open-consul/agent/consul/acl_endpoint.go

package consul

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"regexp"
	"time"

	metrics "github.com/armon/go-metrics"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/acl"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/agent/consul/authmethod"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/agent/consul/state"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/agent/structs"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/lib"
	"github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr"
	memdb "github.com/hashicorp/go-memdb"
	uuid "github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid"
)

const (
	// aclBootstrapReset is the file name to create in the data dir. It's only contents
	// should be the reset index
	aclBootstrapReset = "acl-bootstrap-reset"
)

// Regex for matching
var (
	validPolicyName              = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z0-9\-_]{1,128}$`)
	validServiceIdentityName     = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9\-_]*[a-z0-9])?$`)
	serviceIdentityNameMaxLength = 256
	validRoleName                = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z0-9\-_]{1,256}$`)
	validAuthMethod              = regexp.MustCompile(`^[A-Za-z0-9\-_]{1,128}$`)
)

// ACL endpoint is used to manipulate ACLs
type ACL struct {
	srv *Server
}

// fileBootstrapResetIndex retrieves the reset index specified by the administrator from
// the file on disk.
//
// Q: What is the bootstrap reset index?
// A: If you happen to lose acess to all tokens capable of ACL management you need a way
//    to get back into your system. This allows an admin to write the current
//    bootstrap "index" into a special file on disk to override the mechanism preventing
//    a second token bootstrap. The index will be retrieved by a API call to /v1/acl/bootstrap
//    When already bootstrapped this API will return the reset index necessary within
//    the error response. Once set in the file, the bootstrap API can be used again to
//    get a new token.
//
// Q: Why is the reset index not in the config?
// A: We want to be able to remove the reset index once we have used it. This prevents
//    accidentally allowing bootstrapping yet again after a snapshot restore.
//
func (a *ACL) fileBootstrapResetIndex() uint64 {
	// Determine the file path to check
	path := filepath.Join(a.srv.config.DataDir, aclBootstrapReset)

	// Read the file
	raw, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
	if err != nil {
		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
			a.srv.logger.Printf("[ERR] acl.bootstrap: failed to read %q: %v", path, err)
		}
		return 0
	}

	// Attempt to parse the file
	var resetIdx uint64
	if _, err := fmt.Sscanf(string(raw), "%d", &resetIdx); err != nil {
		a.srv.logger.Printf("[ERR] acl.bootstrap: failed to parse %q: %v", path, err)
		return 0
	}

	// Return the reset index
	a.srv.logger.Printf("[DEBUG] acl.bootstrap: parsed %q: reset index %d", path, resetIdx)
	return resetIdx
}

func (a *ACL) removeBootstrapResetFile() {
	if err := os.Remove(filepath.Join(a.srv.config.DataDir, aclBootstrapReset)); err != nil {
		a.srv.logger.Printf("[WARN] acl.bootstrap: failed to remove bootstrap file: %v", err)
	}
}

func (a *ACL) aclPreCheck() error {
	if !a.srv.ACLsEnabled() {
		return acl.ErrDisabled
	}

	if a.srv.UseLegacyACLs() {
		return fmt.Errorf("The ACL system is currently in legacy mode.")
	}

	return nil
}

// Bootstrap is used to perform a one-time ACL bootstrap operation on
// a cluster to get the first management token.
func (a *ACL) BootstrapTokens(args *structs.DCSpecificRequest, reply *structs.ACLToken) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.BootstrapTokens", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	// Verify we are allowed to serve this request
	if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() {
		return acl.ErrDisabled
	}

	// By doing some pre-checks we can head off later bootstrap attempts
	// without having to run them through Raft, which should curb abuse.
	state := a.srv.fsm.State()
	allowed, resetIdx, err := state.CanBootstrapACLToken()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	var specifiedIndex uint64 = 0
	if !allowed {
		// Check if there is a reset index specified
		specifiedIndex = a.fileBootstrapResetIndex()
		if specifiedIndex == 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("ACL bootstrap no longer allowed (reset index: %d)", resetIdx)
		} else if specifiedIndex != resetIdx {
			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid bootstrap reset index (specified %d, reset index: %d)", specifiedIndex, resetIdx)
		}
	}

	// remove the bootstrap override file now that we have the index from it and it was valid.
	// whether bootstrapping works or not is irrelevant as we really don't want this file hanging around
	// in case a snapshot restore is done. In that case we don't want to accidentally allow re-bootstrapping
	// just because the file was unchanged.
	a.removeBootstrapResetFile()

	accessor, err := lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkTokenUUID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	secret, err := lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkTokenUUID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	req := structs.ACLTokenBootstrapRequest{
		Token: structs.ACLToken{
			AccessorID:  accessor,
			SecretID:    secret,
			Description: "Bootstrap Token (Global Management)",
			Policies: []structs.ACLTokenPolicyLink{
				{
					ID: structs.ACLPolicyGlobalManagementID,
				},
			},
			CreateTime: time.Now(),
			Local:      false,
			// DEPRECATED (ACL-Legacy-Compat) - This is used so that the bootstrap token is still visible via the v1 acl APIs
			Type: structs.ACLTokenTypeManagement,
		},
		ResetIndex: specifiedIndex,
	}

	req.Token.SetHash(true)

