From 161633eee47d32733121f87d679e586b3c8f9f43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Armon Dadgar <armon.dadgar@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2015 17:43:54 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] api: First pass at semaphore

---
 api/semaphore.go | 430 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 430 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 api/semaphore.go

diff --git a/api/semaphore.go b/api/semaphore.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01c29f2b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/api/semaphore.go
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"path"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	// DefaultSemaphoreSessionName is the Session Name we assign if none is provided
+	DefaultSemaphoreSessionName = "Consul API Semaphore"
+
+	// DefaultSemaphoreSessionTTL is the default session TTL if no Session is provided
+	// when creating a new Semaphore. This is used because we do not have another
+	// other check to depend upon.
+	DefaultSemaphoreSessionTTL = "15s"
+
+	// DefaultSemaphoreWaitTime is how long we block for at a time to check if semaphore
+	// acquisition is possible. This affects the minimum time it takes to cancel
+	// a Semaphore acquisition.
+	DefaultSemaphoreWaitTime = 15 * time.Second
+
+	// DefaultSemaphoreRetryTime is how long we wait after a failed lock acquisition
+	// before attempting to do the lock again. This is so that once a lock-delay
+	// is in affect, we do not hot loop retrying the acquisition.
+	DefaultSemaphoreRetryTime = 5 * time.Second
+
+	// DefaultSemaphoreKey is the key used within the prefix to
+	// use for coordination between all the contenders.
+	DefaultSemaphoreKey = "_lock"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrSemaphoreHeld is returned if we attempt to double lock
+	ErrSemaphoreHeld = fmt.Errorf("Semaphore already held")
+
+	// ErrSemaphoreNotHeld is returned if we attempt to unlock a lock
+	// that we do not hold.
+	ErrSemaphoreNotHeld = fmt.Errorf("Semaphore not held")
+)
+
+// Semaphore is used to implement a distributed semaphore
+// using the Consul KV primitives.
+type Semaphore struct {
+	c    *Client
+	opts *SemaphoreOptions
+
+	isHeld       bool
+	sessionRenew chan struct{}
+	lockSession  string
+	l            sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// SemaphoreOptions is used to parameterize the Semaphore
+type SemaphoreOptions struct {
+	Prefix      string // Must be set and have write permissions
+	Limit       int    // Must be set, and be positive
+	Value       []byte // Optional, value to associate with the contender entry
+	Session     string // OPtional, created if not specified
+	SessionName string // Optional, defaults to DefaultLockSessionName
+	SessionTTL  string // Optional, defaults to DefaultLockSessionTTL
+}
+
+// semaphoreLock is written under the DefaultSemaphoreKey and
+// is used to coordinate between all the contenders.
+type semaphoreLock struct {
+	// Limit is the integer limit of holders. This is used to
+	// verify that all the holders agree on the value.
+	Limit int
+
+	// Holders is a list of all the semaphore holders.
+	// It maps the session ID to true. It is used as a set effectively.
+	Holders map[string]bool
+}
+
+// SemaphorePrefix is used to created a Semaphore which will operate
+// at the given KV prefix and uses the given limit for the semaphore.
+// The prefix must have write privileges, and the limit must be agreed
+// upon by all contenders.
+func (c *Client) SemaphorePrefix(prefix string, limit int) (*Semaphore, error) {
+	opts := &SemaphoreOptions{
+		Prefix: prefix,
+		Limit:  limit,
+	}
+	return c.SemaphoreOpts(opts)
+}
+
+// SemaphoreOpts is used to create a Semaphore with the given options.
+// The prefix must have write privileges, and the limit must be agreed
+// upon by all contenders. If a Session is not provided, one will be created.
+func (c *Client) SemaphoreOpts(opts *SemaphoreOptions) (*Semaphore, error) {
+	if opts.Prefix == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing prefix")
+	}
+	if opts.Limit <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("semaphore limit must be positive")
+	}
+	if opts.SessionName == "" {
+		opts.SessionName = DefaultSemaphoreSessionName
+	}
+	if opts.SessionTTL == "" {
+		opts.SessionTTL = DefaultSemaphoreSessionTTL
+	} else {
+		if _, err := time.ParseDuration(opts.SessionTTL); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid SessionTTL: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+	s := &Semaphore{
+		c:    c,
+		opts: opts,
+	}
+	return s, nil
+}
+
+// Acquire attempts to reserve a slot in the semaphore, blocking until
+// success, interrupted via the stopCh or an error is encounted.
