rocksdb/db_stress_tool/db_stress_gflags.cc

//  Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
//  This source code is licensed under both the GPLv2 (found in the
//  COPYING file in the root directory) and Apache 2.0 License
//  (found in the LICENSE.Apache file in the root directory).
//
// Copyright (c) 2011 The LevelDB Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file. See the AUTHORS file for names of contributors.

#ifdef GFLAGS
#include "db_stress_tool/db_stress_common.h"

static bool ValidateUint32Range(const char* flagname, uint64_t value) {
  if (value > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid value for --%s: %lu, overflow\n", flagname,
            (unsigned long)value);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

DEFINE_uint64(seed, 2341234,
              "Seed for PRNG. When --nooverwritepercent is "
              "nonzero and --expected_values_dir is nonempty, this value "
              "must be fixed across invocations.");
static const bool FLAGS_seed_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_seed, &ValidateUint32Range);

DEFINE_bool(read_only, false, "True if open DB in read-only mode during tests");

DEFINE_int64(max_key, 1 * KB * KB,
             "Max number of key/values to place in database");

DEFINE_int32(max_key_len, 3, "Maximum length of a key in 8-byte units");

DEFINE_string(key_len_percent_dist, "",
              "Percentages of keys of various lengths. For example, 1,30,69 "
              "means 1% of keys are 8 bytes, 30% are 16 bytes, and 69% are "
              "24 bytes. If not specified, it will be evenly distributed");

DEFINE_int32(key_window_scale_factor, 10,
             "This value will be multiplied by 100 to come up with a window "
             "size for varying the key length");

DEFINE_int32(column_families, 10, "Number of column families");

DEFINE_double(
    hot_key_alpha, 0,
    "Use Zipfian distribution to generate the key "
    "distribution. If it is not specified, write path will use random "
    "distribution to generate the keys. The parameter is [0, double_max]). "
    "However, the larger alpha is, the more shewed will be. If alpha is "
    "larger than 2, it is likely that only 1 key will be accessed. The "
    "Recommended value is [0.8-1.5]. The distribution is also related to "
    "max_key and total iterations of generating the hot key. ");

DEFINE_string(
    options_file, "",
    "The path to a RocksDB options file.  If specified, then db_stress will "
    "run with the RocksDB options in the default column family of the "
    "specified options file. Note that, when an options file is provided, "
    "db_stress will ignore the flag values for all options that may be passed "
    "via options file.");

DEFINE_int64(
    active_width, 0,
    "Number of keys in active span of the key-range at any given time. The "
    "span begins with its left endpoint at key 0, gradually moves rightwards, "
    "and ends with its right endpoint at max_key. If set to 0, active_width "
    "will be sanitized to be equal to max_key.");

// TODO(noetzli) Add support for single deletes
DEFINE_bool(test_batches_snapshots, false,
            "If set, the test uses MultiGet(), MultiPut() and MultiDelete()"
            " which read/write/delete multiple keys in a batch. In this mode,"
            " we do not verify db content by comparing the content with the "
            "pre-allocated array. Instead, we do partial verification inside"
            " MultiGet() by checking various values in a batch. Benefit of"
            " this mode:\n"
            "\t(a) No need to acquire mutexes during writes (less cache "
            "flushes in multi-core leading to speed up)\n"
            "\t(b) No long validation at the end (more speed up)\n"
            "\t(c) Test snapshot and atomicity of batch writes");

DEFINE_bool(atomic_flush, false,
            "If set, enables atomic flush in the options.\n");

DEFINE_int32(
    manual_wal_flush_one_in, 0,
    "If non-zero, then `FlushWAL(bool sync)`, where `bool sync` is randomly "
    "decided, will be explictly called in db stress once for every N ops "
    "on average. Setting `manual_wal_flush_one_in` to be greater than 0 "
    "implies `Options::manual_wal_flush = true` is set.");

DEFINE_int32(lock_wal_one_in, 1000000,
             "If non-zero, then `LockWAL()` + `UnlockWAL()` will be called in "
             "db_stress once for every N ops on average.");

DEFINE_bool(test_cf_consistency, false,
            "If set, runs the stress test dedicated to verifying writes to "
            "multiple column families are consistent. Setting this implies "
            "`atomic_flush=true` is set true if `disable_wal=false`.\n");

DEFINE_bool(test_multi_ops_txns, false,
            "If set, runs stress test dedicated to verifying multi-ops "
            "transactions on a simple relational table with primary and "
            "secondary index.");

DEFINE_int32(threads, 32, "Number of concurrent threads to run.");

DEFINE_int32(ttl, -1,
             "Opens the db with this ttl value if this is not -1. "
             "Carefully specify a large value such that verifications on "
             "deleted values don't fail");

DEFINE_int32(value_size_mult, 8,
             "Size of value will be this number times rand_int(1,3) bytes");

DEFINE_int32(compaction_readahead_size, 0, "Compaction readahead size");

DEFINE_bool(enable_pipelined_write, false, "Pipeline WAL/memtable writes");

DEFINE_bool(verify_before_write, false, "Verify before write");

DEFINE_bool(histogram, false, "Print histogram of operation timings");

DEFINE_bool(destroy_db_initially, true,
            "Destroys the database dir before start if this is true");