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLBootstrapRequestType, &req)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return err
	}

	if _, token, err := state.ACLTokenGetByAccessor(nil, accessor); err == nil {
		*reply = *token
	}

	a.srv.logger.Printf("[INFO] consul.acl: ACL bootstrap completed")
	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) TokenRead(args *structs.ACLTokenGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLTokenResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// clients will not know whether the server has local token store. In the case
	// where it doesn't we will transparently forward requests.
	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.TokenRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	var rule acl.Authorizer
	if args.TokenIDType == structs.ACLTokenAccessor {
		var err error
		// Only ACLRead privileges are required to list tokens
		// However if you do not have ACLWrite as well the token
		// secrets will be redacted
		if rule, err = a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
			return err
		} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
			return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
		}
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			var index uint64
			var token *structs.ACLToken
			var err error

			if args.TokenIDType == structs.ACLTokenAccessor {
				index, token, err = state.ACLTokenGetByAccessor(ws, args.TokenID)
				if token != nil {
					a.srv.filterACLWithAuthorizer(rule, &token)
					if !rule.ACLWrite() {
						reply.Redacted = true
					}
				}
			} else {
				index, token, err = state.ACLTokenGetBySecret(ws, args.TokenID)
			}

			if token != nil && token.IsExpired(time.Now()) {
				token = nil
			}

			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Token = index, token
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) TokenClone(args *structs.ACLTokenSetRequest, reply *structs.ACLToken) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// clients will not know whether the server has local token store. In the case
	// where it doesn't we will transparently forward requests.
	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.TokenClone", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "token", "clone"}, time.Now())

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	_, token, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLTokenGetByAccessor(nil, args.ACLToken.AccessorID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if token == nil || token.IsExpired(time.Now()) {
		return acl.ErrNotFound
	} else if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() && !token.Local {
		// global token writes must be forwarded to the primary DC
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
		return a.srv.forwardDC("ACL.TokenClone", a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter, args, reply)
	}

	if token.AuthMethod != "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot clone a token created from an auth method")
	}

	if token.Rules != "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot clone a legacy ACL with this endpoint")
	}

	cloneReq := structs.ACLTokenSetRequest{
		Datacenter: args.Datacenter,
		ACLToken: structs.ACLToken{
			Policies:          token.Policies,
			ServiceIdentities: token.ServiceIdentities,
			Local:             token.Local,
			Description:       token.Description,
			ExpirationTime:    token.ExpirationTime,
		},
		WriteRequest: args.WriteRequest,
	}

	if args.ACLToken.Description != "" {
		cloneReq.ACLToken.Description = args.ACLToken.Description
	}

	return a.tokenSetInternal(&cloneReq, reply, false)
}

func (a *ACL) TokenSet(args *structs.ACLTokenSetRequest, reply *structs.ACLToken) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Global token creation/modification always goes to the ACL DC
	if !args.ACLToken.Local {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	} else if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return fmt.Errorf("Local tokens are disabled")
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.TokenSet", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "token", "upsert"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.tokenSetInternal(args, reply, false)
}

func (a *ACL) tokenSetInternal(args *structs.ACLTokenSetRequest, reply *structs.ACLToken, fromLogin bool) error {
	token := &args.ACLToken

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		// local token operations
		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot upsert tokens within this datacenter")
	} else if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() && !token.Local {
		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot upsert global tokens within this datacenter")
	}

	state := a.srv.fsm.State()

	if token.AccessorID == "" {
		// Token Create
		var err error

		// Generate the AccessorID
		token.AccessorID, err = lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkTokenUUID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Generate the SecretID - not supporting non-UUID secrets
		token.SecretID, err = lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkTokenUUID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		token.CreateTime = time.Now()

		if fromLogin {
			if token.AuthMethod == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("AuthMethod field is required during Login")
			}
			if !token.Local {
				return fmt.Errorf("Cannot create Global token via Login")
			}
		} else {
			if token.AuthMethod != "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("AuthMethod field is disallowed outside of Login")
			}
		}

		// Ensure an ExpirationTTL is valid if provided.
		if token.ExpirationTTL != 0 {
			if token.ExpirationTTL < 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("Token Expiration TTL '%s' should be > 0", token.ExpirationTTL)
			}
			if token.HasExpirationTime() {
				return fmt.Errorf("Token Expiration TTL and Expiration Time cannot both be set")
			}

			token.ExpirationTime = timePointer(token.CreateTime.Add(token.ExpirationTTL))
			token.ExpirationTTL = 0
		}

		if token.HasExpirationTime() {
			if token.CreateTime.After(*token.ExpirationTime) {
				return fmt.Errorf("ExpirationTime cannot be before CreateTime")
			}

			expiresIn := token.ExpirationTime.Sub(token.CreateTime)
			if expiresIn > a.srv.config.ACLTokenMaxExpirationTTL {
				return fmt.Errorf("ExpirationTime cannot be more than %s in the future (was %s)",
					a.srv.config.ACLTokenMaxExpirationTTL, expiresIn)
			} else if expiresIn < a.srv.config.ACLTokenMinExpirationTTL {
				return fmt.Errorf("ExpirationTime cannot be less than %s in the future (was %s)",
					a.srv.config.ACLTokenMinExpirationTTL, expiresIn)
			}
		}
	} else {
		// Token Update
		if _, err := uuid.ParseUUID(token.AccessorID); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("AccessorID is not a valid UUID")
		}

