConnectionEstablished() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Connection to Vault has not been established. Retry")
	}

	// Retrieve the Vault block for the task
	policies := a.Job.VaultPolicies()
	if policies == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Job doesn't require Vault policies")
	}
	tg, ok := policies[a.TaskGroup]
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Task group does not require Vault policies")
	}
	taskVault, ok := tg[task]
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Task does not require Vault policies")
	}

	// Build the creation request
	req := &vapi.TokenCreateRequest{
		Policies: taskVault.Policies,
		Metadata: map[string]string{
			"AllocationID": a.ID,
			"Task":         task,
			"NodeID":       a.NodeID,
		},
		TTL:         v.childTTL,
		DisplayName: fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", a.ID, task),
	}

	// Ensure we are under our rate limit
	if err := v.limiter.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Make the request and switch depending on whether we are using a root
	// token or a role based token
	var secret *vapi.Secret
	var err error
	if v.tokenData.Root {
		req.Period = v.childTTL
		secret, err = v.auth.Create(req)
	} else {
		// Make the token using the role
		secret, err = v.auth.CreateWithRole(req, v.tokenData.Role)
	}

	return secret, err
}

// LookupToken takes a Vault token and does a lookup against Vault. The call is
// rate limited and may be canceled with passed context.
func (v *vaultClient) LookupToken(ctx context.Context, token string) (*vapi.Secret, error) {
	if !v.Enabled() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Vault integration disabled")
	}

	if !v.Active() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Vault client not active")
	}

	// Check if we have established a connection with Vault
	if !v.ConnectionEstablished() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Connection to Vault has not been established. Retry")
	}

	// Ensure we are under our rate limit
	if err := v.limiter.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Lookup the token
	return v.auth.Lookup(token)
}

// PoliciesFrom parses the set of policies returned by a token lookup.
func PoliciesFrom(s *vapi.Secret) ([]string, error) {
	if s == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse nil Vault secret")
	}
	var data tokenData
	if err := mapstructure.WeakDecode(s.Data, &data); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse Vault token's data block: %v", err)
	}

	return data.Policies, nil
}

// RevokeTokens revokes the passed set of accessors. If committed is set, the
// purge function passed to the client is called. If there is an error purging
// either because of Vault failures or because of the purge function, the
// revocation is retried until the tokens TTL.
func (v *vaultClient) RevokeTokens(ctx context.Context, accessors []*structs.VaultAccessor, committed bool) error {
	if !v.Enabled() {
		return nil
	}

	if !v.Active() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Vault client not active")
	}

	// Check if we have established a connection with Vault. If not just add it
	// to the queue
	if !v.ConnectionEstablished() {
		// Only bother tracking it for later revocation if the accessor was
		// committed
		if committed {
			v.storeForRevocation(accessors)
		}

		return nil
	}

	// Attempt to revoke immediately and if it fails, add it to the revoke queue
	err := v.parallelRevoke(ctx, accessors)
	if !committed {
		// If it is uncommitted, it is a best effort revoke as it will shortly
		// TTL within the cubbyhole and has not been leaked to any outside
		// system
		return nil
	}

	if err != nil {
		v.logger.Printf("[WARN] vault: failed to revoke tokens. Will reattempt til TTL: %v", err)
		v.storeForRevocation(accessors)
		return nil
	}

	if err := v.purgeFn(accessors); err != nil {
		v.logger.Printf("[ERR] vault: failed to purge Vault accessors: %v", err)
		v.storeForRevocation(accessors)
		return nil
	}

	return nil
}

// storeForRevocation stores the passed set of accessors for revocation. It
// captrues their effective TTL by storing their create TTL plus the current
// time.
func (v *vaultClient) storeForRevocation(accessors []*structs.VaultAccessor) {
	v.revLock.Lock()
	now := time.Now()
	for _, a := range accessors {
		v.revoking[a] = now.Add(time.Duration(a.CreationTTL) * time.Second)
	}
	v.revLock.Unlock()
}

// parallelRevoke revokes the passed VaultAccessors in parallel.
func (v *vaultClient) parallelRevoke(ctx context.Context, accessors []*structs.VaultAccessor) error {
	if !v.Enabled() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Vault integration disabled")
	}

	if !v.Active() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Vault client not active")
	}

	// Check if we have established a connection with Vault
	if !v.ConnectionEstablished() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Connection to Vault has not been established. Retry")
	}

	g, pCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)

	// Cap the handlers
	handlers := len(accessors)
	if handlers > maxParallelRevokes {
		handlers = maxParallelRevokes
	}

	// Create the Vault Tokens
	input := make(chan *structs.VaultAccessor, handlers)
	for i := 0; i < handlers; i++ {
		g.Go(func() error {
			for {
				select {
				case va, ok := <-input:
					if !ok {
						return nil
					}

					if err := v.auth.RevokeAccessor(va.Accessor); err != nil {
						return fmt.Errorf("failed to revoke token (alloc: %q, node: %q, task: %q)", va.AllocID, va.NodeID, va.Task)
					}
				case <-pCtx.Done():
					return nil
				}
			}
		})
	}

	// Send the input
	go func() {
		defer close(input)
		for _, va := range accessors {
			select {
			case <-pCtx.Done():
				return
			case input <- va:
			}
		}

	}()

	// Wait for everything to complete
	return g.Wait()
}

// revokeDaemon should be called in a goroutine and is used to periodically
// revoke Vault accessors that failed the original revocation
func (v *vaultClient) revokeDaemon() {
	ticker := time.NewTicker(vaultRevocationIntv)
	defer ticker.Stop()

	for {
		select {
		case <-v.tomb.Dying():
			return
		case now := <-ticker.C:
			if !v.ConnectionEstablished() {
				continue
			}

			v.revLock.Lock()

			// Fast path
			if len(v.revoking) == 0 {
				v.revLock.Unlock()
				continue
			}

			// Build the list of allocations that need to revoked while pruning any TTL'd checks
			revoking := make([]*structs.VaultAccessor, 0, len(v.revoking))
			for va, ttl := range v.revoking {
				if now.After(ttl) {
					delete(v.revoking, va)
				} else {
					revoking = append(revoking, va)
				}
			}

			if err := v.parallelRevoke(context.Background(), revoking); err != nil {
				v.logger.Printf("[WARN] vault: background token revocation errored: %v", err)
				v.revLock.Unlock()
				continue
			}

			// Unlock before a potentially expensive operation
			v.revLock.Unlock()

			// Call the passed in token revocation function
			if err := v.purgeFn(revoking); err != nil {
				// Can continue since revocation is idempotent
				v.logger.Printf("[ERR] vault: token revocation errored: %v", err)
				continue
			}

			// Can delete from the tracked list now that we have purged
			v.revLock.Lock()
			for _, va := range revoking {
				delete(v.revoking, va)
			}
			v.revLock.Unlock()
		}
	}
}

// purgeVaultAccessors creates a Raft transaction to remove the passed Vault
// Accessors
func (s *Server) purgeVaultAccessors(accessors []*structs.VaultAccessor) error {
	// Commit this update via Raft
	req := structs.VaultAccessorsRequest{Accessors: accessors}
	_, _, err := s.raftApply(structs.VaultAccessorDegisterRequestType, req)
	return err
}

// wrapNilError is a helper that returns a wrapped function that returns a nil
// error
func wrapNilError(f func()) func() error {
	return func() error {
		f()
		return nil
	}
}

// setLimit is used to update the rate limit
func (v *vaultClient) setLimit(l rate.Limit) {
	v.l.Lock()
	defer v.l.Unlock()
	v.limiter = rate.NewLimiter(l, int(l))
}