rocksdb/db/fault_injection_test.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2015, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
//  LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
//  of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
//
// Copyright 2014 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

// This test uses a custom Env to keep track of the state of a filesystem as of
// the last "sync". It then checks for data loss errors by purposely dropping
// file data (or entire files) not protected by a "sync".

#include <map>
#include <set>
#include "db/db_impl.h"
#include "db/filename.h"
#include "db/log_format.h"
#include "db/version_set.h"
#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
#include "rocksdb/db.h"
#include "rocksdb/env.h"
#include "rocksdb/table.h"
#include "rocksdb/write_batch.h"
#include "util/logging.h"
#include "util/mutexlock.h"
#include "util/testharness.h"
#include "util/testutil.h"

namespace rocksdb {

static const int kValueSize = 1000;
static const int kMaxNumValues = 2000;
static const size_t kNumIterations = 3;

class TestWritableFile;
class FaultInjectionTestEnv;

namespace {

// Assume a filename, and not a directory name like "/foo/bar/"
static std::string GetDirName(const std::string filename) {
  size_t found = filename.find_last_of("/\\");
  if (found == std::string::npos) {
    return "";
  } else {
    return filename.substr(0, found);
  }
}

Status SyncDir(const std::string& dir) {
  // As this is a test it isn't required to *actually* sync this directory.
  return Status::OK();
}

// A basic file truncation function suitable for this test.
Status Truncate(const std::string& filename, uint64_t length) {
  rocksdb::Env* env = rocksdb::Env::Default();

  unique_ptr<SequentialFile> orig_file;
  const EnvOptions options;
  Status s = env->NewSequentialFile(filename, &orig_file, options);
  if (!s.ok())
    return s;

  char* scratch = new char[length];
  rocksdb::Slice result;
  s = orig_file->Read(length, &result, scratch);
  if (s.ok()) {
    std::string tmp_name = GetDirName(filename) + "/truncate.tmp";
    unique_ptr<WritableFile> tmp_file;
    s = env->NewWritableFile(tmp_name, &tmp_file, options);
    if (s.ok()) {
      s = tmp_file->Append(result);
      if (s.ok()) {
        s = env->RenameFile(tmp_name, filename);
      } else {
        env->DeleteFile(tmp_name);
      }
    }
  }

  delete[] scratch;

  return s;
}

struct FileState {
  std::string filename_;
  ssize_t pos_;
  ssize_t pos_at_last_sync_;
  ssize_t pos_at_last_flush_;

  explicit FileState(const std::string& filename)
      : filename_(filename),
        pos_(-1),
        pos_at_last_sync_(-1),
        pos_at_last_flush_(-1) { }

  FileState() : pos_(-1), pos_at_last_sync_(-1), pos_at_last_flush_(-1) {}

  bool IsFullySynced() const { return pos_ <= 0 || pos_ == pos_at_last_sync_; }

  Status DropUnsyncedData() const;
};

}  // anonymous namespace

// A wrapper around WritableFile which informs another Env whenever this file
// is written to or sync'ed.
class TestWritableFile : public WritableFile {
 public:
  explicit TestWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
                            unique_ptr<WritableFile>&& f,
                            FaultInjectionTestEnv* env);
  virtual ~TestWritableFile();
  virtual Status Append(const Slice& data);
  virtual Status Close();
  virtual Status Flush();
  virtual Status Sync();

 private:
  FileState state_;
  unique_ptr<WritableFile> target_;
  bool writable_file_opened_;
  FaultInjectionTestEnv* env_;

  Status SyncParent();
};


class FaultInjectionTestEnv : public EnvWrapper {
 public:
  explicit FaultInjectionTestEnv(Env* base)
      : EnvWrapper(base),
        filesystem_active_(true) {}
  virtual ~FaultInjectionTestEnv() { }

