rocksdb/java/rocksjni/rocksjni.cc

// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc.  All rights reserved.
// This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
// of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
//
// This file implements the "bridge" between Java and C++ and enables
// calling c++ rocksdb::DB methods from Java side.

#include <jni.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

#include "include/org_rocksdb_RocksDB.h"
#include "rocksdb/db.h"
#include "rocksdb/cache.h"
#include "rocksdb/types.h"
#include "rocksjni/portal.h"

#ifdef min
#undef min
#endif

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Open
jlong rocksdb_open_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
    std::function<rocksdb::Status(
      const rocksdb::Options&, const std::string&, rocksdb::DB**)> open_fn
    ) {
  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::Options*>(jopt_handle);
  rocksdb::DB* db = nullptr;
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, NULL);
  rocksdb::Status s = open_fn(*opt, db_path, &db);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(db);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return 0;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    open
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_open__JLjava_lang_String_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass jcls, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(env, jopt_handle, jdb_path,
    (rocksdb::Status(*)
      (const rocksdb::Options&, const std::string&, rocksdb::DB**)
    )&rocksdb::DB::Open
  );
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    openROnly
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openROnly__JLjava_lang_String_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass jcls, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, [](
      const rocksdb::Options& options,
      const std::string& db_path, rocksdb::DB** db) {
    return rocksdb::DB::OpenForReadOnly(options, db_path, db);
  });
}

jlongArray rocksdb_open_helper(JNIEnv* env, jlong jopt_handle,
    jstring jdb_path, jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options,
    std::function<rocksdb::Status(
      const rocksdb::DBOptions&, const std::string&,
      const std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&,
      std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>*,
      rocksdb::DB**)> open_fn
    ) {
  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DBOptions*>(jopt_handle);
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, NULL);

  std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor> column_families;

  jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_names);
  jlong* jco = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_options, NULL);
  for(int i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
    jobject jcn = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jcolumn_names, i);
    jbyteArray jcn_ba = reinterpret_cast<jbyteArray>(jcn);
    jbyte* jcf_name = env->GetByteArrayElements(jcn_ba, NULL);
    const int jcf_name_len = env->GetArrayLength(jcn_ba);

    //TODO(AR) do I need to make a copy of jco[i] ?

    std::string cf_name (reinterpret_cast<char *>(jcf_name), jcf_name_len);
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions* cf_options =
      reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(jco[i]);
    column_families.push_back(
      rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor(cf_name, *cf_options));

    env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jcn_ba, jcf_name, JNI_ABORT);
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jcn);
  }
  env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_options, jco, JNI_ABORT);

  std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*> handles;
  rocksdb::DB* db = nullptr;
  rocksdb::Status s = open_fn(*opt, db_path, column_families,
      &handles, &db);

  // check if open operation was successful
  if (s.ok()) {
    jsize resultsLen = 1 + len_cols; //db handle + column family handles
    jlong results[resultsLen];
    results[0] = reinterpret_cast<jlong>(db);
    for(int i = 1; i <= len_cols; i++) {
      results[i] = reinterpret_cast<jlong>(handles[i - 1]);
    }

    jlongArray jresults = env->NewLongArray(resultsLen);
    env->SetLongArrayRegion(jresults, 0, resultsLen, results);
    return jresults;
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return NULL;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    openROnly
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;[[B[J)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_openROnly__JLjava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass jcls, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names,
    jcolumn_options, [](
        const rocksdb::DBOptions& options, const std::string& db_path,
        const std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>& column_families,
        std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>* handles, rocksdb::DB** db) {
      return rocksdb::DB::OpenForReadOnly(options, db_path, column_families,
        handles, db);
  });
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    open
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;[[B[J)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_open__JLjava_lang_String_2_3_3B_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass jcls, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path,
    jobjectArray jcolumn_names, jlongArray jcolumn_options) {
  return rocksdb_open_helper(env, jopt_handle, jdb_path, jcolumn_names, jcolumn_options,
    (rocksdb::Status(*)
      (const rocksdb::DBOptions&, const std::string&,
        const std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyDescriptor>&,
        std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>*, rocksdb::DB**)
      )&rocksdb::DB::Open
    );
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::ListColumnFamilies