DEFINE_bool(verbose, false, "Verbose");

DEFINE_bool(progress_reports, true,
            "If true, db_stress will report number of finished operations");

DEFINE_uint64(db_write_buffer_size,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().db_write_buffer_size,
              "Number of bytes to buffer in all memtables before compacting");

DEFINE_int32(
    write_buffer_size,
    static_cast<int32_t>(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().write_buffer_size),
    "Number of bytes to buffer in memtable before compacting");

DEFINE_int32(max_write_buffer_number,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_write_buffer_number,
             "The number of in-memory memtables. "
             "Each memtable is of size FLAGS_write_buffer_size.");

DEFINE_int32(min_write_buffer_number_to_merge,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().min_write_buffer_number_to_merge,
             "The minimum number of write buffers that will be merged together "
             "before writing to storage. This is cheap because it is an "
             "in-memory merge. If this feature is not enabled, then all these "
             "write buffers are flushed to L0 as separate files and this "
             "increases read amplification because a get request has to check "
             "in all of these files. Also, an in-memory merge may result in "
             "writing less data to storage if there are duplicate records in"
             " each of these individual write buffers.");

DEFINE_int32(max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_write_buffer_number_to_maintain,
             "The total maximum number of write buffers to maintain in memory "
             "including copies of buffers that have already been flushed. "
             "Unlike max_write_buffer_number, this parameter does not affect "
             "flushing. This controls the minimum amount of write history "
             "that will be available in memory for conflict checking when "
             "Transactions are used. If this value is too low, some "
             "transactions may fail at commit time due to not being able to "
             "determine whether there were any write conflicts. Setting this "
             "value to 0 will cause write buffers to be freed immediately "
             "after they are flushed.  If this value is set to -1, "
             "'max_write_buffer_number' will be used.");

DEFINE_int64(max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_write_buffer_size_to_maintain,
             "The total maximum size of write buffers to maintain in memory "
             "including copies of buffers that have already been flushed. "
             "Unlike max_write_buffer_number, this parameter does not affect "
             "flushing. This controls the minimum amount of write history "
             "that will be available in memory for conflict checking when "
             "Transactions are used. If this value is too low, some "
             "transactions may fail at commit time due to not being able to "
             "determine whether there were any write conflicts. Setting this "
             "value to 0 will cause write buffers to be freed immediately "
             "after they are flushed.  If this value is set to -1, "
             "'max_write_buffer_number' will be used.");

DEFINE_double(memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio,
              "creates prefix blooms for memtables, each with size "
              "`write_buffer_size * memtable_prefix_bloom_size_ratio`.");

DEFINE_bool(memtable_whole_key_filtering,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().memtable_whole_key_filtering,
            "Enable whole key filtering in memtables.");

DEFINE_int32(open_files, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_open_files,
             "Maximum number of files to keep open at the same time "
             "(use default if == 0)");

DEFINE_int64(compressed_cache_size, 0,
             "Number of bytes to use as a cache of compressed data."
             " 0 means use default settings.");

DEFINE_int32(
    compressed_cache_numshardbits, -1,
    "Number of shards for the compressed block cache is 2 ** "
    "compressed_cache_numshardbits. Negative value means default settings. "
    "This is applied only if compressed_cache_size is greater than 0.");

DEFINE_int32(compaction_style, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().compaction_style,
             "");

DEFINE_int32(compaction_pri, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().compaction_pri,
             "Which file from a level should be picked to merge to the next "
             "level in level-based compaction");

DEFINE_int32(num_levels, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().num_levels,
             "Number of levels in the DB");

DEFINE_int32(level0_file_num_compaction_trigger,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().level0_file_num_compaction_trigger,
             "Level0 compaction start trigger");

DEFINE_int32(level0_slowdown_writes_trigger,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().level0_slowdown_writes_trigger,
             "Number of files in level-0 that will slow down writes");

DEFINE_int32(level0_stop_writes_trigger,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().level0_stop_writes_trigger,
             "Number of files in level-0 that will trigger put stop.");

DEFINE_int32(block_size,
             static_cast<int32_t>(
                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions().block_size),
             "Number of bytes in a block.");

DEFINE_int32(format_version,
             static_cast<int32_t>(
                 ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions().format_version),
             "Format version of SST files.");

DEFINE_int32(
    index_block_restart_interval,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions().index_block_restart_interval,
    "Number of keys between restart points "
    "for delta encoding of keys in index block.");

DEFINE_bool(disable_auto_compactions,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().disable_auto_compactions,
            "If true, RocksDB internally will not trigger compactions.");

DEFINE_int32(max_background_compactions,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_background_compactions,
             "The maximum number of concurrent background compactions "
             "that can occur in parallel.");

DEFINE_int32(num_bottom_pri_threads, 0,
             "The number of threads in the bottom-priority thread pool (used "
             "by universal compaction only).");

DEFINE_int32(compaction_thread_pool_adjust_interval, 0,
             "The interval (in milliseconds) to adjust compaction thread pool "
             "size. Don't change it periodically if the value is 0.");

DEFINE_int32(compaction_thread_pool_variations, 2,
             "Range of background thread pool size variations when adjusted "
             "periodically.");

DEFINE_int32(max_background_flushes,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_background_flushes,
             "The maximum number of concurrent background flushes "
             "that can occur in parallel.");