+// Providing a non-nil stopCh can be used to abort the attempt.
+// On success, a channel is returned that represents our slot.
+// This channel could be closed at any time due to session invalidation,
+// communication errors, operator intervention, etc. It is NOT safe to
+// assume that the slot is held until Release() unless the Session is specifically
+// created without any associated health checks. By default Consul sessions
+// prefer liveness over safety and an application must be able to handle
+// the session being lost.
+func (s *Semaphore) Acquire(stopCh chan struct{}) (chan struct{}, error) {
+	// Hold the lock as we try to acquire
+	s.l.Lock()
+	defer s.l.Unlock()
+
+	// Check if we already hold the semaphore
+	if s.isHeld {
+		return nil, ErrSemaphoreHeld
+	}
+
+	// Check if we need to create a session first
+	s.lockSession = s.opts.Session
+	if s.lockSession == "" {
+		if sess, err := s.createSession(); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create session: %v", err)
+		} else {
+			s.sessionRenew = make(chan struct{})
+			s.lockSession = sess
+			go s.renewSession(sess, s.sessionRenew)
+
+			// If we fail to acquire the lock, cleanup the session
+			defer func() {
+				if !s.isHeld {
+					close(s.sessionRenew)
+					s.sessionRenew = nil
+				}
+			}()
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Create the contender entry
+	kv := s.c.KV()
+	made, _, err := kv.Acquire(s.contenderEntry(s.lockSession), nil)
+	if err != nil || !made {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to make contender entry: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Setup the query options
+	qOpts := &QueryOptions{
+		WaitTime: DefaultSemaphoreWaitTime,
+	}
+
+WAIT:
+	// Check if we should quit
+	select {
+	case <-stopCh:
+		return nil, nil
+	default:
+	}
+
+	// Read the prefix
+	pairs, meta, err := kv.List(s.opts.Prefix, qOpts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read prefix: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Decode the lock
+	lockPair := s.findLock(pairs)
+	lock, err := s.decodeLock(lockPair)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Verify we agree with the limit
+	if lock.Limit != s.opts.Limit {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("semaphore limit conflict (lock: %d, local: %d)",
+			lock.Limit, s.opts.Limit)
+	}
+
+	// Prune the dead holders
+	s.pruneDeadHolders(lock, pairs)
+
+	// Check if the lock is held
+	if len(lock.Holders) >= lock.Limit {
+		qOpts.WaitIndex = meta.LastIndex
+		goto WAIT
+	}
+
+	// Create a new lock with us as a holder
+	lock.Holders[s.lockSession] = true
+	newLock, err := s.encodeLock(lock, lockPair.ModifyIndex)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Attempt the acquisition
+	didSet, _, err := kv.CAS(newLock, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to update lock: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !didSet {
+		// Update failed, could have been a race with another contender,
+		// retry the operation
+		goto WAIT
+	}
+
+	// Watch to ensure we maintain ownership of the slot
+	lockCh := make(chan struct{})
+	go s.monitorLock(s.lockSession, lockCh)
+
+	// Set that we own the lock
+	s.isHeld = true
+
+	// Acquired! All done
+	return lockCh, nil
+}
+
+// Release is used to voluntarily give up our semaphore slot. It is
+// an error to call this if the semaphore has not been acquired.