		// DEPRECATED (ACL-Legacy-Compat) - maybe get rid of this in the future
		//   and instead do a ParseUUID check. New tokens will not have
		//   secrets generated by users but rather they will always be UUIDs.
		//   However if users just continue the upgrade cycle they may still
		//   have tokens using secrets that are not UUIDS
		// The RootAuthorizer checks that the SecretID is not "allow", "deny"
		// or "manage" as a precaution against something accidentally using
		// one of these root policies by setting the secret to it.
		if acl.RootAuthorizer(token.SecretID) != nil {
			return acl.PermissionDeniedError{Cause: "Cannot modify root ACL"}
		}

		// Verify the token exists
		_, existing, err := state.ACLTokenGetByAccessor(nil, token.AccessorID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Failed to lookup the acl token %q: %v", token.AccessorID, err)
		}
		if existing == nil || existing.IsExpired(time.Now()) {
			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot find token %q", token.AccessorID)
		}
		if token.SecretID == "" {
			token.SecretID = existing.SecretID
		} else if existing.SecretID != token.SecretID {
			return fmt.Errorf("Changing a tokens SecretID is not permitted")
		}

		// Cannot toggle the "Global" mode
		if token.Local != existing.Local {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot toggle local mode of %s", token.AccessorID)
		}

		if token.AuthMethod == "" {
			token.AuthMethod = existing.AuthMethod
		} else if token.AuthMethod != existing.AuthMethod {
			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot change AuthMethod of %s", token.AccessorID)
		}

		if token.ExpirationTTL != 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot change expiration time of %s", token.AccessorID)
		}

		if !token.HasExpirationTime() {
			token.ExpirationTime = existing.ExpirationTime
		} else if !existing.HasExpirationTime() {
			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot change expiration time of %s", token.AccessorID)
		} else if !token.ExpirationTime.Equal(*existing.ExpirationTime) {
			return fmt.Errorf("Cannot change expiration time of %s", token.AccessorID)
		}

		token.CreateTime = existing.CreateTime
	}

	policyIDs := make(map[string]struct{})
	var policies []structs.ACLTokenPolicyLink

	// Validate all the policy names and convert them to policy IDs
	for _, link := range token.Policies {
		if link.ID == "" {
			_, policy, err := state.ACLPolicyGetByName(nil, link.Name)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Error looking up policy for name %q: %v", link.Name, err)
			}
			if policy == nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("No such ACL policy with name %q", link.Name)
			}
			link.ID = policy.ID
		}

		// Do not store the policy name within raft/memdb as the policy could be renamed in the future.
		link.Name = ""

		// dedup policy links by id
		if _, ok := policyIDs[link.ID]; !ok {
			policies = append(policies, link)
			policyIDs[link.ID] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	token.Policies = policies

	roleIDs := make(map[string]struct{})
	var roles []structs.ACLTokenRoleLink

	// Validate all the role names and convert them to role IDs.
	for _, link := range token.Roles {
		if link.ID == "" {
			_, role, err := state.ACLRoleGetByName(nil, link.Name)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Error looking up role for name %q: %v", link.Name, err)
			}
			if role == nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("No such ACL role with name %q", link.Name)
			}
			link.ID = role.ID
		}

		// Do not store the role name within raft/memdb as the role could be renamed in the future.
		link.Name = ""

		// dedup role links by id
		if _, ok := roleIDs[link.ID]; !ok {
			roles = append(roles, link)
			roleIDs[link.ID] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	token.Roles = roles

	for _, svcid := range token.ServiceIdentities {
		if svcid.ServiceName == "" {
			return fmt.Errorf("Service identity is missing the service name field on this token")
		}
		if token.Local && len(svcid.Datacenters) > 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("Service identity %q cannot specify a list of datacenters on a local token", svcid.ServiceName)
		}
		if !isValidServiceIdentityName(svcid.ServiceName) {
			return fmt.Errorf("Service identity %q has an invalid name. Only alphanumeric characters, '-' and '_' are allowed", svcid.ServiceName)
		}
	}
	token.ServiceIdentities = dedupeServiceIdentities(token.ServiceIdentities)

	if token.Rules != "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Rules cannot be specified for this token")
	}

	if token.Type != "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Type cannot be specified for this token")
	}

	token.SetHash(true)

	req := &structs.ACLTokenBatchSetRequest{
		Tokens: structs.ACLTokens{token},
		CAS:    false,
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLTokenSetRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply token write request: %v", err)
	}

	// Purge the identity from the cache to prevent using the previous definition of the identity
	a.srv.acls.cache.RemoveIdentity(token.SecretID)

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	// Don't check expiration times here as it doesn't really matter.
	if _, updatedToken, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLTokenGetByAccessor(nil, token.AccessorID); err == nil && token != nil {
		*reply = *updatedToken
	} else {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to retrieve the token after insertion")
	}

	return nil
}

func validateBindingRuleBindName(bindType, bindName string, availableFields []string) (bool, error) {
	if bindType == "" || bindName == "" {
		return false, nil
	}

	fakeVarMap := make(map[string]string)
	for _, v := range availableFields {
		fakeVarMap[v] = "fake"
	}

	_, valid, err := computeBindingRuleBindName(bindType, bindName, fakeVarMap)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}
	return valid, nil
}

