--- layout: docs page_title: Query services with DNS description: >- Domain Name Service (DNS) is the main way to look up, query, and address Consul nodes and services. Learn how a DNS lookup can help you find services by tag, name, namespace, partition, datacenter, or domain. --- # Query services with DNS One of the primary query interfaces for Consul is DNS. The DNS interface allows applications to make use of service discovery without any high-touch integration with Consul. For example, instead of making HTTP API requests to Consul, a host can use the DNS server directly via name lookups like `redis.service.us-east-1.consul`. This query automatically translates to a lookup of nodes that provide the `redis` service, are located in the `us-east-1` datacenter, and have no failing health checks. It's that simple! There are a number of configuration options that are important for the DNS interface, specifically [`client_addr`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#client_addr),[`ports.dns`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#dns_port), [`recursors`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#recursors),[`domain`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#domain), [`alt_domain`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#alt_domain), and [`dns_config`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#dns_config). By default, Consul will listen on 127.0.0.1:8600 for DNS queries in the `consul.` domain, without support for further DNS recursion. Please consult the [documentation on configuration options](/docs/agent/config), specifically the configuration items linked above, for more details. There are a few ways to use the DNS interface. One option is to use a custom DNS resolver library and point it at Consul. Another option is to set Consul as the DNS server for a node and provide a [`recursors`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#recursors) configuration so that non-Consul queries can also be resolved. The last method is to forward all queries for the "consul." domain to a Consul agent from the existing DNS server. Review the [DNS Forwarding tutorial](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/consul/dns-forwarding?utm_source=docs) for examples. You can experiment with Consul's DNS server on the command line using tools such as `dig`: ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 redis.service.dc1.consul. ANY ``` -> **Note:** In DNS, all queries are case-insensitive. A lookup of `PostgreSQL.node.dc1.consul` will find all nodes named `postgresql`. ## Node Lookups To resolve names, Consul relies on a very specific format for queries. There are fundamentally two types of queries: node lookups and service lookups. A node lookup, a simple query for the address of a named node, looks like this: ```text .node[.]. ``` For example, if we have a `foo` node with default settings, we could look for `foo.node.dc1.consul.` The datacenter is an optional part of the FQDN: if not provided, it defaults to the datacenter of the agent. If we know `foo` is running in the same datacenter as our local agent, we can instead use `foo.node.consul.` This convention allows for terse syntax where appropriate while supporting queries of nodes in remote datacenters as necessary. For a node lookup, the only records returned are A and AAAA records containing the IP address, and TXT records containing the `node_meta` values of the node. ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 foo.node.consul ANY ; <<>> DiG 9.8.3-P1 <<>> @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 foo.node.consul ANY ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 24355 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;foo.node.consul. IN ANY ;; ANSWER SECTION: foo.node.consul. 0 IN A 10.1.10.12 foo.node.consul. 0 IN TXT "meta_key=meta_value" foo.node.consul. 0 IN TXT "value only" ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: consul. 0 IN SOA ns.consul. postmaster.consul. 1392836399 3600 600 86400 0 ``` By default the TXT records value will match the node's metadata key-value pairs according to [RFC1464](https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1464.txt). Alternatively, the TXT record will only include the node's metadata value when the node's metadata key starts with `rfc1035-`. ### Node Lookups for Consul Enterprise Consul nodes exist at the admin partition level within a datacenter. By default, the partition and datacenter used in a [node lookup](#node-lookups) are the partition and datacenter of the Consul agent that received the DNS query. Use the following query format to specify a partition for a node lookup: ```text .node..ap..dc. ``` Consul server agents are in the `default` partition. If DNS queries are addressed to Consul server agents, node lookups to non-`default` partitions must explicitly specify the partition of the target node. ## Service Lookups A service lookup is used to query for service providers. Service queries support two lookup methods: standard and strict [RFC 2782](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782). By default, SRV weights are all set at 1, but changing weights is supported using the `Weights` attribute of the [service definition](/docs/discovery/services). Note that DNS is limited in size per request, even when performing DNS TCP queries. For services having many instances (more than 500), it might not be possible to retrieve the complete list of instances for the service. When DNS SRV response are sent, order is randomized, but weights are not taken into account. In the case of truncation different clients using weighted SRV responses will have partial and inconsistent views of instances weights so the request distribution could be skewed from the intended weights. In that case, it is recommended to use the HTTP API to retrieve the list of nodes. ### Standard Lookup The format of a standard service lookup is: ```text [.].service[.]