+func (s *Semaphore) Release() error {
+	// Hold the lock as we try to release
+	s.l.Lock()
+	defer s.l.Unlock()
+
+	// Ensure the lock is actually held
+	if !s.isHeld {
+		return ErrSemaphoreNotHeld
+	}
+
+	// Set that we no longer own the lock
+	s.isHeld = false
+
+	// Stop the session renew
+	if s.sessionRenew != nil {
+		defer func() {
+			close(s.sessionRenew)
+			s.sessionRenew = nil
+		}()
+	}
+
+	// Get and clear the lock session
+	lockSession := s.lockSession
+	s.lockSession = ""
+
+	// Remove ourselves as a lock holder
+	kv := s.c.KV()
+	key := path.Join(s.opts.Prefix, DefaultSemaphoreKey)
+READ:
+	pair, _, err := kv.Get(key, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if pair == nil {
+		pair = &KVPair{}
+	}
+	lock, err := s.decodeLock(pair)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Create a new lock without us as a holder
+	if _, ok := lock.Holders[lockSession]; ok {
+		delete(lock.Holders, lockSession)
+		newLock, err := s.encodeLock(lock, pair.ModifyIndex)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// Swap the locks
+		didSet, _, err := kv.CAS(newLock, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update lock: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !didSet {
+			goto READ
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Destroy the contender entry
+	contenderKey := path.Join(s.opts.Prefix, lockSession)
+	if _, err := kv.Delete(contenderKey, nil); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// createSession is used to create a new managed session
+func (s *Semaphore) createSession() (string, error) {
+	session := s.c.Session()
+	se := &SessionEntry{
+		Name:     s.opts.SessionName,
+		TTL:      s.opts.SessionTTL,
+		Behavior: SessionBehaviorDelete,
+	}
+	id, _, err := session.Create(se, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+// renewSession is a long running routine that maintians a session
+// by doing a periodic Session renewal.
+func (s *Semaphore) renewSession(id string, doneCh chan struct{}) {
+	session := s.c.Session()
+	ttl, _ := time.ParseDuration(s.opts.SessionTTL)
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-time.After(ttl / 2):
+			entry, _, err := session.Renew(id, nil)
+			if err != nil || entry == nil {
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Handle the server updating the TTL
+			ttl, _ = time.ParseDuration(entry.TTL)
+
+		case <-doneCh:
+			// Attempt a session destroy
+			session.Destroy(id, nil)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// contenderEntry returns a formatted KVPair for the contender
+func (s *Semaphore) contenderEntry(session string) *KVPair {
+	return &KVPair{
+		Key:     path.Join(s.opts.Prefix, session),
+		Value:   s.opts.Value,
+		Session: session,
+	}
+}
+
+// findLock is used to find the KV Pair which is used for coordination
+func (s *Semaphore) findLock(pairs KVPairs) *KVPair {
+	key := path.Join(s.opts.Prefix, DefaultSemaphoreKey)
+	for _, pair := range pairs {
+		if pair.Key == key {
+			return pair
+		}
+	}
+	return &KVPair{}
+}
+
+// decodeLock is used to decode a semaphoreLock from an
+// entry in Consul
+func (s *Semaphore) decodeLock(pair *KVPair) (*semaphoreLock, error) {
+	// Handle if there is no lock
+	if pair == nil || pair.Value == nil {
+		return &semaphoreLock{Limit: s.opts.Limit}, nil
+	}
+
+	l := &semaphoreLock{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(pair.Value, l); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("lock decoding failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	return l, nil
+}
+
+// encodeLock is used to encode a semaphoreLock into a KVPair
+// that can be PUT
+func (s *Semaphore) encodeLock(l *semaphoreLock, oldIndex uint64) (*KVPair, error) {
+	enc, err := json.Marshal(l)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("lock encoding failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	pair := &KVPair{
+		Key:         path.Join(s.opts.Prefix, DefaultSemaphoreKey),
+		Value:       enc,
+		ModifyIndex: oldIndex,
+	}
+	return pair, nil
+}
+
+// pruneDeadHolders is used to remove all the dead lock holders
+func (s *Semaphore) pruneDeadHolders(lock *semaphoreLock, pairs KVPairs) {
+	// Gather all the live holders
+	alive := make(map[string]struct{}, len(pairs))
+	for _, pair := range pairs {
+		session := strings.TrimPrefix(pair.Key, s.opts.Prefix)
+		alive[session] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	// Remove any holders that are dead
+	for holder := range lock.Holders {
+		if _, ok := alive[holder]; !ok {
+			delete(lock.Holders, holder)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// monitorLock is a long running routine to monitor a semaphore ownership
+// It closes the stopCh if we lose our slot.
+func (s *Semaphore) monitorLock(session string, stopCh chan struct{}) {
+	defer close(stopCh)
+	kv := s.c.KV()
+	opts := &QueryOptions{RequireConsistent: true}
+	key := path.Join(s.opts.Prefix, DefaultSemaphoreKey)
+WAIT:
+	pair, meta, err := kv.Get(key, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	lock, err := s.decodeLock(pair)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if _, ok := lock.Holders[session]; ok {
+		opts.WaitIndex = meta.LastIndex
+		goto WAIT
+	}
+}