// computeBindingRuleBindName processes the HIL for the provided bind type+name
// using the verified fields.
//
// - If the HIL is invalid ("", false, AN_ERROR) is returned.
// - If the computed name is not valid for the type ("INVALID_NAME", false, nil) is returned.
// - If the computed name is valid for the type ("VALID_NAME", true, nil) is returned.
func computeBindingRuleBindName(bindType, bindName string, verifiedFields map[string]string) (string, bool, error) {
	bindName, err := InterpolateHIL(bindName, verifiedFields)
	if err != nil {
		return "", false, err
	}

	valid := false

	switch bindType {
	case structs.BindingRuleBindTypeService:
		valid = isValidServiceIdentityName(bindName)

	case structs.BindingRuleBindTypeRole:
		valid = validRoleName.MatchString(bindName)

	default:
		return "", false, fmt.Errorf("unknown binding rule bind type: %s", bindType)
	}

	return bindName, valid, nil
}

// isValidServiceIdentityName returns true if the provided name can be used as
// an ACLServiceIdentity ServiceName. This is more restrictive than standard
// catalog registration, which basically takes the view that "everything is
// valid".
func isValidServiceIdentityName(name string) bool {
	if len(name) < 1 || len(name) > serviceIdentityNameMaxLength {
		return false
	}
	return validServiceIdentityName.MatchString(name)
}

func (a *ACL) TokenDelete(args *structs.ACLTokenDeleteRequest, reply *string) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.TokenDelete", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "token", "delete"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	if _, err := uuid.ParseUUID(args.TokenID); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Accessor ID is missing or an invalid UUID")
	}

	if args.TokenID == structs.ACLTokenAnonymousID {
		return fmt.Errorf("Delete operation not permitted on the anonymous token")
	}

	// grab the token here so we can invalidate our cache later on
	_, token, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLTokenGetByAccessor(nil, args.TokenID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if token != nil {
		if args.Token == token.SecretID {
			return fmt.Errorf("Deletion of the request's authorization token is not permitted")
		}

		// No need to check expiration time because it's being deleted.

		if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() && !token.Local {
			args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
			return a.srv.forwardDC("ACL.TokenDelete", a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter, args, reply)
		}
	}

	req := &structs.ACLTokenBatchDeleteRequest{
		TokenIDs: []string{args.TokenID},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLTokenDeleteRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply token delete request: %v", err)
	}

	// Purge the identity from the cache to prevent using the previous definition of the identity
	if token != nil {
		a.srv.acls.cache.RemoveIdentity(token.SecretID)
	}

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if reply != nil && token != nil {
		*reply = token.AccessorID
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) TokenList(args *structs.ACLTokenListRequest, reply *structs.ACLTokenListResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		if args.Datacenter != a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter {
			args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
			args.IncludeLocal = false
			args.IncludeGlobal = true
		}
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.TokenList", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, tokens, err := state.ACLTokenList(ws, args.IncludeLocal, args.IncludeGlobal, args.Policy, args.Role, args.AuthMethod)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			now := time.Now()

			stubs := make([]*structs.ACLTokenListStub, 0, len(tokens))
			for _, token := range tokens {
				if token.IsExpired(now) {
					continue
				}
				stubs = append(stubs, token.Stub())
			}
			reply.Index, reply.Tokens = index, stubs
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) TokenBatchRead(args *structs.ACLTokenBatchGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLTokenBatchResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.TokenBatchRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, tokens, err := state.ACLTokenBatchGet(ws, args.AccessorIDs)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			// This RPC is used for replication, so don't filter out expired tokens here.

			a.srv.filterACLWithAuthorizer(rule, &tokens)

			reply.Index, reply.Tokens = index, tokens
			reply.Redacted = !rule.ACLWrite()
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) PolicyRead(args *structs.ACLPolicyGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLPolicyResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.PolicyRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, policy, err := state.ACLPolicyGetByID(ws, args.PolicyID)

			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Policy = index, policy
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) PolicyBatchRead(args *structs.ACLPolicyBatchGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLPolicyBatchResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.PolicyBatchRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, policies, err := state.ACLPolicyBatchGet(ws, args.PolicyIDs)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Policies = index, policies
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) PolicySet(args *structs.ACLPolicySetRequest, reply *structs.ACLPolicy) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.PolicySet", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "policy", "upsert"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	policy := &args.Policy
	state := a.srv.fsm.State()

	// Almost all of the checks here are also done in the state store. However,
	// we want to prevent the raft operations when we know they are going to fail
	// so we still do them here.

	// ensure a name is set
	if policy.Name == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Policy: no Name is set")
	}

	if !validPolicyName.MatchString(policy.Name) {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Policy: invalid Name. Only alphanumeric characters, '-' and '_' are allowed")
	}

	if policy.ID == "" {
		// with no policy ID one will be generated
		var err error

		policy.ID, err = lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkPolicyUUID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// validate the name is unique
		if _, existing, err := state.ACLPolicyGetByName(nil, policy.Name); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("acl policy lookup by name failed: %v", err)
		} else if existing != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Policy: A Policy with Name %q already exists", policy.Name)
		}
	} else {
		if _, err := uuid.ParseUUID(policy.ID); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Policy ID invalid UUID")
		}

