The result on protobuf benchmark is around 19%. Results vary by their propensity for compression. As the frequency of finding matches influences the amount of branch misspredicts and the amount of hashing.

Two ideas
1) The code uses "heuristic match skipping" has a quadratic interpolation. However for the first 32 bytes it's just every byte. Special case 16 bytes. This removes a lot of code.
2) Load 64 bit integers and shift instead of reload. The hashing loop has a very long chain data = Load32(ip) -> hash = Hash(data) -> offset = table[hash] -> copy_data = Load32(base_ip + offset) followed by a compare between data and copy_data. This chain is around 20 cycles. It's unreasonable for the branch predictor to be able to predict when it's a match (that is completely driven by the content of the data). So when it's a miss this chain is on the critical path. By loading 64 bits and shifting we can effectively remove the first load.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 302893821

snappy-stubs-internal.h

@@ -330,6 +330,9 @@ class LittleEndian {
   static uint32 FromHost32(uint32 x) { return bswap_32(x); }
   static uint32 ToHost32(uint32 x) { return bswap_32(x); }
 
+  static uint32 FromHost64(uint64 x) { return bswap_64(x); }
+  static uint32 ToHost64(uint64 x) { return bswap_64(x); }
+
   static bool IsLittleEndian() { return false; }
 
 #else  // !defined(SNAPPY_IS_BIG_ENDIAN)
@@ -340,6 +343,9 @@ class LittleEndian {
   static uint32 FromHost32(uint32 x) { return x; }
   static uint32 ToHost32(uint32 x) { return x; }
 
+  static uint32 FromHost64(uint64 x) { return x; }
+  static uint32 ToHost64(uint64 x) { return x; }
+
   static bool IsLittleEndian() { return true; }
 
 #endif  // !defined(SNAPPY_IS_BIG_ENDIAN)
@@ -360,6 +366,14 @@ class LittleEndian {
   static void Store32(void *p, uint32 v) {
     UNALIGNED_STORE32(p, FromHost32(v));
   }
+
+  static uint64 Load64(const void *p) {
+    return ToHost64(UNALIGNED_LOAD64(p));
+  }
+
+  static void Store64(void *p, uint64 v) {
+    UNALIGNED_STORE64(p, FromHost64(v));
+  }
 };
 
 // Some bit-manipulation functions.

snappy.cc

@@ -95,9 +95,6 @@ static inline uint32 HashBytes(uint32 bytes, int shift) {
   uint32 kMul = 0x1e35a7bd;
   return (bytes * kMul) >> shift;
 }
-static inline uint32 Hash(const char* p, int shift) {
-  return HashBytes(UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p), shift);
-}
 
 size_t MaxCompressedLength(size_t source_len) {
   // Compressed data can be defined as:
@@ -487,49 +484,6 @@ uint16* WorkingMemory::GetHashTable(size_t fragment_size,
 }
 }  // end namespace internal
 
-// For 0 <= offset <= 4, GetUint32AtOffset(GetEightBytesAt(p), offset) will
-// equal UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p + offset).  Motivation: On x86-64 hardware we have
-// empirically found that overlapping loads such as
-//  UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p) ... UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p+1) ... UNALIGNED_LOAD32(p+2)
-// are slower than UNALIGNED_LOAD64(p) followed by shifts and casts to uint32.
-//
-// We have different versions for 64- and 32-bit; ideally we would avoid the
-// two functions and just inline the UNALIGNED_LOAD64 call into
-// GetUint32AtOffset, but GCC (at least not as of 4.6) is seemingly not clever
-// enough to avoid loading the value multiple times then. For 64-bit, the load
-// is done when GetEightBytesAt() is called, whereas for 32-bit, the load is
-// done at GetUint32AtOffset() time.
-
-#ifdef ARCH_K8
-
-typedef uint64 EightBytesReference;
-
-static inline EightBytesReference GetEightBytesAt(const char* ptr) {
-  return UNALIGNED_LOAD64(ptr);
-}
-
-static inline uint32 GetUint32AtOffset(uint64 v, int offset) {
-  assert(offset >= 0);
-  assert(offset <= 4);
-  return v >> (LittleEndian::IsLittleEndian() ? 8 * offset : 32 - 8 * offset);
-}
-
-#else
-
-typedef const char* EightBytesReference;
-
-static inline EightBytesReference GetEightBytesAt(const char* ptr) {
-  return ptr;
-}
-
-static inline uint32 GetUint32AtOffset(const char* v, int offset) {
-  assert(offset >= 0);
-  assert(offset <= 4);
-  return UNALIGNED_LOAD32(v + offset);
-}
-
-#endif
-
 // Flat array compression that does not emit the "uncompressed length"
 // prefix. Compresses "input" string to the "*op" buffer.
 //
@@ -563,7 +517,7 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
   if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(input_size >= kInputMarginBytes)) {
     const char* ip_limit = input + input_size - kInputMarginBytes;
 
