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rocksdb/table/format.cc

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// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved.
// This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
// COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
// (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.
#include "table/format.h"
#include <cinttypes>
#include <string>
#include "block_fetcher.h"
#include "file/random_access_file_reader.h"
#include "memory/memory_allocator.h"
#include "monitoring/perf_context_imp.h"
#include "monitoring/statistics.h"
#include "options/options_helper.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "rocksdb/options.h"
#include "rocksdb/table.h"
#include "table/block_based/block.h"
#include "table/block_based/block_based_table_reader.h"
#include "table/persistent_cache_helper.h"
#include "util/cast_util.h"
#include "util/coding.h"
#include "util/compression.h"
#include "util/crc32c.h"
#include "util/hash.h"
#include "util/stop_watch.h"
#include "util/string_util.h"
#include "util/xxhash.h"
namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE {
extern const uint64_t kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
extern const uint64_t kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
#ifndef ROCKSDB_LITE
extern const uint64_t kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber;
extern const uint64_t kPlainTableMagicNumber;
#else
// ROCKSDB_LITE doesn't have plain table
const uint64_t kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber = 0;
const uint64_t kPlainTableMagicNumber = 0;
#endif
const char* kHostnameForDbHostId = "__hostname__";
bool ShouldReportDetailedTime(Env* env, Statistics* stats) {
return env != nullptr && stats != nullptr &&
stats->get_stats_level() > kExceptDetailedTimers;
}
void BlockHandle::EncodeTo(std::string* dst) const {
// Sanity check that all fields have been set
assert(offset_ != ~uint64_t{0});
assert(size_ != ~uint64_t{0});
PutVarint64Varint64(dst, offset_, size_);
}
char* BlockHandle::EncodeTo(char* dst) const {
// Sanity check that all fields have been set
assert(offset_ != ~uint64_t{0});
assert(size_ != ~uint64_t{0});
char* cur = EncodeVarint64(dst, offset_);
cur = EncodeVarint64(cur, size_);
return cur;
}
Status BlockHandle::DecodeFrom(Slice* input) {
if (GetVarint64(input, &offset_) && GetVarint64(input, &size_)) {
return Status::OK();
} else {
// reset in case failure after partially decoding
offset_ = 0;
size_ = 0;
return Status::Corruption("bad block handle");
}
}
Status BlockHandle::DecodeSizeFrom(uint64_t _offset, Slice* input) {
if (GetVarint64(input, &size_)) {
offset_ = _offset;
return Status::OK();
} else {
// reset in case failure after partially decoding
offset_ = 0;
size_ = 0;
return Status::Corruption("bad block handle");
}
}
// Return a string that contains the copy of handle.
std::string BlockHandle::ToString(bool hex) const {
std::string handle_str;
EncodeTo(&handle_str);
if (hex) {
return Slice(handle_str).ToString(true);
} else {
return handle_str;
}
}
const BlockHandle BlockHandle::kNullBlockHandle(0, 0);
void IndexValue::EncodeTo(std::string* dst, bool have_first_key,
const BlockHandle* previous_handle) const {
if (previous_handle) {
// WART: this is specific to Block-based table
assert(handle.offset() == previous_handle->offset() +
previous_handle->size() +
BlockBasedTable::kBlockTrailerSize);
PutVarsignedint64(dst, handle.size() - previous_handle->size());
} else {
handle.EncodeTo(dst);
}
assert(dst->size() != 0);
if (have_first_key) {
PutLengthPrefixedSlice(dst, first_internal_key);
}
}
Status IndexValue::DecodeFrom(Slice* input, bool have_first_key,
const BlockHandle* previous_handle) {
if (previous_handle) {
int64_t delta;
if (!GetVarsignedint64(input, &delta)) {
return Status::Corruption("bad delta-encoded index value");