		// Verify the policy exists
		_, existing, err := state.ACLPolicyGetByID(nil, policy.ID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("acl policy lookup failed: %v", err)
		} else if existing == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot find policy %s", policy.ID)
		}

		if existing.Name != policy.Name {
			if _, nameMatch, err := state.ACLPolicyGetByName(nil, policy.Name); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("acl policy lookup by name failed: %v", err)
			} else if nameMatch != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Policy: A policy with name %q already exists", policy.Name)
			}
		}

		if policy.ID == structs.ACLPolicyGlobalManagementID {
			if policy.Datacenters != nil || len(policy.Datacenters) > 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("Changing the Datacenters of the builtin global-management policy is not permitted")
			}

			if policy.Rules != existing.Rules {
				return fmt.Errorf("Changing the Rules for the builtin global-management policy is not permitted")
			}
		}
	}

	// validate the rules
	_, err := acl.NewPolicyFromSource("", 0, policy.Rules, policy.Syntax, a.srv.sentinel)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// calculate the hash for this policy
	policy.SetHash(true)

	req := &structs.ACLPolicyBatchSetRequest{
		Policies: structs.ACLPolicies{policy},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLPolicySetRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply policy upsert request: %v", err)
	}

	// Remove from the cache to prevent stale cache usage
	a.srv.acls.cache.RemovePolicy(policy.ID)

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if _, policy, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLPolicyGetByID(nil, policy.ID); err == nil && policy != nil {
		*reply = *policy
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) PolicyDelete(args *structs.ACLPolicyDeleteRequest, reply *string) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.PolicyDelete", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "policy", "delete"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	_, policy, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLPolicyGetByID(nil, args.PolicyID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if policy == nil {
		return nil
	}

	if policy.ID == structs.ACLPolicyGlobalManagementID {
		return fmt.Errorf("Delete operation not permitted on the builtin global-management policy")
	}

	req := structs.ACLPolicyBatchDeleteRequest{
		PolicyIDs: []string{args.PolicyID},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLPolicyDeleteRequestType, &req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply policy delete request: %v", err)
	}

	a.srv.acls.cache.RemovePolicy(policy.ID)

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if policy != nil {
		*reply = policy.Name
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) PolicyList(args *structs.ACLPolicyListRequest, reply *structs.ACLPolicyListResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.PolicyList", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, policies, err := state.ACLPolicyList(ws)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			var stubs structs.ACLPolicyListStubs
			for _, policy := range policies {
				stubs = append(stubs, policy.Stub())
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Policies = index, stubs
			return nil
		})
}

// PolicyResolve is used to retrieve a subset of the policies associated with a given token
// The policy ids in the args simply act as a filter on the policy set assigned to the token
func (a *ACL) PolicyResolve(args *structs.ACLPolicyBatchGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLPolicyBatchResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.PolicyResolve", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	// get full list of policies for this token
	identity, policies, err := a.srv.acls.resolveTokenToIdentityAndPolicies(args.Token)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	idMap := make(map[string]*structs.ACLPolicy)
	for _, policyID := range identity.PolicyIDs() {
		idMap[policyID] = nil
	}
	for _, policy := range policies {
		idMap[policy.ID] = policy
	}

	for _, policyID := range args.PolicyIDs {
		if policy, ok := idMap[policyID]; ok {
			// only add non-deleted policies
			if policy != nil {
				reply.Policies = append(reply.Policies, policy)
			}
		} else {
			// send a permission denied to indicate that the request included
			// policy ids not associated with this token
			return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
		}
	}

	a.srv.setQueryMeta(&reply.QueryMeta)

	return nil
}

// makeACLETag returns an ETag for the given parent and policy.
func makeACLETag(parent string, policy *acl.Policy) string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", parent, policy.ID)
}

// GetPolicy is used to retrieve a compiled policy object with a TTL. Does not
// support a blocking query.
func (a *ACL) GetPolicy(args *structs.ACLPolicyResolveLegacyRequest, reply *structs.ACLPolicyResolveLegacyResponse) error {
	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.GetPolicy", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	// Verify we are allowed to serve this request
	if a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter != a.srv.config.Datacenter {
		return acl.ErrDisabled
	}

	// Get the policy via the cache
	parent := a.srv.config.ACLDefaultPolicy

	policy, err := a.srv.acls.GetMergedPolicyForToken(args.ACL)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// translates the structures internals to most closely match what could be expressed in the original rule language
	policy = policy.ConvertToLegacy()

	// Generate an ETag
	etag := makeACLETag(parent, policy)

	// Setup the response
	reply.ETag = etag
	reply.TTL = a.srv.config.ACLTokenTTL
	a.srv.setQueryMeta(&reply.QueryMeta)

	// Only send the policy on an Etag mis-match
	if args.ETag != etag {
		reply.Parent = parent
		reply.Policy = policy
	}
	return nil
}

// ReplicationStatus is used to retrieve the current ACL replication status.
func (a *ACL) ReplicationStatus(args *structs.DCSpecificRequest,
	reply *structs.ACLReplicationStatus) error {
	// This must be sent to the leader, so we fix the args since we are
	// re-using a structure where we don't support all the options.
	args.RequireConsistent = true
	args.AllowStale = false
	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.ReplicationStatus", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	// There's no ACL token required here since this doesn't leak any
	// sensitive information, and we don't want people to have to use
	// management tokens if they are querying this via a health check.

