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---
layout: "docs"
page_title: "Commands: Lock"
sidebar_current: "docs-commands-lock"
description: |-
The lock command provides a mechanism for leader election, mutual exclusion, or worker pools. For example, this can be used to ensure a maximum number of services running at once across a cluster.
---
# Consul Lock
Command: `consul lock`
The `lock` command provides a mechanism for simple distributed locking.
A lock (or semaphore) is created at a given prefix in the KV store,
and only when held, is a child process invoked. If the lock is lost or
communication is disrupted, the child process is terminated.
The number of lock holders is configurable with the `-n` flag. By default,
a single holder is allowed, and a lock is used for mutual exclusion. This
uses the [leader election algorithm](/docs/guides/leader-election.html).
If the lock holder count is more than one, then a semaphore is used instead.
A semaphore allows more than a single holder, but this is less efficient than
a simple lock. This follows the [semaphore algorithm](/docs/guides/semaphore.html).
All locks using the same prefix must agree on the value of `-n`. If conflicting
values of `-n` are provided, an error will be returned.
An example use case is for highly-available N+1 deployments. In these
cases, if N instances of a service are required, N+1 are deployed and use
consul lock with `-n=N` to ensure only N instances are running. For singleton
services, a hot standby waits until the current leader fails to take over.
## Usage
Usage: `consul lock [options] prefix child...`
The only required options are the key prefix and the command to execute.
The prefix must be writable. The child is invoked only when the lock is held,
and the `CONSUL_LOCK_HELD` environment variable will be set to `true`.
If the lock is lost, communication is disrupted, or the parent process
interrupted, the child process will receive a `SIGTERM`. After a grace period
of 5 seconds, a `SIGKILL` will be used to force termination. For Consul agents
on Windows, the child process is always terminated with a `SIGKILL`, since
Windows has no POSIX compatible notion for `SIGTERM`.
#### API Options
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<%= partial "docs/commands/http_api_options_server" %>
#### Command Options
* `-child-exit-code` - Exit 2 if the child process exited with an error
if this is true, otherwise this doesn't propagate an error from the
child. The default value is false.
* `-monitor-retry` - Retry up to this number of times if Consul returns a 500 error
while monitoring the lock. This allows riding out brief periods of unavailability
without causing leader elections, but increases the amount of time required
to detect a lost lock in some cases. Defaults to 3, with a 1s wait between retries.
Set to 0 to disable.
* `-n` - Optional, limit of lock holders. Defaults to 1. The underlying
implementation switches from a lock to a semaphore when increased past
one. All locks on the same prefix must use the same value.
* `-name` - Optional name to associate with the underlying session.
If not provided, one is generated based on the child command.
* `-shell` - Optional, use a shell to run the command (can set a custom shell via the
SHELL environment variable). The default value is true.
* `-pass-stdin` - Pass stdin to child process.
* `-timeout` - Maximum amount of time to wait to acquire the lock, specified
as a duration like `1s` or `3h`. The default value is 0.
* `-try` - Attempt to acquire the lock up to the given timeout. The timeout is a
positive decimal number, with unit suffix, such as "500ms". Valid time units
are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
* `-verbose` - Enables verbose output.
## SHELL
Consul lock launches its children in a shell. By default, Consul will use the shell
defined in the environment variable `SHELL`. If `SHELL` is not defined, it will
default to `/bin/sh`. It should be noted that not all shells terminate child
processes when they receive `SIGTERM`. Under Ubuntu, `/bin/sh` is linked to `dash`,
which does **not** terminate its children. In order to ensure that child processes
are killed when the lock is lost, be sure to set the `SHELL` environment variable
appropriately, or run without a shell by setting `-shell=false`.