. ``` The `tag` is optional, and, as with node lookups, the `datacenter` is as well. If no tag is provided, no filtering is done on tag. If no datacenter is provided, the datacenter of this Consul agent is assumed. If we want to find any redis service providers in our local datacenter, we could query `redis.service.consul.` If we want to find the PostgreSQL primary in a particular datacenter, we could query `primary.postgresql.service.dc2.consul.` The DNS query system makes use of health check information to prevent routing to unhealthy nodes. When a service query is made, any services failing their health check or failing a node system check will be omitted from the results. To allow for simple load balancing, the set of nodes returned is also randomized each time. These mechanisms make it easy to use DNS along with application-level retries as the foundation for an auto-healing service oriented architecture. For standard services queries, both A and SRV records are supported. SRV records provide the port that a service is registered on, enabling clients to avoid relying on well-known ports. SRV records are only served if the client specifically requests them, like so: ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 consul.service.consul SRV ; <<>> DiG 9.8.3-P1 <<>> @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 consul.service.consul ANY ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 50483 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;consul.service.consul. IN SRV ;; ANSWER SECTION: consul.service.consul. 0 IN SRV 1 1 8300 foobar.node.dc1.consul. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: foobar.node.dc1.consul. 0 IN A 10.1.10.12 ``` ### RFC 2782 Lookup Valid formats for RFC 2782 SRV lookups depend on whether you want to filter results based on a service tag: - No filtering on service tag ```text _._tcp[.service][.]. ``` - Filtering on service tag specified in the RFC 2782 protocol field ```text _._[.service][.]. ``` Per [RFC 2782](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2782), SRV queries must prepend an underscore (`_`) to the `service` and `protocol` values in a query to prevent DNS collisions. To perform no tag-based filtering, specify `tcp` in the RFC 2782 protocol field. To filter results on a service tag, specify the tag in the RFC 2782 protocol field. Other than the query format and default `tcp` protocol/tag value, the behavior of the RFC style lookup is the same as the standard style of lookup. If you registered the service `rabbitmq` on port 5672 and tagged it with `amqp`, you could make an RFC 2782 query for its SRV record as `_rabbitmq._amqp.service.consul`: ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 _rabbitmq._amqp.service.consul SRV ; <<>> DiG 9.8.3-P1 <<>> @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 _rabbitmq._amqp.service.consul ANY ; (1 server found) ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 52838 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;_rabbitmq._amqp.service.consul. IN SRV ;; ANSWER SECTION: _rabbitmq._amqp.service.consul. 0 IN SRV 1 1 5672 rabbitmq.node1.dc1.consul. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: rabbitmq.node1.dc1.consul. 0 IN A 10.1.11.20 ``` Again, note that the SRV record returns the port of the service as well as its IP. #### SRV response for hosts in the .addr subdomain If a service registered to Consul has an explicit IP [`address`](/api-docs/agent/service#address) or tagged address(es) defined on the service registration, the hostname returned in the target field of the answer section for the DNS SRV query for the service will be in the format of `.addr..consul`. In the example below, the `rabbitmq` service has been registered with an explicit IPv4 address of `192.0.2.10`. ```hcl node_name = "node1" services { name = "rabbitmq" address = "192.0.2.10" port = 5672 } ``` ```json { "node_name": "node1", "services": [ { "name": "rabbitmq", "address": "192.0.2.10", "port": 5672 } ] } ``` When performing an SRV query for this service, the SRV response contains a single record with a hostname in the format of `.addr..consul`. ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 -t srv _rabbitmq._tcp.service.consul +short 1 1 5672 c000020a.addr.dc1.consul. ``` In this example, the hex-encoded IP from the returned hostname is `c000020a`. Converting each hex octet to decimal reveals the IP address that was specified in the service registration. ```shell-session $ echo -n "c000020a" | perl -ne 'printf("%vd\n", pack("H*", $_))' 192.0.2.10 ``` In the example below, the `rabbitmq` service has been registered with an explicit IPv6 address of `2001:db8:1:2:cafe::1337`. ```hcl node_name = "node1" services { name = "rabbitmq" address = "2001:db8:1:2:cafe::1337" port = 5672 } ``` ```json { "node_name": "node1", "services": [ { "name": "rabbitmq", "address": "2001:db8:1:2:cafe::1337", "port": 5672 } ] } ``` When performing an SRV query for this service, the SRV response contains a single record with a hostname in the format of `.addr..consul`. ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 -t srv _rabbitmq._tcp.service.consul +short 1 1 5672 20010db800010002cafe000000001337.addr.dc1.consul. ``` In this example, the hex-encoded IP from the returned hostname is `20010db800010002cafe000000001337`. This is the fully expanded IPv6 address with colon separators removed. The following command re-adds the colon separators to display the fully expanded IPv6 address that was specified in the service registration. ```shell-session $ echo -n "20010db800010002cafe000000001337" | perl -ne 'printf join(":", unpack("(A4)*", $_))."\n"' 2001:0db8:0001:0002:cafe:0000:0000:1337 ``` ### Service Lookups for Consul Enterprise By default, all service lookups use the `default` namespace within the partition and datacenter of the Consul agent that received the DNS query. Use the following query format to specify a namespace, partition, and/or datacenter for all service lookup types except `.query`, including `.service`, `.connect`, `.virtual`, and `.ingress`. At least two of those three fields (`namespace`, `partition`, `datacenter`) must be specified. ```text [.].service..ns..ap..dc. ``` Consul server agents are in the `default` partition. If DNS queries are addressed to Consul server agents, service lookups to non-`default` partitions must explicitly specify the partition of the target service. To lookup services imported from a cluster peer, use a [service virtual IP lookups for Consul Enterprise](#service-virtual-ip-lookups-for-consul-enterprise) instead. ### Prepared Query Lookups The format of a prepared query lookup is: ```text .query[.]. ``` The `datacenter` is optional, and if not provided, the datacenter of this Consul agent is assumed. The `query or name` is the ID or given name of an existing [Prepared Query](/api-docs/query). These behave like standard service queries but provide a much richer set of features, such as filtering by multiple tags and automatically failing over to look for services in remote datacenters if no healthy nodes are available in the local datacenter. Consul 0.6.4 and later also added support for [prepared query templates](/api-docs/query#prepared-query-templates) which can match names using a prefix match, allowing one template to apply to potentially many services. To allow for simple load balancing, the set of nodes returned is randomized each time. Both A and SRV records are supported. SRV records provide the port that a service is registered on, enabling clients to avoid relying on well-known ports. SRV records are only served if the client specifically requests them. ### Connect-Capable Service Lookups To find Connect-capable services: ```text .connect. ``` This will find all [Connect-capable](/docs/connect) endpoints for the given `service`. A Connect-capable endpoint may be both a proxy for a service or a natively integrated Connect application. The DNS interface does not differentiate the two. Most services will use a [proxy](/docs/connect/proxies) that handles service discovery automatically and therefore won't use this DNS format. This DNS format is primarily useful for [Connect-native](/docs/connect/native) applications. This endpoint currently only finds services within the same datacenter and doesn't support tags. This DNS interface will be expanded over time. If you need more complex behavior, please use the [catalog API](/api-docs/catalog). ### Service Virtual IP Lookups To find the unique virtual IP allocated for a service: ```text .virtual[.]. ``` This will return the unique virtual IP for any [Connect-capable](/docs/connect) service. Each Connect service has a virtual IP assigned to it by Consul - this is used by sidecar proxies for the [Transparent Proxy](/docs/connect/transparent-proxy) feature. The peer name is an optional part of the FQDN, and it is used to query for the virtual IP of a service imported from that peer. The virtual IP is also added to the service's [Tagged Addresses](/docs/discovery/services#tagged-addresses) under the `consul-virtual` tag. #### Service Virtual IP Lookups for Consul Enterprise By default, a service virtual IP lookup uses the `default` namespace within the partition and datacenter of the Consul agent that received the DNS query. To lookup services imported from a cluster peered partition or open-source datacenter, specify the namespace and peer name in the lookup: ```text .virtual[.].. ``` To lookup services not imported from a cluster peer, refer to [service lookups for Consul Enterprise](#service-lookups-for-consul-enterprise) instead. ### Ingress Service Lookups To find ingress-enabled services: ```text .ingress. ``` This will find all [ingress gateway](/docs/connect/gateways/ingress-gateway) endpoints for the given `service`. This endpoint currently only finds services within the same