-    for (uint32 next_hash = Hash(++ip, shift); ; ) {
+    for (uint64 data = LittleEndian::Load64(++ip);;) {
       assert(next_emit < ip);
       // The body of this loop calls EmitLiteral once and then EmitCopy one or
       // more times.  (The exception is that when we're close to exhausting
@@ -592,26 +546,54 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
       // number of bytes to move ahead for each iteration.
       uint32 skip = 32;
 
-      const char* next_ip = ip;
       const char* candidate;
-      do {
+      if (ip_limit - ip >= 16) {
-        ip = next_ip;
+        auto delta = ip - base_ip;
-        uint32 hash = next_hash;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
-        assert(hash == Hash(ip, shift));
+          for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
+            int i = 4 * j + k;
+            assert(static_cast<uint32>(data) == LittleEndian::Load32(ip + i));
+            uint32 hash = HashBytes(data, shift);
+            candidate = base_ip + table[hash];
+            assert(candidate >= base_ip);
+            assert(candidate < ip + i);
+            table[hash] = delta + i;
+            if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(LittleEndian::Load32(candidate) ==
+                                    static_cast<uint32>(data))) {
+              *op = LITERAL | (i << 2);
+              UnalignedCopy128(next_emit, op + 1);
+              ip += i;
+              op = op + i + 2;
+              goto emit_match;
+            }
+            data >>= 8;
+          }
+          data = LittleEndian::Load64(ip + 4 * j + 4);
+        }
+        ip += 16;
+        skip += 16;
+      }
+      while (true) {
+        assert(static_cast<uint32>(data) == LittleEndian::Load32(ip));
+        uint32 hash = HashBytes(data, shift);
         uint32 bytes_between_hash_lookups = skip >> 5;
         skip += bytes_between_hash_lookups;
-        next_ip = ip + bytes_between_hash_lookups;
+        const char* next_ip = ip + bytes_between_hash_lookups;
         if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(next_ip > ip_limit)) {
           goto emit_remainder;
         }
-        next_hash = Hash(next_ip, shift);
         candidate = base_ip + table[hash];
         assert(candidate >= base_ip);
         assert(candidate < ip);
 
         table[hash] = ip - base_ip;
-      } while (SNAPPY_PREDICT_TRUE(UNALIGNED_LOAD32(ip) !=
+        if (SNAPPY_PREDICT_FALSE(static_cast<uint32>(data) ==
-                                 UNALIGNED_LOAD32(candidate)));
+                                LittleEndian::Load32(candidate))) {
+          break;
+        }
+        data = LittleEndian::Load32(next_ip);
+        ip = next_ip;
+      }
 
       // Step 2: A 4-byte match has been found.  We'll later see if more
       // than 4 bytes match.  But, prior to the match, input
@@ -627,9 +609,7 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
       // though we don't yet know how big the literal will be.  We handle that
       // by proceeding to the next iteration of the main loop.  We also can exit
       // this loop via goto if we get close to exhausting the input.
-      EightBytesReference input_bytes;
+    emit_match:
-      uint32 candidate_bytes = 0;
-
       do {
         // We have a 4-byte match at ip, and no need to emit any
         // "literal bytes" prior to ip.
@@ -652,17 +632,15 @@ char* CompressFragment(const char* input,
         // We are now looking for a 4-byte match again.  We read
         // table[Hash(ip, shift)] for that.  To improve compression,
         // we also update table[Hash(ip - 1, shift)] and table[Hash(ip, shift)].
-        input_bytes = GetEightBytesAt(ip - 1);
+        data = LittleEndian::Load64(ip - 1);
-        uint32 prev_hash = HashBytes(GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 0), shift);
+        table[HashBytes(data, shift)] = ip - base_ip - 1;
-        table[prev_hash] = ip - base_ip - 1;
+        data >>= 8;
-        uint32 cur_hash = HashBytes(GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 1), shift);
+        uint32 hash = HashBytes(data, shift);
-        candidate = base_ip + table[cur_hash];
+        candidate = base_ip + table[hash];
-        candidate_bytes = UNALIGNED_LOAD32(candidate);
+        table[hash] = ip - base_ip;
-        table[cur_hash] = ip - base_ip;
+      } while (static_cast<uint32>(data) == LittleEndian::Load32(candidate));
-      } while (GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 1) == candidate_bytes);
-
-      next_hash = HashBytes(GetUint32AtOffset(input_bytes, 2), shift);
       ++ip;
+      data = LittleEndian::Load64(ip);
     }
   }