  Status NewWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
                         unique_ptr<WritableFile>* result,
                         const EnvOptions& soptions) {
    Status s = target()->NewWritableFile(fname, result, soptions);
    if (s.ok()) {
      result->reset(new TestWritableFile(fname, std::move(*result), this));
      // WritableFile doesn't append to files, so if the same file is opened
      // again then it will be truncated - so forget our saved state.
      UntrackFile(fname);
      MutexLock l(&mutex_);
      new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.insert(fname);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status DeleteFile(const std::string& f) {
    Status s = EnvWrapper::DeleteFile(f);
    ASSERT_OK(s);
    if (s.ok()) {
      UntrackFile(f);
    }
    return s;
  }

  virtual Status RenameFile(const std::string& s, const std::string& t) {
    Status ret = EnvWrapper::RenameFile(s, t);

    if (ret.ok()) {
      MutexLock l(&mutex_);
      if (db_file_state_.find(s) != db_file_state_.end()) {
        db_file_state_[t] = db_file_state_[s];
        db_file_state_.erase(s);
      }

      if (new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.erase(s) != 0) {
        assert(new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.find(t) ==
               new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.end());
        new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.insert(t);
      }
    }

    return ret;
  }

  void WritableFileClosed(const FileState& state) {
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    db_file_state_[state.filename_] = state;
  }

  Status DropUnsyncedFileData() {
    Status s;
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    for (std::map<std::string, FileState>::const_iterator it =
             db_file_state_.begin();
         s.ok() && it != db_file_state_.end(); ++it) {
      const FileState& state = it->second;
      if (!state.IsFullySynced()) {
        s = state.DropUnsyncedData();
      }
    }
    return s;
  }

  Status DeleteFilesCreatedAfterLastDirSync() {
    // Because DeleteFile access this container make a copy to avoid deadlock
    mutex_.Lock();
    std::set<std::string> new_files(new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.begin(),
                                    new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.end());
    mutex_.Unlock();
    Status s;
    std::set<std::string>::const_iterator it;
    for (it = new_files.begin(); s.ok() && it != new_files.end(); ++it) {
      s = DeleteFile(*it);
    }
    return s;
  }

  void DirWasSynced() {
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.clear();
  }

  bool IsFileCreatedSinceLastDirSync(const std::string& filename) {
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    return new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.find(filename) !=
           new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.end();
  }

  void ResetState() {
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    db_file_state_.clear();
    new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.clear();
    SetFilesystemActive(true);
  }

  void UntrackFile(const std::string& f) {
    MutexLock l(&mutex_);
    db_file_state_.erase(f);
    new_files_since_last_dir_sync_.erase(f);
  }

  // Setting the filesystem to inactive is the test equivalent to simulating a
  // system reset. Setting to inactive will freeze our saved filesystem state so
  // that it will stop being recorded. It can then be reset back to the state at
  // the time of the reset.
  bool IsFilesystemActive() const { return filesystem_active_; }
  void SetFilesystemActive(bool active) { filesystem_active_ = active; }

 private:
  port::Mutex mutex_;
  std::map<std::string, FileState> db_file_state_;
  std::set<std::string> new_files_since_last_dir_sync_;
  bool filesystem_active_;  // Record flushes, syncs, writes
};

Status FileState::DropUnsyncedData() const {
  ssize_t sync_pos = pos_at_last_sync_ == -1 ? 0 : pos_at_last_sync_;
  return Truncate(filename_, sync_pos);
}

TestWritableFile::TestWritableFile(const std::string& fname,
                                   unique_ptr<WritableFile>&& f,
                                   FaultInjectionTestEnv* env)
      : state_(fname),
        target_(std::move(f)),
        writable_file_opened_(true),
        env_(env) {
  assert(target_ != nullptr);
  state_.pos_ = 0;
}

TestWritableFile::~TestWritableFile() {
  if (writable_file_opened_) {
    Close();
  }
}