}
// WART: this is specific to Block-based table
handle = BlockHandle(previous_handle->offset() + previous_handle->size() +
BlockBasedTable::kBlockTrailerSize,
previous_handle->size() + delta);
} else {
Status s = handle.DecodeFrom(input);
if (!s.ok()) {
return s;
}
}
if (!have_first_key) {
first_internal_key = Slice();
} else if (!GetLengthPrefixedSlice(input, &first_internal_key)) {
return Status::Corruption("bad first key in block info");
}
return Status::OK();
}
std::string IndexValue::ToString(bool hex, bool have_first_key) const {
std::string s;
EncodeTo(&s, have_first_key, nullptr);
if (hex) {
return Slice(s).ToString(true);
} else {
return s;
}
}
namespace {
inline bool IsLegacyFooterFormat(uint64_t magic_number) {
return magic_number == kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber ||
magic_number == kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber;
}
inline uint64_t UpconvertLegacyFooterFormat(uint64_t magic_number) {
if (magic_number == kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber) {
return kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
}
if (magic_number == kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber) {
return kPlainTableMagicNumber;
}
assert(false);
return magic_number;
}
inline uint64_t DownconvertToLegacyFooterFormat(uint64_t magic_number) {
if (magic_number == kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber) {
return kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber;
}
if (magic_number == kPlainTableMagicNumber) {
return kLegacyPlainTableMagicNumber;
}
assert(false);
return magic_number;
}
inline uint8_t BlockTrailerSizeForMagicNumber(uint64_t magic_number) {
if (magic_number == kBlockBasedTableMagicNumber ||
magic_number == kLegacyBlockBasedTableMagicNumber) {
return static_cast<uint8_t>(BlockBasedTable::kBlockTrailerSize);
} else {
return 0;
}
}
// Footer format, in three parts:
// * Part1
// -> format_version == 0 (inferred from legacy magic number)
// <empty> (0 bytes)
// -> format_version >= 1
// checksum type (char, 1 byte)
// * Part2
// metaindex handle (varint64 offset, varint64 size)
// index handle (varint64 offset, varint64 size)
// <zero padding> for part2 size = 2 * BlockHandle::kMaxEncodedLength = 40
// * Part3
// -> format_version == 0 (inferred from legacy magic number)
// legacy magic number (8 bytes)
// -> format_version >= 1 (inferred from NOT legacy magic number)
// format_version (uint32LE, 4 bytes), also called "footer version"
// newer magic number (8 bytes)
constexpr size_t kFooterPart2Size = 2 * BlockHandle::kMaxEncodedLength;
} // namespace
void FooterBuilder::Build(uint64_t magic_number, uint32_t format_version,
uint64_t footer_offset, ChecksumType checksum_type,
const BlockHandle& metaindex_handle,
const BlockHandle& index_handle) {
(void)footer_offset; // Future use
assert(magic_number != Footer::kNullTableMagicNumber);
assert(IsSupportedFormatVersion(format_version));
char* part2;
char* part3;
if (format_version > 0) {
slice_ = Slice(data_.data(), Footer::kNewVersionsEncodedLength);
// Generate parts 1 and 3
char* cur = data_.data();
// Part 1
*(cur++) = checksum_type;
// Part 2
part2 = cur;
// Skip over part 2 for now
cur += kFooterPart2Size;
// Part 3
part3 = cur;
EncodeFixed32(cur, format_version);
cur += 4;
EncodeFixed64(cur, magic_number);
assert(cur + 8 == slice_.data() + slice_.size());
} else {
slice_ = Slice(data_.data(), Footer::kVersion0EncodedLength);
// Legacy SST files use kCRC32c checksum but it's not stored in footer.
assert(checksum_type == kNoChecksum || checksum_type == kCRC32c);
// Generate part 3 (part 1 empty, skip part 2 for now)
part2 = data_.data();
part3 = part2 + kFooterPart2Size;
char* cur = part3;
// Use legacy magic numbers to indicate format_version=0, for
// compatibility. No other cases should use format_version=0.