DEFINE_int32(universal_size_ratio, 0,
             "The ratio of file sizes that trigger"
             " compaction in universal style");

DEFINE_int32(universal_min_merge_width, 0,
             "The minimum number of files to "
             "compact in universal style compaction");

DEFINE_int32(universal_max_merge_width, 0,
             "The max number of files to compact"
             " in universal style compaction");

DEFINE_int32(universal_max_size_amplification_percent, 0,
             "The max size amplification for universal style compaction");

DEFINE_int32(clear_column_family_one_in, 1000000,
             "With a chance of 1/N, delete a column family and then recreate "
             "it again. If N == 0, never drop/create column families. "
             "When test_batches_snapshots is true, this flag has no effect");

DEFINE_int32(get_live_files_one_in, 1000000,
             "With a chance of 1/N, call GetLiveFiles to verify if it returns "
             "correctly. If N == 0, do not call the interface.");

DEFINE_int32(
    get_sorted_wal_files_one_in, 1000000,
    "With a chance of 1/N, call GetSortedWalFiles to verify if it returns "
    "correctly. (Note that this API may legitimately return an error.) If N == "
    "0, do not call the interface.");

DEFINE_int32(
    get_current_wal_file_one_in, 1000000,
    "With a chance of 1/N, call GetCurrentWalFile to verify if it returns "
    "correctly. (Note that this API may legitimately return an error.) If N == "
    "0, do not call the interface.");

DEFINE_int32(set_options_one_in, 0,
             "With a chance of 1/N, change some random options");

DEFINE_int32(set_in_place_one_in, 0,
             "With a chance of 1/N, toggle in place support option");

DEFINE_int64(cache_size, 2LL * KB * KB * KB,
             "Number of bytes to use as a cache of uncompressed data.");

DEFINE_int32(cache_numshardbits, 6,
             "Number of shards for the block cache"
             " is 2 ** cache_numshardbits. Negative means use default settings."
             " This is applied only if FLAGS_cache_size is greater than 0.");

DEFINE_bool(cache_index_and_filter_blocks, false,
            "True if indexes/filters should be cached in block cache.");

DEFINE_bool(charge_compression_dictionary_building_buffer, false,
            "Setting for "
            "CacheEntryRoleOptions::charged of "
            "CacheEntryRole::kCompressionDictionaryBuildingBuffer");

DEFINE_bool(charge_filter_construction, false,
            "Setting for "
            "CacheEntryRoleOptions::charged of "
            "CacheEntryRole::kFilterConstruction");

DEFINE_bool(charge_table_reader, false,
            "Setting for "
            "CacheEntryRoleOptions::charged of "
            "CacheEntryRole::kBlockBasedTableReader");

DEFINE_bool(charge_file_metadata, false,
            "Setting for "
            "CacheEntryRoleOptions::charged of "
            "kFileMetadata");

DEFINE_bool(charge_blob_cache, false,
            "Setting for "
            "CacheEntryRoleOptions::charged of "
            "kBlobCache");

DEFINE_int32(
    top_level_index_pinning,
    static_cast<int32_t>(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinningTier::kFallback),
    "Type of pinning for top-level indexes into metadata partitions (see "
    "`enum PinningTier` in table.h)");

DEFINE_int32(
    partition_pinning,
    static_cast<int32_t>(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinningTier::kFallback),
    "Type of pinning for metadata partitions (see `enum PinningTier` in "
    "table.h)");

DEFINE_int32(
    unpartitioned_pinning,
    static_cast<int32_t>(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::PinningTier::kFallback),
    "Type of pinning for unpartitioned metadata blocks (see `enum PinningTier` "
    "in table.h)");

DEFINE_string(cache_type, "lru_cache", "Type of block cache.");

DEFINE_uint64(subcompactions, 1,
              "Maximum number of subcompactions to divide L0-L1 compactions "
              "into.");

DEFINE_uint64(periodic_compaction_seconds, 1000,
              "Files older than this value will be picked up for compaction.");

DEFINE_uint64(compaction_ttl, 1000,
              "Files older than TTL will be compacted to the next level.");

DEFINE_bool(fifo_allow_compaction, false,
            "If true, set `Options::compaction_options_fifo.allow_compaction = "
            "true`. It only take effect when FIFO compaction is used.");

DEFINE_bool(allow_concurrent_memtable_write, false,
            "Allow multi-writers to update mem tables in parallel.");

DEFINE_double(experimental_mempurge_threshold, 0.0,
              "Maximum estimated useful payload that triggers a "
              "mempurge process to collect memtable garbage bytes.");

DEFINE_bool(enable_write_thread_adaptive_yield, true,
            "Use a yielding spin loop for brief writer thread waits.");

// Options for StackableDB-based BlobDB
DEFINE_bool(use_blob_db, false, "[Stacked BlobDB] Use BlobDB.");

DEFINE_uint64(
    blob_db_min_blob_size,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDBOptions().min_blob_size,
    "[Stacked BlobDB] Smallest blob to store in a file. Blobs "
    "smaller than this will be inlined with the key in the LSM tree.");

DEFINE_uint64(
    blob_db_bytes_per_sync,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDBOptions().bytes_per_sync,
    "[Stacked BlobDB] Sync blob files once per every N bytes written.");