Status TestWritableFile::Append(const Slice& data) {
  Status s = target_->Append(data);
  if (s.ok() && env_->IsFilesystemActive()) {
    state_.pos_ += data.size();
  }
  return s;
}

Status TestWritableFile::Close() {
  writable_file_opened_ = false;
  Status s = target_->Close();
  if (s.ok()) {
    env_->WritableFileClosed(state_);
  }
  return s;
}

Status TestWritableFile::Flush() {
  Status s = target_->Flush();
  if (s.ok() && env_->IsFilesystemActive()) {
    state_.pos_at_last_flush_ = state_.pos_;
  }
  return s;
}

Status TestWritableFile::Sync() {
  if (!env_->IsFilesystemActive()) {
    return Status::OK();
  }
  // Ensure new files referred to by the manifest are in the filesystem.
  Status s = target_->Sync();
  if (s.ok()) {
    state_.pos_at_last_sync_ = state_.pos_;
  }
  if (env_->IsFileCreatedSinceLastDirSync(state_.filename_)) {
    Status ps = SyncParent();
    if (s.ok() && !ps.ok()) {
      s = ps;
    }
  }
  return s;
}

Status TestWritableFile::SyncParent() {
  Status s = SyncDir(GetDirName(state_.filename_));
  if (s.ok()) {
    env_->DirWasSynced();
  }
  return s;
}

class FaultInjectionTest {
 public:
  enum ExpectedVerifResult { VAL_EXPECT_NO_ERROR, VAL_EXPECT_ERROR };
  enum ResetMethod { RESET_DROP_UNSYNCED_DATA, RESET_DELETE_UNSYNCED_FILES };

  FaultInjectionTestEnv* env_;
  std::string dbname_;
  shared_ptr<Cache> tiny_cache_;
  Options options_;
  DB* db_;

  FaultInjectionTest() : env_(NULL), db_(NULL) { NewDB(); }

  ~FaultInjectionTest() { ASSERT_OK(TearDown()); }

  Status NewDB() {
    assert(db_ == NULL);
    assert(tiny_cache_ == nullptr);
    assert(env_ == NULL);

    env_ = new FaultInjectionTestEnv(Env::Default());

    options_ = Options();
    options_.env = env_;
    options_.paranoid_checks = true;

    BlockBasedTableOptions table_options;
    tiny_cache_ = NewLRUCache(100);
    table_options.block_cache = tiny_cache_;
    options_.table_factory.reset(NewBlockBasedTableFactory(table_options));

    dbname_ = test::TmpDir() + "/fault_test";

    options_.create_if_missing = true;
    Status s = OpenDB();
    options_.create_if_missing = false;
    return s;
  }

  Status SetUp() {
    Status s = TearDown();
    if (s.ok()) {
      s = NewDB();
    }
    return s;
  }

  Status TearDown() {
    CloseDB();

    Status s = DestroyDB(dbname_, Options());

    delete env_;
    env_ = NULL;

    tiny_cache_.reset();

    return s;
  }

  void Build(int start_idx, int num_vals) {
    std::string key_space, value_space;
    WriteBatch batch;
    for (int i = start_idx; i < start_idx + num_vals; i++) {
      Slice key = Key(i, &key_space);
      batch.Clear();
      batch.Put(key, Value(i, &value_space));
      WriteOptions options;
      ASSERT_OK(db_->Write(options, &batch));
    }
  }

  Status ReadValue(int i, std::string* val) const {
    std::string key_space, value_space;
    Slice key = Key(i, &key_space);
    Value(i, &value_space);
    ReadOptions options;
    return db_->Get(options, key, val);
  }

  Status Verify(int start_idx, int num_vals,
                ExpectedVerifResult expected) const {
    std::string val;
    std::string value_space;
    Status s;
    for (int i = start_idx; i < start_idx + num_vals && s.ok(); i++) {
      Value(i, &value_space);
      s = ReadValue(i, &val);
      if (expected == VAL_EXPECT_NO_ERROR) {
        if (s.ok()) {
          ASSERT_EQ(value_space, val);
        }
      } else if (s.ok()) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Expected an error at %d, but was OK\n", i);
        s = Status::IOError(dbname_, "Expected value error:");
      } else {
        s = Status::OK();  // An expected error
      }
    }
    return s;
  }