datacenter and doesn't support tags. This DNS interface will be expanded over time. If you need more complex behavior, please use the [catalog API](/api-docs/catalog). ### UDP Based DNS Queries When the DNS query is performed using UDP, Consul will truncate the results without setting the truncate bit. This is to prevent a redundant lookup over TCP that generates additional load. If the lookup is done over TCP, the results are not truncated. ## Alternative Domain By default, Consul responds to DNS queries in the `consul` domain, but you can set a specific domain for responding to DNS queries by configuring the [`domain`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#domain) parameter. In some instances, Consul may need to respond to queries in more than one domain, such as during a DNS migration or to distinguish between internal and external queries. Consul versions 1.5.2+ can be configured to respond to DNS queries on an alternative domain through the [`alt_domain`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#alt_domain) agent configuration option. As of Consul versions 1.11.0+, Consul's DNS response will use the same domain as was used in the query; in prior versions, the response may use the primary [`domain`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#domain) no matter which domain was used in the query. In the following example, the `alt_domain` parameter is set to `test-domain`: ```hcl alt_domain = "test-domain" ``` ```shell-session $ dig @127.0.0.1 -p 8600 consul.service.test-domain SRV ``` The following responses are returned: ``` ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;consul.service.test-domain. IN SRV ;; ANSWER SECTION: consul.service.test-domain. 0 IN SRV 1 1 8300 machine.node.dc1.test-domain. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: machine.node.dc1.test-domain. 0 IN A 127.0.0.1 machine.node.dc1.test-domain. 0 IN TXT "consul-network-segment=" ``` -> **PTR queries:** Responses to PTR queries (`.in-addr.arpa.`) will always use the [primary domain](/docs/agent/config/config-files#domain) (not the alternative domain), as there is no way for the query to specify a domain. ## Caching By default, all DNS results served by Consul set a 0 TTL value. This disables caching of DNS results. However, there are many situations in which caching is desirable for performance and scalability. This is discussed more in the tutorial for [DNS caching](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/consul/dns-caching). ## WAN Address Translation By default, Consul DNS queries will return a node's local address, even when being queried from a remote datacenter. If you need to use a different address to reach a node from outside its datacenter, you can configure this behavior using the [`advertise-wan`](/docs/agent/config/cli-flags#_advertise-wan) and [`translate_wan_addrs`](/docs/agent/config/config-files#translate_wan_addrs) configuration options. ## DNS with ACLs In order to use the DNS interface when [Access Control Lists (ACLs)](/docs/security/acl) are enabled, you must first create ACL tokens with the necessary policies. Consul agents resolve DNS requests using one of the preconfigured tokens below, listed in order of precedence: 1. The agent's [`default` token](/docs/agent/config/config-files#acl_tokens_default). 2. The built-in [`anonymous` token](/docs/security/acl/acl-tokens#built-in-tokens). Because the anonymous token is used when any request is made to Consul without explicitly specifying a token, production deployments should not apply policies needed for DNS to this token. Consul will either accept or deny the request depending on whether the token has the appropriate authorization. The following table describes the available DNS lookups and required policies when ACLs are enabled: | Lookup | Type | Description | ACLs Required | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `*.node.consul` | [Node](#node-lookups) | Allow resolving DNS requests for the target node (i.e., `.node.consul`) | [`node:read`](/docs/security/acl/acl-rules#node-rules) | | `*.service.consul`, `*.connect.consul`, `*.ingress.consul`, `*.virtual.consul` | [Service: standard](#service-lookups) | Allow resolving DNS requests for target service (e.g., `.service.consul`) instances running on ACL-authorized nodes | [`service:read`](/docs/security/acl/acl-rules#service-rules), [`node:read`](/docs/security/acl/acl-rules#node-rules) | | `*.query.consul` | [Service: prepared query](#prepared-query-lookups) | Allow resolving DNS requests for [service instances specified](/api-docs/query#service-1) by the target prepared query (i.e., `.query.consul`) running on ACL-authorized nodes | [`query:read`](/docs/security/acl/acl-rules#prepared-query-rules), [`service:read`](/docs/security/acl/acl-rules#service-rules), [`node:read`](/docs/security/acl/acl-rules#node-rules) | For guidance on how to configure an appropriate token for DNS, refer to the securing Consul with ACLs guides for: - [Production Environments](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/consul/access-control-setup-production#token-for-dns) - [Development Environments](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/consul/access-control-setup?utm_source=docs#enable-acls-on-consul-clients)