DEFINE_uint64(blob_db_file_size,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDBOptions().blob_file_size,
              "[Stacked BlobDB] Target size of each blob file.");

DEFINE_bool(
    blob_db_enable_gc,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDBOptions().enable_garbage_collection,
    "[Stacked BlobDB] Enable BlobDB garbage collection.");

DEFINE_double(
    blob_db_gc_cutoff,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::blob_db::BlobDBOptions().garbage_collection_cutoff,
    "[Stacked BlobDB] Cutoff ratio for BlobDB garbage collection.");

// Options for integrated BlobDB
DEFINE_bool(allow_setting_blob_options_dynamically, false,
            "[Integrated BlobDB] Allow setting blob options dynamically.");

DEFINE_bool(
    enable_blob_files,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions().enable_blob_files,
    "[Integrated BlobDB] Enable writing large values to separate blob files.");

DEFINE_uint64(min_blob_size,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions().min_blob_size,
              "[Integrated BlobDB] The size of the smallest value to be stored "
              "separately in a blob file.");

DEFINE_uint64(blob_file_size,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions().blob_file_size,
              "[Integrated BlobDB] The size limit for blob files.");

DEFINE_string(blob_compression_type, "none",
              "[Integrated BlobDB] The compression algorithm to use for large "
              "values stored in blob files.");

DEFINE_bool(enable_blob_garbage_collection,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions()
                .enable_blob_garbage_collection,
            "[Integrated BlobDB] Enable blob garbage collection.");

DEFINE_double(blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions()
                  .blob_garbage_collection_age_cutoff,
              "[Integrated BlobDB] The cutoff in terms of blob file age for "
              "garbage collection.");

DEFINE_double(blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions()
                  .blob_garbage_collection_force_threshold,
              "[Integrated BlobDB] The threshold for the ratio of garbage in "
              "the oldest blob files for forcing garbage collection.");

DEFINE_uint64(blob_compaction_readahead_size,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions()
                  .blob_compaction_readahead_size,
              "[Integrated BlobDB] Compaction readahead for blob files.");

DEFINE_int32(
    blob_file_starting_level,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::AdvancedColumnFamilyOptions().blob_file_starting_level,
    "[Integrated BlobDB] Enable writing blob files during flushes and "
    "compactions starting from the specified level.");

DEFINE_bool(use_blob_cache, false, "[Integrated BlobDB] Enable blob cache.");

DEFINE_bool(
    use_shared_block_and_blob_cache, true,
    "[Integrated BlobDB] Use a shared backing cache for both block "
    "cache and blob cache. It only takes effect if use_blob_cache is enabled.");

DEFINE_uint64(
    blob_cache_size, 2LL * KB * KB * KB,
    "[Integrated BlobDB] Number of bytes to use as a cache of blobs. It only "
    "takes effect if the block and blob caches are different "
    "(use_shared_block_and_blob_cache = false).");

DEFINE_int32(blob_cache_numshardbits, 6,
             "[Integrated BlobDB] Number of shards for the blob cache is 2 ** "
             "blob_cache_numshardbits. Negative means use default settings. "
             "It only takes effect if blob_cache_size is greater than 0, and "
             "the block and blob caches are different "
             "(use_shared_block_and_blob_cache = false).");

DEFINE_int32(prepopulate_blob_cache, 0,
             "[Integrated BlobDB] Pre-populate hot/warm blobs in blob cache. 0 "
             "to disable and 1 to insert during flush.");

DEFINE_bool(enable_tiered_storage, false, "Set last_level_temperature");

DEFINE_int64(preclude_last_level_data_seconds, 0,
             "Preclude data from the last level. Used with tiered storage "
             "feature to preclude new data from comacting to the last level.");

DEFINE_int64(
    preserve_internal_time_seconds, 0,
    "Preserve internal time information which is attached to each SST.");

static const bool FLAGS_subcompactions_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_subcompactions, &ValidateUint32Range);

static bool ValidateInt32Positive(const char* flagname, int32_t value) {
  if (value < 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid value for --%s: %d, must be >=0\n", flagname,
            value);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}
DEFINE_int32(reopen, 10, "Number of times database reopens");
static const bool FLAGS_reopen_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_reopen, &ValidateInt32Positive);

DEFINE_double(bloom_bits, 10,
              "Bloom filter bits per key. "
              "Negative means use default settings.");

DEFINE_int32(
    ribbon_starting_level, 999,
    "Use Bloom filter on levels below specified and Ribbon beginning on level "
    "specified. Flush is considered level -1. 999 or more -> always Bloom. 0 "
    "-> Ribbon except Bloom for flush. -1 -> always Ribbon.");

DEFINE_bool(partition_filters, false,
            "use partitioned filters "
            "for block-based table");

DEFINE_bool(
    optimize_filters_for_memory,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions().optimize_filters_for_memory,
    "Minimize memory footprint of filters");

DEFINE_bool(
    detect_filter_construct_corruption,
    ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions()
        .detect_filter_construct_corruption,
    "Detect corruption during new Bloom Filter and Ribbon Filter construction");

DEFINE_int32(
    index_type,
    static_cast<int32_t>(
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions().index_type),
    "Type of block-based table index (see `enum IndexType` in table.h)");