EncodeFixed64(cur, DownconvertToLegacyFooterFormat(magic_number));
assert(cur + 8 == slice_.data() + slice_.size());
}
{
char* cur = part2;
cur = metaindex_handle.EncodeTo(cur);
cur = index_handle.EncodeTo(cur);
// Zero pad remainder
std::fill(cur, part3, char{0});
}
}
Status Footer::DecodeFrom(Slice input, uint64_t input_offset) {
(void)input_offset; // Future use
// Only decode to unused Footer
assert(table_magic_number_ == kNullTableMagicNumber);
assert(input != nullptr);
assert(input.size() >= kMinEncodedLength);
const char* magic_ptr = input.data() + input.size() - kMagicNumberLengthByte;
uint64_t magic = DecodeFixed64(magic_ptr);
// We check for legacy formats here and silently upconvert them
bool legacy = IsLegacyFooterFormat(magic);
if (legacy) {
magic = UpconvertLegacyFooterFormat(magic);
}
table_magic_number_ = magic;
block_trailer_size_ = BlockTrailerSizeForMagicNumber(magic);
// Parse Part3
if (legacy) {
// The size is already asserted to be at least kMinEncodedLength
// at the beginning of the function
input.remove_prefix(input.size() - kVersion0EncodedLength);
format_version_ = 0 /* legacy */;
checksum_type_ = kCRC32c;
} else {
const char* part3_ptr = magic_ptr - 4;
format_version_ = DecodeFixed32(part3_ptr);
if (!IsSupportedFormatVersion(format_version_)) {
return Status::Corruption("Corrupt or unsupported format_version: " +
std::to_string(format_version_));
}
// All known format versions >= 1 occupy exactly this many bytes.
if (input.size() < kNewVersionsEncodedLength) {
return Status::Corruption("Input is too short to be an SST file");
}
uint64_t adjustment = input.size() - kNewVersionsEncodedLength;
input.remove_prefix(adjustment);
// Parse Part1
char chksum = input.data()[0];
checksum_type_ = lossless_cast<ChecksumType>(chksum);
if (!IsSupportedChecksumType(checksum_type())) {
return Status::Corruption("Corrupt or unsupported checksum type: " +
std::to_string(lossless_cast<uint8_t>(chksum)));
}
// Consume checksum type field
input.remove_prefix(1);
}
// Parse Part2
Status result = metaindex_handle_.DecodeFrom(&input);
if (result.ok()) {
result = index_handle_.DecodeFrom(&input);
}
return result;
// Padding in part2 is ignored
}
std::string Footer::ToString() const {
std::string result;
result.reserve(1024);
bool legacy = IsLegacyFooterFormat(table_magic_number_);
if (legacy) {
result.append("metaindex handle: " + metaindex_handle_.ToString() + "\n ");
result.append("index handle: " + index_handle_.ToString() + "\n ");
result.append("table_magic_number: " + std::to_string(table_magic_number_) +
"\n ");
} else {
result.append("metaindex handle: " + metaindex_handle_.ToString() + "\n ");
result.append("index handle: " + index_handle_.ToString() + "\n ");
result.append("table_magic_number: " + std::to_string(table_magic_number_) +
"\n ");
result.append("format version: " + std::to_string(format_version_) +
"\n ");
}
return result;
}
Status ReadFooterFromFile(const IOOptions& opts, RandomAccessFileReader* file,
FilePrefetchBuffer* prefetch_buffer,
uint64_t file_size, Footer* footer,
uint64_t enforce_table_magic_number) {
if (file_size < Footer::kMinEncodedLength) {
return Status::Corruption("file is too short (" +
std::to_string(file_size) +
" bytes) to be an "
"sstable: " +
file->file_name());
}
std::string footer_buf;
AlignedBuf internal_buf;
Slice footer_input;
uint64_t read_offset = (file_size > Footer::kMaxEncodedLength)
? file_size - Footer::kMaxEncodedLength
: 0;
Status s;
// TODO: Need to pass appropriate deadline to TryReadFromCache(). Right now,
// there is no readahead for point lookups, so TryReadFromCache will fail if
// the required data is not in the prefetch buffer. Once deadline is enabled
// for iterator, TryReadFromCache might do a readahead. Revisit to see if we
// need to pass a timeout at that point
// TODO: rate limit footer reads.
