Service mesh is a dedicated network layer for secure, resilient, observable microservice communication. Learn about using Consul's service mesh to solve service networking challenges in application architectures and manage complexity in multi-cloud, hybrid cloud, and multi-platform environments.
A _service mesh_ is a dedicated network layer that provides secure service-to-service communication within and across infrastructure, including on-premises and cloud environments.
In a zero trust model, applications require identity-based access to ensure all communication within the service mesh is authenticated with TLS certificates and encrypted in transit.
In traditional security strategies, protection is primarily focused at the perimeter of a network.
In cloud environments, the surface area for network access is much wider than the traditional on-premises networks.
In addition, traditional security practices overlook the fact that many bad actors can originate from within the network walls.
A zero trust model addresses these concerns while allowing organizations to scale as needed.
A service mesh typically consist of a control plane and a data plane. The control plane maintains a central registry that keeps track of all services and their respective IP addresses. This activity is called [service discovery](https://www.hashicorp.com/products/consul/service-discovery-and-health-checking).
As long as the application is registered with the control plane, the control plane will be able to share with other members of the mesh how to communicate with the application and enforce rules for who can communicate with each other.
The control plane is responsible for securing the mesh, facilitating service discovery, health checking, policy enforcement, and other similar operational concerns.
The data plane handles communication between services.
Many service mesh solutions employ a sidecar proxy to handle data plane communications, and thus limit the level of awareness the services need to have about the network environment.
The API gateway acts as a control plane that allows operators and developers to manage incoming client requests and apply different handling logic depending on the request.
The API gateway will route the incoming requests to the respective service. The primary function of an API gateway is to handle requests and return the reply from the service back to the client.
The mesh is responsible for keeping track of services and their health status, IP address, and traffic routing and ensuring all traffic between services is authenticated and encrypted.
Unlike API gateways, a service mesh will track all registered services' lifecycle and ensure requests are routed to healthy instances of the service.
API gateways are frequently deployed alongside a load balancer to ensure traffic is directed to healthy and available instances of the service.
-> **API gateways and traffic direction:** API gateways are often used to accept north-south traffic. North-south traffic is networking traffic that either enters or exits a data center or a virtual private network (VPC).
It's difficult for an organization to manage and keep track of application services that live on short-lived resources. A service mesh solves this problem by acting as a central registry of all registered services.
As instances of a service (e.g., VM, container, serverless functions) come up and down, the mesh is aware of their state and availability. The ability to conduct _service discovery_ is the foundation to the other problems a service mesh solves.
As a service mesh is aware of the state of a service and its instances, the mesh can implement more intelligent and dynamic network routing.
Many service meshes offer L7 traffic management capabilities. As a result, operators and developers can create powerful rules to direct network traffic as needed, such as load balancing, traffic splitting, dynamic failover, and custom resolvers.
A service mesh's dynamic network behavior allows application owners to improve application resiliency and availability with no application changes.
Implementing dynamic network behavior is critical as more and more applications are deployed across different cloud providers (multi-cloud) and private data centers.
Organizations may need to route network traffic to other infrastructure environments. Ensuring this traffic is secure is on top of mind for all organizations.
Service meshes offer the ability to enforce network traffic encryption (mTLS) and authentication between all services. The service mesh can automatically generate an SSL certificate for each service and its instances.
Traditionally, services are permitted to communicate with other services through firewall rules.
The traditional firewall (IP-based) model is difficult to enforce with dynamic infrastructure resources with a short lifecycle and frequently recycling IP addresses.
As a result, network administrators have to open up network ranges to permit network traffic between services without differentiating the services generating the network traffic. However, a service mesh allows operators and developers to shift away from an IP-based model and focus more on service to service permissions.
An operator defines a policy that only allows _service A_ to communicate with _service B_. Otherwise, the default action is to deny the traffic.
This shift from an IP address-based security model to a service-focused model reduces the overhead of securing network traffic and allows an organization to take advantage of multi-cloud environments without sacrificing security due to complexity.
Service meshes are commonly installed in Kubernetes clusters. There are also platform-agnostic service meshes available for non-Kubernetes-based workloads.
For Kubernetes, most service meshes can be installed by operators through a [Helm chart](https://helm.sh/). Additionally, the service mesh may offer a CLI tool that supports the installation and maintenance of the service mesh.
Non-Kubernetes based service meshes can be installed through infrastructure as code (IaC) products such as [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/), CloudFormation, ARM Templates, Puppet, Chef, etc.
A multi-platform service mesh is capable of supporting various infrastructure environments.
This can range from having the service mesh support Kubernetes and non-Kubernetes workloads, to having a service mesh span across various cloud environments (multi-cloud and hybrid cloud).
Consul is a multi-networking tool that offers a fully-featured service mesh solution that solves the networking and security challenges of operating microservices and cloud infrastructure (multi-cloud and hybrid cloud).
Consul offers a software-driven approach to routing and segmentation. It also brings additional benefits such as failure handling, retries, and network observability.
Each of these features can be used individually as needed or they can be used together to build a full service mesh and achieve [zero trust](https://www.hashicorp.com/solutions/zero-trust-security) security.
In simple terms, Consul is the control plane of the service mesh. The data plane is supported by Consul through its first class support of [Envoy](https://www.envoyproxy.io/) as a proxy.
You can use Consul with virtual machines (VMs), containers, or with container orchestration platforms, such as [Nomad](https://www.nomadproject.io/) and Kubernetes.
Consul is platform agnostic which makes it a great fit for all environments, including legacy platforms.
Consul is available as a [self-install](/downloads) project or as a fully managed service mesh solution called [HCP Consul](https://portal.cloud.hashicorp.com/sign-in?utm_source=consul_docs).
Prepare your organization for the future of multi-cloud and embrace a [zero-trust](https://www.hashicorp.com/solutions/zero-trust-security) architecture.