	// Poll the latest status.
	a.srv.aclReplicationStatusLock.RLock()
	*reply = a.srv.aclReplicationStatus
	a.srv.aclReplicationStatusLock.RUnlock()
	return nil
}

func timePointer(t time.Time) *time.Time {
	return &t
}

func (a *ACL) RoleRead(args *structs.ACLRoleGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLRoleResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.RoleRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			var (
				index uint64
				role  *structs.ACLRole
				err   error
			)
			if args.RoleID != "" {
				index, role, err = state.ACLRoleGetByID(ws, args.RoleID)
			} else {
				index, role, err = state.ACLRoleGetByName(ws, args.RoleName)
			}

			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Role = index, role
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) RoleBatchRead(args *structs.ACLRoleBatchGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLRoleBatchResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.RoleBatchRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, roles, err := state.ACLRoleBatchGet(ws, args.RoleIDs)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Roles = index, roles
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) RoleSet(args *structs.ACLRoleSetRequest, reply *structs.ACLRole) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.RoleSet", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "role", "upsert"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	role := &args.Role
	state := a.srv.fsm.State()

	// Almost all of the checks here are also done in the state store. However,
	// we want to prevent the raft operations when we know they are going to fail
	// so we still do them here.

	// ensure a name is set
	if role.Name == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Role: no Name is set")
	}

	if !validRoleName.MatchString(role.Name) {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Role: invalid Name. Only alphanumeric characters, '-' and '_' are allowed")
	}

	if role.ID == "" {
		// with no role ID one will be generated
		var err error

		role.ID, err = lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkRoleUUID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// validate the name is unique
		if _, existing, err := state.ACLRoleGetByName(nil, role.Name); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("acl role lookup by name failed: %v", err)
		} else if existing != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Role: A Role with Name %q already exists", role.Name)
		}
	} else {
		if _, err := uuid.ParseUUID(role.ID); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Role ID invalid UUID")
		}

		// Verify the role exists
		_, existing, err := state.ACLRoleGetByID(nil, role.ID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("acl role lookup failed: %v", err)
		} else if existing == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot find role %s", role.ID)
		}

		if existing.Name != role.Name {
			if _, nameMatch, err := state.ACLRoleGetByName(nil, role.Name); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("acl role lookup by name failed: %v", err)
			} else if nameMatch != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Role: A role with name %q already exists", role.Name)
			}
		}
	}

	policyIDs := make(map[string]struct{})
	var policies []structs.ACLRolePolicyLink

	// Validate all the policy names and convert them to policy IDs
	for _, link := range role.Policies {
		if link.ID == "" {
			_, policy, err := state.ACLPolicyGetByName(nil, link.Name)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("Error looking up policy for name %q: %v", link.Name, err)
			}
			if policy == nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("No such ACL policy with name %q", link.Name)
			}
			link.ID = policy.ID
		}

		// Do not store the policy name within raft/memdb as the policy could be renamed in the future.
		link.Name = ""

		// dedup policy links by id
		if _, ok := policyIDs[link.ID]; !ok {
			policies = append(policies, link)
			policyIDs[link.ID] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	role.Policies = policies

	for _, svcid := range role.ServiceIdentities {
		if svcid.ServiceName == "" {
			return fmt.Errorf("Service identity is missing the service name field on this role")
		}
		if !isValidServiceIdentityName(svcid.ServiceName) {
			return fmt.Errorf("Service identity %q has an invalid name. Only alphanumeric characters, '-' and '_' are allowed", svcid.ServiceName)
		}
	}
	role.ServiceIdentities = dedupeServiceIdentities(role.ServiceIdentities)

	// calculate the hash for this role
	role.SetHash(true)

	req := &structs.ACLRoleBatchSetRequest{
		Roles: structs.ACLRoles{role},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLRoleSetRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply role upsert request: %v", err)
	}

	// Remove from the cache to prevent stale cache usage
	a.srv.acls.cache.RemoveRole(role.ID)

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if _, role, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLRoleGetByID(nil, role.ID); err == nil && role != nil {
		*reply = *role
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) RoleDelete(args *structs.ACLRoleDeleteRequest, reply *string) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() {
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.RoleDelete", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "role", "delete"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	_, role, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLRoleGetByID(nil, args.RoleID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if role == nil {
		return nil
	}

	req := structs.ACLRoleBatchDeleteRequest{
		RoleIDs: []string{args.RoleID},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLRoleDeleteRequestType, &req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply role delete request: %v", err)
	}

	a.srv.acls.cache.RemoveRole(role.ID)

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if role != nil {
		*reply = role.Name
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) RoleList(args *structs.ACLRoleListRequest, reply *structs.ACLRoleListResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.RoleList", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, roles, err := state.ACLRoleList(ws, args.Policy)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.Roles = index, roles
			return nil
		})
}