DEFINE_int32(
    data_block_index_type,
    static_cast<int32_t>(
        ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions().data_block_index_type),
    "Index type for data blocks (see `enum DataBlockIndexType` in table.h)");

DEFINE_string(db, "", "Use the db with the following name.");

DEFINE_string(secondaries_base, "",
              "Use this path as the base path for secondary instances.");

DEFINE_bool(test_secondary, false,
            "If true, start an additional secondary instance which can be used "
            "for verification.");

DEFINE_string(
    expected_values_dir, "",
    "Dir where files containing info about the latest/historical values will "
    "be stored. If provided and non-empty, the DB state will be verified "
    "against values from these files after recovery. --max_key and "
    "--column_family must be kept the same across invocations of this program "
    "that use the same --expected_values_dir. Currently historical values are "
    "only tracked when --sync_fault_injection is set. See --seed and "
    "--nooverwritepercent for further requirements.");

DEFINE_bool(verify_checksum, false,
            "Verify checksum for every block read from storage");

DEFINE_bool(mmap_read, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().allow_mmap_reads,
            "Allow reads to occur via mmap-ing files");

DEFINE_bool(mmap_write, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().allow_mmap_writes,
            "Allow writes to occur via mmap-ing files");

DEFINE_bool(use_direct_reads, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().use_direct_reads,
            "Use O_DIRECT for reading data");

DEFINE_bool(use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().use_direct_io_for_flush_and_compaction,
            "Use O_DIRECT for writing data");

DEFINE_bool(mock_direct_io, false,
            "Mock direct IO by not using O_DIRECT for direct IO read");

DEFINE_bool(statistics, false, "Create database statistics");

DEFINE_bool(sync, false, "Sync all writes to disk");

DEFINE_bool(use_fsync, false, "If true, issue fsync instead of fdatasync");

DEFINE_uint64(bytes_per_sync, ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().bytes_per_sync,
              "If nonzero, sync SST file data incrementally after every "
              "`bytes_per_sync` bytes are written");

DEFINE_uint64(wal_bytes_per_sync,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().wal_bytes_per_sync,
              "If nonzero, sync WAL file data incrementally after every "
              "`bytes_per_sync` bytes are written");

DEFINE_int32(kill_random_test, 0,
             "If non-zero, kill at various points in source code with "
             "probability 1/this");
static const bool FLAGS_kill_random_test_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_kill_random_test, &ValidateInt32Positive);

DEFINE_string(kill_exclude_prefixes, "",
              "If non-empty, kill points with prefix in the list given will be"
              " skipped. Items are comma-separated.");
extern std::vector<std::string> rocksdb_kill_exclude_prefixes;

DEFINE_bool(disable_wal, false, "If true, do not write WAL for write.");

DEFINE_uint64(recycle_log_file_num,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().recycle_log_file_num,
              "Number of old WAL files to keep around for later recycling");

DEFINE_int64(target_file_size_base,
             ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().target_file_size_base,
             "Target level-1 file size for compaction");

DEFINE_int32(target_file_size_multiplier, 1,
             "A multiplier to compute target level-N file size (N >= 2)");

DEFINE_uint64(max_bytes_for_level_base,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_bytes_for_level_base,
              "Max bytes for level-1");

DEFINE_double(max_bytes_for_level_multiplier, 2,
              "A multiplier to compute max bytes for level-N (N >= 2)");

DEFINE_int32(range_deletion_width, 10,
             "The width of the range deletion intervals.");

DEFINE_uint64(rate_limiter_bytes_per_sec, 0, "Set options.rate_limiter value.");

DEFINE_bool(rate_limit_bg_reads, false,
            "Use options.rate_limiter on compaction reads");

DEFINE_bool(rate_limit_user_ops, false,
            "When true use Env::IO_USER priority level to charge internal rate "
            "limiter for reads associated with user operations.");

DEFINE_bool(rate_limit_auto_wal_flush, false,
            "When true use Env::IO_USER priority level to charge internal rate "
            "limiter for automatic WAL flush (`Options::manual_wal_flush` == "
            "false) after the user "
            "write operation.");

DEFINE_uint64(sst_file_manager_bytes_per_sec, 0,
              "Set `Options::sst_file_manager` to delete at this rate. By "
              "default the deletion rate is unbounded.");

DEFINE_uint64(sst_file_manager_bytes_per_truncate, 0,
              "Set `Options::sst_file_manager` to delete in chunks of this "
              "many bytes. By default whole files will be deleted.");

DEFINE_bool(use_txn, false,
            "Use TransactionDB. Currently the default write policy is "
            "TxnDBWritePolicy::WRITE_PREPARED");

DEFINE_uint64(txn_write_policy, 0,
              "The transaction write policy. Default is "
              "TxnDBWritePolicy::WRITE_COMMITTED. Note that this should not be "
              "changed accross crashes.");

DEFINE_bool(unordered_write, false,
            "Turn on the unordered_write feature. This options is currently "
            "tested only in combination with use_txn=true and "
            "txn_write_policy=TxnDBWritePolicy::WRITE_PREPARED.");

DEFINE_int32(backup_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then CreateNewBackup() will be called once for "
             "every N operations on average.  0 indicates CreateNewBackup() "
             "is disabled.");