if (prefetch_buffer == nullptr ||
!prefetch_buffer->TryReadFromCache(
IOOptions(), file, read_offset, Footer::kMaxEncodedLength,
&footer_input, nullptr, Env::IO_TOTAL /* rate_limiter_priority */)) {
if (file->use_direct_io()) {
s = file->Read(opts, read_offset, Footer::kMaxEncodedLength,
&footer_input, nullptr, &internal_buf,
Env::IO_TOTAL /* rate_limiter_priority */);
} else {
footer_buf.reserve(Footer::kMaxEncodedLength);
s = file->Read(opts, read_offset, Footer::kMaxEncodedLength,
&footer_input, &footer_buf[0], nullptr,
Env::IO_TOTAL /* rate_limiter_priority */);
}
if (!s.ok()) return s;
}
// Check that we actually read the whole footer from the file. It may be
// that size isn't correct.
if (footer_input.size() < Footer::kMinEncodedLength) {
return Status::Corruption("file is too short (" +
std::to_string(file_size) +
" bytes) to be an "
"sstable" +
file->file_name());
}
s = footer->DecodeFrom(footer_input, read_offset);
if (!s.ok()) {
return s;
}
if (enforce_table_magic_number != 0 &&
enforce_table_magic_number != footer->table_magic_number()) {
return Status::Corruption("Bad table magic number: expected " +
std::to_string(enforce_table_magic_number) +
", found " +
std::to_string(footer->table_magic_number()) +
" in " + file->file_name());
}
return Status::OK();
}
namespace {
// Custom handling for the last byte of a block, to avoid invoking streaming
// API to get an effective block checksum. This function is its own inverse
// because it uses xor.
inline uint32_t ModifyChecksumForLastByte(uint32_t checksum, char last_byte) {
// This strategy bears some resemblance to extending a CRC checksum by one
// more byte, except we don't need to re-mix the input checksum as long as
// we do this step only once (per checksum).
const uint32_t kRandomPrime = 0x6b9083d9;
return checksum ^ lossless_cast<uint8_t>(last_byte) * kRandomPrime;
}
} // namespace
uint32_t ComputeBuiltinChecksum(ChecksumType type, const char* data,
size_t data_size) {
switch (type) {
case kCRC32c:
return crc32c::Mask(crc32c::Value(data, data_size));
case kxxHash:
return XXH32(data, data_size, /*seed*/ 0);
case kxxHash64:
return Lower32of64(XXH64(data, data_size, /*seed*/ 0));
case kXXH3: {
if (data_size == 0) {
// Special case because of special handling for last byte, not
// present in this case. Can be any value different from other
// small input size checksums.
return 0;
} else {
// See corresponding code in ComputeBuiltinChecksumWithLastByte
uint32_t v = Lower32of64(XXH3_64bits(data, data_size - 1));
return ModifyChecksumForLastByte(v, data[data_size - 1]);
}
}
default: // including kNoChecksum
return 0;
}
}
uint32_t ComputeBuiltinChecksumWithLastByte(ChecksumType type, const char* data,
size_t data_size, char last_byte) {
switch (type) {
case kCRC32c: {
uint32_t crc = crc32c::Value(data, data_size);
// Extend to cover last byte (compression type)
crc = crc32c::Extend(crc, &last_byte, 1);
return crc32c::Mask(crc);
}
case kxxHash: {
XXH32_state_t* const state = XXH32_createState();
XXH32_reset(state, 0);
XXH32_update(state, data, data_size);
// Extend to cover last byte (compression type)
XXH32_update(state, &last_byte, 1);
uint32_t v = XXH32_digest(state);
XXH32_freeState(state);
return v;
}
case kxxHash64: {
XXH64_state_t* const state = XXH64_createState();
XXH64_reset(state, 0);
XXH64_update(state, data, data_size);
// Extend to cover last byte (compression type)
XXH64_update(state, &last_byte, 1);
uint32_t v = Lower32of64(XXH64_digest(state));
XXH64_freeState(state);
return v;
}
case kXXH3: {
// XXH3 is a complicated hash function that is extremely fast on
// contiguous input, but that makes its streaming support rather
// complex. It is worth custom handling of the last byte (`type`)
// in order to avoid allocating a large state object and bringing
// that code complexity into CPU working set.