// RoleResolve is used to retrieve a subset of the roles associated with a given token
// The role ids in the args simply act as a filter on the role set assigned to the token
func (a *ACL) RoleResolve(args *structs.ACLRoleBatchGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLRoleBatchResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.RoleResolve", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	// get full list of roles for this token
	identity, roles, err := a.srv.acls.resolveTokenToIdentityAndRoles(args.Token)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	idMap := make(map[string]*structs.ACLRole)
	for _, roleID := range identity.RoleIDs() {
		idMap[roleID] = nil
	}
	for _, role := range roles {
		idMap[role.ID] = role
	}

	for _, roleID := range args.RoleIDs {
		if role, ok := idMap[roleID]; ok {
			// only add non-deleted roles
			if role != nil {
				reply.Roles = append(reply.Roles, role)
			}
		} else {
			// send a permission denied to indicate that the request included
			// role ids not associated with this token
			return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
		}
	}

	a.srv.setQueryMeta(&reply.QueryMeta)

	return nil
}

var errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication = errors.New("Token replication is required for auth methods to function")

func (a *ACL) BindingRuleRead(args *structs.ACLBindingRuleGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLBindingRuleResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.BindingRuleRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, rule, err := state.ACLBindingRuleGetByID(ws, args.BindingRuleID)

			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.BindingRule = index, rule
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) BindingRuleSet(args *structs.ACLBindingRuleSetRequest, reply *structs.ACLBindingRule) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.BindingRuleSet", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "bindingrule", "upsert"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	rule := &args.BindingRule
	state := a.srv.fsm.State()

	if rule.ID == "" {
		// with no binding rule ID one will be generated
		var err error

		rule.ID, err = lib.GenerateUUID(a.srv.checkBindingRuleUUID)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else {
		if _, err := uuid.ParseUUID(rule.ID); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Binding Rule ID invalid UUID")
		}

		// Verify the role exists
		_, existing, err := state.ACLBindingRuleGetByID(nil, rule.ID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("acl binding rule lookup failed: %v", err)
		} else if existing == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cannot find binding rule %s", rule.ID)
		}

		if rule.AuthMethod == "" {
			rule.AuthMethod = existing.AuthMethod
		} else if existing.AuthMethod != rule.AuthMethod {
			return fmt.Errorf("the AuthMethod field of an Binding Rule is immutable")
		}
	}

	if rule.AuthMethod == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Binding Rule: no AuthMethod is set")
	}

	methodIdx, method, err := state.ACLAuthMethodGetByName(nil, rule.AuthMethod)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("acl auth method lookup failed: %v", err)
	} else if method == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("cannot find auth method with name %q", rule.AuthMethod)
	}
	validator, err := a.srv.loadAuthMethodValidator(methodIdx, method)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if rule.Selector != "" {
		selectableVars := validator.MakeFieldMapSelectable(map[string]string{})
		_, err := bexpr.CreateEvaluatorForType(rule.Selector, nil, selectableVars)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("invalid Binding Rule: Selector is invalid: %v", err)
		}
	}

	if rule.BindType == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Binding Rule: no BindType is set")
	}

	if rule.BindName == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Binding Rule: no BindName is set")
	}

	switch rule.BindType {
	case structs.BindingRuleBindTypeService:
	case structs.BindingRuleBindTypeRole:
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Binding Rule: unknown BindType %q", rule.BindType)
	}

	if valid, err := validateBindingRuleBindName(rule.BindType, rule.BindName, validator.AvailableFields()); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Binding Rule: invalid BindName: %v", err)
	} else if !valid {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Binding Rule: invalid BindName")
	}

	req := &structs.ACLBindingRuleBatchSetRequest{
		BindingRules: structs.ACLBindingRules{rule},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLBindingRuleSetRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply binding rule upsert request: %v", err)
	}

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if _, rule, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLBindingRuleGetByID(nil, rule.ID); err == nil && rule != nil {
		*reply = *rule
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) BindingRuleDelete(args *structs.ACLBindingRuleDeleteRequest, reply *bool) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.BindingRuleDelete", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "bindingrule", "delete"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	_, rule, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLBindingRuleGetByID(nil, args.BindingRuleID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if rule == nil {
		return nil
	}

	req := structs.ACLBindingRuleBatchDeleteRequest{
		BindingRuleIDs: []string{args.BindingRuleID},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLBindingRuleDeleteRequestType, &req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply binding rule delete request: %v", err)
	}

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	*reply = true

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) BindingRuleList(args *structs.ACLBindingRuleListRequest, reply *structs.ACLBindingRuleListResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.BindingRuleList", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, rules, err := state.ACLBindingRuleList(ws, args.AuthMethod)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.BindingRules = index, rules
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) AuthMethodRead(args *structs.ACLAuthMethodGetRequest, reply *structs.ACLAuthMethodResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.AuthMethodRead", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, method, err := state.ACLAuthMethodGetByName(ws, args.AuthMethodName)

			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			reply.Index, reply.AuthMethod = index, method
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) AuthMethodSet(args *structs.ACLAuthMethodSetRequest, reply *structs.ACLAuthMethod) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.AuthMethodSet", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "authmethod", "upsert"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	method := &args.AuthMethod
	state := a.srv.fsm.State()

	// ensure a name is set
	if method.Name == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Auth Method: no Name is set")
	}
	if !validAuthMethod.MatchString(method.Name) {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Auth Method: invalid Name. Only alphanumeric characters, '-' and '_' are allowed")
	}

	// Check to see if the method exists first.
	_, existing, err := state.ACLAuthMethodGetByName(nil, method.Name)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("acl auth method lookup failed: %v", err)
	}

	if existing != nil {
		if method.Type == "" {
			method.Type = existing.Type
		} else if existing.Type != method.Type {
			return fmt.Errorf("the Type field of an Auth Method is immutable")
		}
	}

	if !authmethod.IsRegisteredType(method.Type) {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Auth Method: Type should be one of: %v", authmethod.Types())
	}