DEFINE_uint64(backup_max_size, 100 * 1024 * 1024,
              "If non-zero, skip checking backup/restore when DB size in "
              "bytes exceeds this setting.");

DEFINE_int32(checkpoint_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then CreateCheckpoint() will be called once for "
             "every N operations on average.  0 indicates CreateCheckpoint() "
             "is disabled.");

DEFINE_int32(ingest_external_file_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then IngestExternalFile() will be called once for "
             "every N operations on average.  0 indicates IngestExternalFile() "
             "is disabled.");

DEFINE_int32(ingest_external_file_width, 100,
             "The width of the ingested external files.");

DEFINE_int32(compact_files_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then CompactFiles() will be called once for every N "
             "operations on average.  0 indicates CompactFiles() is disabled.");

DEFINE_int32(compact_range_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then CompactRange() will be called once for every N "
             "operations on average.  0 indicates CompactRange() is disabled.");

DEFINE_int32(mark_for_compaction_one_file_in, 0,
             "A `TablePropertiesCollectorFactory` will be registered, which "
             "creates a `TablePropertiesCollector` with `NeedCompact()` "
             "returning true once for every N files on average. 0 or negative "
             "mean `NeedCompact()` always returns false.");

DEFINE_int32(flush_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then Flush() will be called once for every N ops "
             "on average.  0 indicates calls to Flush() are disabled.");

DEFINE_int32(pause_background_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then PauseBackgroundWork()+Continue will be called "
             "once for every N ops on average.  0 disables.");

DEFINE_int32(compact_range_width, 10000,
             "The width of the ranges passed to CompactRange().");

DEFINE_int32(acquire_snapshot_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then acquires a snapshot once every N operations on "
             "average.");

DEFINE_bool(compare_full_db_state_snapshot, false,
            "If set we compare state of entire db (in one of the threads) with"
            "each snapshot.");

DEFINE_uint64(snapshot_hold_ops, 0,
              "If non-zero, then releases snapshots N operations after they're "
              "acquired.");

DEFINE_bool(long_running_snapshots, false,
            "If set, hold on some some snapshots for much longer time.");

DEFINE_bool(use_multiget, false,
            "If set, use the batched MultiGet API for reads");

DEFINE_bool(use_get_entity, false, "If set, use the GetEntity API for reads");

DEFINE_bool(use_multi_get_entity, false,
            "If set, use the MultiGetEntity API for reads");

static bool ValidateInt32Percent(const char* flagname, int32_t value) {
  if (value < 0 || value > 100) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid value for --%s: %d, 0<= pct <=100 \n", flagname,
            value);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

DEFINE_int32(readpercent, 10,
             "Ratio of reads to total workload (expressed as a percentage)");
static const bool FLAGS_readpercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_readpercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_int32(prefixpercent, 20,
             "Ratio of prefix iterators to total workload (expressed as a"
             " percentage)");
static const bool FLAGS_prefixpercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_prefixpercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_int32(writepercent, 45,
             "Ratio of writes to total workload (expressed as a percentage)");
static const bool FLAGS_writepercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_writepercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_int32(delpercent, 15,
             "Ratio of deletes to total workload (expressed as a percentage)");
static const bool FLAGS_delpercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_delpercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_int32(delrangepercent, 0,
             "Ratio of range deletions to total workload (expressed as a "
             "percentage). Cannot be used with test_batches_snapshots");
static const bool FLAGS_delrangepercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_delrangepercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_int32(nooverwritepercent, 60,
             "Ratio of keys without overwrite to total workload (expressed as "
             "a percentage). When --expected_values_dir is nonempty, must "
             "keep this value constant across invocations.");
static const bool FLAGS_nooverwritepercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_nooverwritepercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_int32(iterpercent, 10,
             "Ratio of iterations to total workload"
             " (expressed as a percentage)");
static const bool FLAGS_iterpercent_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_iterpercent, &ValidateInt32Percent);

DEFINE_uint64(num_iterations, 10, "Number of iterations per MultiIterate run");
static const bool FLAGS_num_iterations_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_num_iterations, &ValidateUint32Range);

DEFINE_int32(
    customopspercent, 0,
    "Ratio of custom operations to total workload (expressed as a percentage)");

DEFINE_string(compression_type, "snappy",
              "Algorithm to use to compress the database");

DEFINE_int32(compression_max_dict_bytes, 0,
             "Maximum size of dictionary used to prime the compression "
             "library.");

DEFINE_int32(compression_zstd_max_train_bytes, 0,
             "Maximum size of training data passed to zstd's dictionary "
             "trainer.");

DEFINE_int32(compression_parallel_threads, 1,
             "Number of threads for parallel compression.");

DEFINE_uint64(compression_max_dict_buffer_bytes, 0,
              "Buffering limit for SST file data to sample for dictionary "
              "compression.");

DEFINE_bool(
    compression_use_zstd_dict_trainer, true,
    "Use zstd's trainer to generate dictionary. If the options is false, "
    "zstd's finalizeDictionary() API is used to generate dictionary. "
    "ZSTD 1.4.5+ is required. If ZSTD 1.4.5+ is not linked with the binary, "
    "this flag will have the default value true.");