  // Return the ith key
  Slice Key(int i, std::string* storage) const {
    char buf[100];
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%016d", i);
    storage->assign(buf, strlen(buf));
    return Slice(*storage);
  }

  // Return the value to associate with the specified key
  Slice Value(int k, std::string* storage) const {
    Random r(k);
    return test::RandomString(&r, kValueSize, storage);
  }

  Status OpenDB() {
    delete db_;
    db_ = NULL;
    env_->ResetState();
    return DB::Open(options_, dbname_, &db_);
  }

  void CloseDB() {
    delete db_;
    db_ = NULL;
  }

  void DeleteAllData() {
    Iterator* iter = db_->NewIterator(ReadOptions());
    WriteOptions options;
    for (iter->SeekToFirst(); iter->Valid(); iter->Next()) {
      ASSERT_OK(db_->Delete(WriteOptions(), iter->key()));
    }

    delete iter;
  }

  void ResetDBState(ResetMethod reset_method) {
    switch (reset_method) {
      case RESET_DROP_UNSYNCED_DATA:
        ASSERT_OK(env_->DropUnsyncedFileData());
        break;
      case RESET_DELETE_UNSYNCED_FILES:
        ASSERT_OK(env_->DeleteFilesCreatedAfterLastDirSync());
        break;
      default:
        assert(false);
    }
  }

  void PartialCompactTestPreFault(int num_pre_sync, int num_post_sync) {
    DeleteAllData();
    Build(0, num_pre_sync);
    db_->CompactRange(NULL, NULL);
    Build(num_pre_sync, num_post_sync);
  }

  void PartialCompactTestReopenWithFault(ResetMethod reset_method,
                                         int num_pre_sync,
                                         int num_post_sync) {
    env_->SetFilesystemActive(false);
    CloseDB();
    ResetDBState(reset_method);
    ASSERT_OK(OpenDB());
    ASSERT_OK(Verify(0, num_pre_sync, FaultInjectionTest::VAL_EXPECT_NO_ERROR));
    ASSERT_OK(Verify(num_pre_sync, num_post_sync,
      FaultInjectionTest::VAL_EXPECT_ERROR));
  }

  void NoWriteTestPreFault() {
  }

  void NoWriteTestReopenWithFault(ResetMethod reset_method) {
    CloseDB();
    ResetDBState(reset_method);
    ASSERT_OK(OpenDB());
  }
};

TEST(FaultInjectionTest, FaultTest) {
  Random rnd(0);
  ASSERT_OK(SetUp());
  for (size_t idx = 0; idx < kNumIterations; idx++) {
    int num_pre_sync = rnd.Uniform(kMaxNumValues);
    int num_post_sync = rnd.Uniform(kMaxNumValues);

    PartialCompactTestPreFault(num_pre_sync, num_post_sync);
    PartialCompactTestReopenWithFault(RESET_DROP_UNSYNCED_DATA,
                                      num_pre_sync,
                                      num_post_sync);

    NoWriteTestPreFault();
    NoWriteTestReopenWithFault(RESET_DROP_UNSYNCED_DATA);

    PartialCompactTestPreFault(num_pre_sync, num_post_sync);
    // No new files created so we expect all values since no files will be
    // dropped.
    PartialCompactTestReopenWithFault(RESET_DELETE_UNSYNCED_FILES,
                                      num_pre_sync + num_post_sync,
                                      0);

    NoWriteTestPreFault();
    NoWriteTestReopenWithFault(RESET_DELETE_UNSYNCED_FILES);
  }
}

}  // namespace rocksdb

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  return rocksdb::test::RunAllTests();
}