	// Instantiate a validator but do not cache it yet. This will validate the
	// configuration.
	if _, err := authmethod.NewValidator(method); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Auth Method: %v", err)
	}

	req := &structs.ACLAuthMethodBatchSetRequest{
		AuthMethods: structs.ACLAuthMethods{method},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLAuthMethodSetRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply auth method upsert request: %v", err)
	}

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	if _, method, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLAuthMethodGetByName(nil, method.Name); err == nil && method != nil {
		*reply = *method
	}

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) AuthMethodDelete(args *structs.ACLAuthMethodDeleteRequest, reply *bool) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.AuthMethodDelete", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "authmethod", "delete"}, time.Now())

	// Verify token is permitted to modify ACLs
	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLWrite() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	_, method, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLAuthMethodGetByName(nil, args.AuthMethodName)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if method == nil {
		return nil
	}

	req := structs.ACLAuthMethodBatchDeleteRequest{
		AuthMethodNames: []string{args.AuthMethodName},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLAuthMethodDeleteRequestType, &req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply auth method delete request: %v", err)
	}

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	*reply = true

	return nil
}

func (a *ACL) AuthMethodList(args *structs.ACLAuthMethodListRequest, reply *structs.ACLAuthMethodListResponse) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.AuthMethodList", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	if rule, err := a.srv.ResolveToken(args.Token); err != nil {
		return err
	} else if rule == nil || !rule.ACLRead() {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	return a.srv.blockingQuery(&args.QueryOptions, &reply.QueryMeta,
		func(ws memdb.WatchSet, state *state.Store) error {
			index, methods, err := state.ACLAuthMethodList(ws)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			var stubs structs.ACLAuthMethodListStubs
			for _, method := range methods {
				stubs = append(stubs, method.Stub())
			}

			reply.Index, reply.AuthMethods = index, stubs
			return nil
		})
}

func (a *ACL) Login(args *structs.ACLLoginRequest, reply *structs.ACLToken) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if args.Token != "" { // This shouldn't happen.
		return errors.New("do not provide a token when logging in")
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.Login", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "login"}, time.Now())

	auth := args.Auth

	// 1. take args.Data.AuthMethod to get an AuthMethod Validator
	idx, method, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLAuthMethodGetByName(nil, auth.AuthMethod)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	} else if method == nil {
		return acl.ErrNotFound
	}

	validator, err := a.srv.loadAuthMethodValidator(idx, method)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// 2. Send args.Data.BearerToken to method validator and get back a fields map
	verifiedFields, err := validator.ValidateLogin(auth.BearerToken)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// 3. send map through role bindings
	serviceIdentities, roleLinks, err := a.srv.evaluateRoleBindings(validator, verifiedFields)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if len(serviceIdentities) == 0 && len(roleLinks) == 0 {
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied
	}

	description := "token created via login"
	loginMeta, err := encodeLoginMeta(auth.Meta)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if loginMeta != "" {
		description += ": " + loginMeta
	}

	// 4. create token
	createReq := structs.ACLTokenSetRequest{
		Datacenter: args.Datacenter,
		ACLToken: structs.ACLToken{
			Description:       description,
			Local:             true,
			AuthMethod:        auth.AuthMethod,
			ServiceIdentities: serviceIdentities,
			Roles:             roleLinks,
		},
		WriteRequest: args.WriteRequest,
	}

	// 5. return token information like a TokenCreate would
	return a.tokenSetInternal(&createReq, reply, true)
}

func encodeLoginMeta(meta map[string]string) (string, error) {
	if len(meta) == 0 {
		return "", nil
	}

	d, err := json.Marshal(meta)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	return string(d), nil
}

func (a *ACL) Logout(args *structs.ACLLogoutRequest, reply *bool) error {
	if err := a.aclPreCheck(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if !a.srv.LocalTokensEnabled() {
		return errAuthMethodsRequireTokenReplication
	}

	if args.Token == "" {
		return acl.ErrNotFound
	}

	if done, err := a.srv.forward("ACL.Logout", args, args, reply); done {
		return err
	}

	defer metrics.MeasureSince([]string{"acl", "logout"}, time.Now())

	_, token, err := a.srv.fsm.State().ACLTokenGetBySecret(nil, args.Token)
	if err != nil {
		return err

	} else if token == nil {
		return acl.ErrNotFound

	} else if token.AuthMethod == "" {
		// Can't "logout" of a token that wasn't a result of login.
		return acl.ErrPermissionDenied

	} else if !a.srv.InACLDatacenter() && !token.Local {
		// global token writes must be forwarded to the primary DC
		args.Datacenter = a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter
		return a.srv.forwardDC("ACL.Logout", a.srv.config.ACLDatacenter, args, reply)
	}

	// No need to check expiration time because it's being deleted.

	req := &structs.ACLTokenBatchDeleteRequest{
		TokenIDs: []string{token.AccessorID},
	}

	resp, err := a.srv.raftApply(structs.ACLTokenDeleteRequestType, req)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Failed to apply token delete request: %v", err)
	}

	// Purge the identity from the cache to prevent using the previous definition of the identity
	if token != nil {
		a.srv.acls.cache.RemoveIdentity(token.SecretID)
	}

	if respErr, ok := resp.(error); ok {
		return respErr
	}

	*reply = true

	return nil
}