DEFINE_string(bottommost_compression_type, "disable",
              "Algorithm to use to compress bottommost level of the database. "
              "\"disable\" means disabling the feature");

DEFINE_string(checksum_type, "kCRC32c", "Algorithm to use to checksum blocks");

DEFINE_string(env_uri, "",
              "URI for env lookup. Mutually exclusive with --fs_uri");

DEFINE_string(fs_uri, "",
              "URI for registry Filesystem lookup. Mutually exclusive"
              " with --env_uri."
              " Creates a default environment with the specified filesystem.");

DEFINE_uint64(ops_per_thread, 1200000, "Number of operations per thread.");
static const bool FLAGS_ops_per_thread_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_ops_per_thread, &ValidateUint32Range);

DEFINE_uint64(log2_keys_per_lock, 2, "Log2 of number of keys per lock");
static const bool FLAGS_log2_keys_per_lock_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_log2_keys_per_lock, &ValidateUint32Range);

DEFINE_uint64(max_manifest_file_size, 16384, "Maximum size of a MANIFEST file");

DEFINE_bool(in_place_update, false, "On true, does inplace update in memtable");

DEFINE_string(memtablerep, "skip_list", "");

inline static bool ValidatePrefixSize(const char* flagname, int32_t value) {
  if (value < -1 || value > 8) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Invalid value for --%s: %d. -1 <= PrefixSize <= 8\n",
            flagname, value);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}
DEFINE_int32(prefix_size, 7,
             "Control the prefix size for HashSkipListRep. "
             "-1 is disabled.");
static const bool FLAGS_prefix_size_dummy __attribute__((__unused__)) =
    RegisterFlagValidator(&FLAGS_prefix_size, &ValidatePrefixSize);

DEFINE_bool(use_merge, false,
            "On true, replaces all writes with a Merge "
            "that behaves like a Put");

DEFINE_uint32(use_put_entity_one_in, 0,
              "If greater than zero, PutEntity will be used once per every N "
              "write ops on average.");

DEFINE_bool(use_full_merge_v1, false,
            "On true, use a merge operator that implement the deprecated "
            "version of FullMerge");

DEFINE_int32(sync_wal_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then SyncWAL() will be called once for every N ops "
             "on average. 0 indicates that calls to SyncWAL() are disabled.");

DEFINE_bool(avoid_unnecessary_blocking_io,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().avoid_unnecessary_blocking_io,
            "If true, some expensive cleaning up operations will be moved from "
            "user reads to high-pri background threads.");

DEFINE_bool(write_dbid_to_manifest,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().write_dbid_to_manifest,
            "Write DB_ID to manifest");

DEFINE_bool(avoid_flush_during_recovery,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().avoid_flush_during_recovery,
            "Avoid flush during recovery");

DEFINE_uint64(max_write_batch_group_size_bytes,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().max_write_batch_group_size_bytes,
              "Max write batch group size");

DEFINE_bool(level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().level_compaction_dynamic_level_bytes,
            "Use dynamic level");

DEFINE_int32(verify_checksum_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, then DB::VerifyChecksum() will be called to do"
             " checksum verification of all the files in the database once for"
             " every N ops on average. 0 indicates that calls to"
             " VerifyChecksum() are disabled.");
DEFINE_int32(verify_db_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, call VerifyDb() once for every N ops. 0 indicates "
             "that VerifyDb() will not be called in OperateDb(). Note that "
             "enabling this can slow down tests.");

DEFINE_int32(continuous_verification_interval, 1000,
             "While test is running, verify db every N milliseconds. 0 "
             "disables continuous verification.");

DEFINE_int32(approximate_size_one_in, 64,
             "If non-zero, DB::GetApproximateSizes() will be called against"
             " random key ranges.");

DEFINE_int32(read_fault_one_in, 1000,
             "On non-zero, enables fault injection on read");

DEFINE_int32(get_property_one_in, 1000,
             "If non-zero, then DB::GetProperty() will be called to get various"
             " properties for every N ops on average. 0 indicates that"
             " GetProperty() will be not be called.");

DEFINE_bool(sync_fault_injection, false,
            "If true, FaultInjectionTestFS will be used for write operations, "
            "and unsynced data in DB will lost after crash. In such a case we "
            "track DB changes in a trace file (\"*.trace\") in "
            "--expected_values_dir for verifying there are no holes in the "
            "recovered data.");

DEFINE_bool(best_efforts_recovery, false,
            "If true, use best efforts recovery.");
DEFINE_bool(skip_verifydb, false,
            "If true, skip VerifyDb() calls and Get()/Iterator verifications"
            "against expected state.");

DEFINE_bool(enable_compaction_filter, false,
            "If true, configures a compaction filter that returns a kRemove "
            "decision for deleted keys.");

DEFINE_bool(paranoid_file_checks, true,
            "After writing every SST file, reopen it and read all the keys "
            "and validate checksums");

DEFINE_bool(fail_if_options_file_error, false,
            "Fail operations that fail to detect or properly persist options "
            "file.");

DEFINE_uint64(batch_protection_bytes_per_key, 0,
              "If nonzero, enables integrity protection in `WriteBatch` at the "
              "specified number of bytes per key. Currently the only supported "
              "nonzero value is eight.");