uint32_t v = Lower32of64(XXH3_64bits(data, data_size));
return ModifyChecksumForLastByte(v, last_byte);
}
default: // including kNoChecksum
return 0;
}
}
Status UncompressBlockContentsForCompressionType(
const UncompressionInfo& uncompression_info, const char* data, size_t n,
BlockContents* contents, uint32_t format_version,
const ImmutableOptions& ioptions, MemoryAllocator* allocator) {
Status ret = Status::OK();
assert(uncompression_info.type() != kNoCompression &&
"Invalid compression type");
StopWatchNano timer(ioptions.clock,
ShouldReportDetailedTime(ioptions.env, ioptions.stats));
size_t uncompressed_size = 0;
CacheAllocationPtr ubuf =
UncompressData(uncompression_info, data, n, &uncompressed_size,
GetCompressFormatForVersion(format_version), allocator);
if (!ubuf) {
if (!CompressionTypeSupported(uncompression_info.type())) {
return Status::NotSupported(
"Unsupported compression method for this build",
CompressionTypeToString(uncompression_info.type()));
} else {
return Status::Corruption(
"Corrupted compressed block contents",
CompressionTypeToString(uncompression_info.type()));
}
}
*contents = BlockContents(std::move(ubuf), uncompressed_size);
if (ShouldReportDetailedTime(ioptions.env, ioptions.stats)) {
RecordTimeToHistogram(ioptions.stats, DECOMPRESSION_TIMES_NANOS,
timer.ElapsedNanos());
}
RecordTimeToHistogram(ioptions.stats, BYTES_DECOMPRESSED,
contents->data.size());
RecordTick(ioptions.stats, NUMBER_BLOCK_DECOMPRESSED);
TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
"UncompressBlockContentsForCompressionType:TamperWithReturnValue",
static_cast<void*>(&ret));
TEST_SYNC_POINT_CALLBACK(
"UncompressBlockContentsForCompressionType:"
"TamperWithDecompressionOutput",
static_cast<void*>(contents));
return ret;
}
//
// The 'data' points to the raw block contents that was read in from file.
// This method allocates a new heap buffer and the raw block
// contents are uncompresed into this buffer. This
// buffer is returned via 'result' and it is upto the caller to
// free this buffer.
// format_version is the block format as defined in include/rocksdb/table.h
Status UncompressBlockContents(const UncompressionInfo& uncompression_info,
const char* data, size_t n,
BlockContents* contents, uint32_t format_version,
const ImmutableOptions& ioptions,
MemoryAllocator* allocator) {
assert(data[n] != kNoCompression);
assert(data[n] == static_cast<char>(uncompression_info.type()));
return UncompressBlockContentsForCompressionType(uncompression_info, data, n,
contents, format_version,
ioptions, allocator);
}
// Replace the contents of db_host_id with the actual hostname, if db_host_id
// matches the keyword kHostnameForDbHostId
Status ReifyDbHostIdProperty(Env* env, std::string* db_host_id) {
assert(db_host_id);
if (*db_host_id == kHostnameForDbHostId) {
Status s = env->GetHostNameString(db_host_id);
if (!s.ok()) {
db_host_id->clear();
}
return s;
}
return Status::OK();
}
} // namespace ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE
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