DEFINE_uint32(
    memtable_protection_bytes_per_key, 0,
    "If nonzero, enables integrity protection in memtable entries at the "
    "specified number of bytes per key. Currently the supported "
    "nonzero values are 1, 2, 4 and 8.");

DEFINE_uint32(block_protection_bytes_per_key, 0,
              "If nonzero, enables integrity protection in blocks at the "
              "specified number of bytes per key. Currently the supported "
              "nonzero values are 1, 2, 4 and 8.");

DEFINE_string(file_checksum_impl, "none",
              "Name of an implementation for file_checksum_gen_factory, or "
              "\"none\" for null.");

DEFINE_int32(write_fault_one_in, 0,
             "On non-zero, enables fault injection on write");

DEFINE_uint64(user_timestamp_size, 0,
              "Number of bytes for a user-defined timestamp. Currently, only "
              "8-byte is supported");

DEFINE_int32(open_metadata_write_fault_one_in, 0,
             "On non-zero, enables fault injection on file metadata write "
             "during DB reopen.");

DEFINE_string(secondary_cache_uri, "",
              "Full URI for creating a customized secondary cache object");
DEFINE_int32(secondary_cache_fault_one_in, 0,
             "On non-zero, enables fault injection in secondary cache inserts"
             " and lookups");
DEFINE_int32(open_write_fault_one_in, 0,
             "On non-zero, enables fault injection on file writes "
             "during DB reopen.");
DEFINE_int32(open_read_fault_one_in, 0,
             "On non-zero, enables fault injection on file reads "
             "during DB reopen.");
DEFINE_int32(injest_error_severity, 1,
             "The severity of the injested IO Error. 1 is soft error (e.g. "
             "retryable error), 2 is fatal error, and the default is "
             "retryable error.");
DEFINE_int32(prepopulate_block_cache,
             static_cast<int32_t>(ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::BlockBasedTableOptions::
                                      PrepopulateBlockCache::kDisable),
             "Options related to cache warming (see `enum "
             "PrepopulateBlockCache` in table.h)");

DEFINE_bool(two_write_queues, false,
            "Set to true to enable two write queues. Default: false");

DEFINE_bool(use_only_the_last_commit_time_batch_for_recovery, false,
            "If true, the commit-time write batch will not be immediately "
            "inserted into the memtables. Default: false");

DEFINE_uint64(
    wp_snapshot_cache_bits, 7ull,
    "Number of bits to represent write-prepared transaction db's snapshot "
    "cache. Default: 7 (128 entries)");

DEFINE_uint64(wp_commit_cache_bits, 23ull,
              "Number of bits to represent write-prepared transaction db's "
              "commit cache. Default: 23 (8M entries)");

DEFINE_bool(adaptive_readahead, false,
            "Carry forward internal auto readahead size from one file to next "
            "file at each level during iteration");
DEFINE_bool(
    async_io, false,
    "Does asynchronous prefetching when internal auto readahead is enabled");

DEFINE_string(wal_compression, "none",
              "Algorithm to use for WAL compression. none to disable.");

DEFINE_bool(
    verify_sst_unique_id_in_manifest, false,
    "Enable DB options `verify_sst_unique_id_in_manifest`, if true, during "
    "DB-open try verifying the SST unique id between MANIFEST and SST "
    "properties.");

DEFINE_int32(
    create_timestamped_snapshot_one_in, 0,
    "On non-zero, create timestamped snapshots upon transaction commits.");

DEFINE_bool(allow_data_in_errors,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().allow_data_in_errors,
            "If true, allow logging data, e.g. key, value in LOG files.");

DEFINE_bool(enable_thread_tracking,
            ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().enable_thread_tracking,
            "If true, the status of the threads involved in this DB will be "
            "tracked and available via GetThreadList() API.");

DEFINE_int32(verify_iterator_with_expected_state_one_in, 0,
             "If non-zero, when TestIterate() is to be called, there is a "
             "1/verify_iterator_with_expected_state_one_in "
             "chance that the iterator is verified against the expected state "
             "file, instead of comparing keys between two iterators.");

DEFINE_uint64(readahead_size, 0, "Iterator readahead size");
DEFINE_uint64(initial_auto_readahead_size, 0,
              "Initial auto readahead size for prefetching during Iteration");
DEFINE_uint64(max_auto_readahead_size, 0,
              "Max auto readahead size for prefetching during Iteration");
DEFINE_uint64(
    num_file_reads_for_auto_readahead, 0,
    "Num of sequential reads to enable auto prefetching during Iteration");

DEFINE_bool(
    preserve_unverified_changes, false,
    "DB files of the current run will all be preserved in `FLAGS_db`. DB files "
    "from the last run will be preserved in `FLAGS_db/unverified` until the "
    "first verification succeeds. Expected state files from the last run will "
    "be preserved similarly under `FLAGS_expected_values_dir/unverified` when "
    "`--expected_values_dir` is nonempty.");

DEFINE_uint64(stats_dump_period_sec,
              ROCKSDB_NAMESPACE::Options().stats_dump_period_sec,
              "Gap between printing stats to log in seconds");

DEFINE_bool(use_io_uring, false, "Enable the use of IO uring on Posix");
extern "C" bool RocksDbIOUringEnable() { return FLAGS_use_io_uring; }

#endif  // GFLAGS