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    listColumnFamilies
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_listColumnFamilies(
    JNIEnv* env, jclass jclazz, jlong jopt_handle, jstring jdb_path) {
  std::vector<std::string> column_family_names;
  auto* opt = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::Options*>(jopt_handle);
  const char* db_path = env->GetStringUTFChars(jdb_path, 0);
  rocksdb::Status s = rocksdb::DB::ListColumnFamilies(*opt, db_path,
      &column_family_names);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jdb_path, db_path);

  jclass jcls_ba = env->FindClass("[B");
  jobjectArray jresults = env->NewObjectArray(
      static_cast<jsize>(column_family_names.size()), jcls_ba, NULL);
  if (s.ok()) {
    for (std::vector<std::string>::size_type i = 0;
        i < column_family_names.size(); i++) {
      jbyteArray jcf_value =
          env->NewByteArray(static_cast<jsize>(column_family_names[i].size()));
      env->SetByteArrayRegion(
          jcf_value, 0, static_cast<jsize>(column_family_names[i].size()),
          reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(column_family_names[i].data()));
      env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, static_cast<jsize>(i), jcf_value);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jcf_value);
    }
  }
  return jresults;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Put

void rocksdb_put_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db, const rocksdb::WriteOptions& write_options,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {

  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, 0);
  jbyte* value = env->GetByteArrayElements(jentry_value, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
  rocksdb::Slice value_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(value),
      jentry_value_len);

  rocksdb::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Put(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice, value_slice);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Put(write_options, key_slice, value_slice);
  }

  // trigger java unref on key and value.
  // by passing JNI_ABORT, it will simply release the reference without
  // copying the result back to the java byte array.
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jentry_value, value, JNI_ABORT);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return;
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (J[BI[BI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__J_3BI_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const rocksdb::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      rocksdb::WriteOptions();

  rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr,
                     jkey, jkey_len,
                     jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
}
/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (J[BI[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__J_3BI_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const rocksdb::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      rocksdb::WriteOptions();
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__JJ_3BI_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb,
    jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(
      jwrite_options_handle);

  rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr,
                     jkey, jkey_len,
                     jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    put
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_put__JJ_3BI_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb,
    jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(
      jwrite_options_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_put_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Write
/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    write0
 * Signature: (JJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_write0(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options_handle, jlong jwb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(
      jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* wb = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteBatch*>(jwb_handle);

  rocksdb::Status s = db->Write(*write_options, wb);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    write1
 * Signature: (JJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_write1(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options_handle, jlong jwbwi_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(
      jwrite_options_handle);
  auto* wbwi = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteBatchWithIndex*>(jwbwi_handle);
  auto* wb = wbwi->GetWriteBatch();

  rocksdb::Status s = db->Write(*write_options, wb);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::KeyMayExist
jboolean key_may_exist_helper(JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db,
    const rocksdb::ReadOptions& read_opt,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jobject jstring_buffer) {
  std::string value;
  bool value_found = false;
  jboolean isCopy;
  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, &isCopy);
  rocksdb::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
  bool keyMayExist;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    keyMayExist = db->KeyMayExist(read_opt, cf_handle, key_slice,
        &value, &value_found);
  } else {
    keyMayExist = db->KeyMayExist(read_opt, key_slice,
        &value, &value_found);
  }

  if (value_found && !value.empty()) {
    jclass clazz = env->GetObjectClass(jstring_buffer);
    jmethodID mid = env->GetMethodID(clazz, "append",
        "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuffer;");
    jstring new_value_str = env->NewStringUTF(value.c_str());
    env->CallObjectMethod(jstring_buffer, mid, new_value_str);
  }
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);
  return static_cast<jboolean>(keyMayExist);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    keyMayExist
 * Signature: (J[BILjava/lang/StringBuffer;)Z
 */
jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExist__J_3BILjava_lang_StringBuffer_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jobject jstring_buffer) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  return key_may_exist_helper(env, db, rocksdb::ReadOptions(),
      nullptr, jkey, jkey_len, jstring_buffer);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    keyMayExist
 * Signature: (J[BIJLjava/lang/StringBuffer;)Z
 */
jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExist__J_3BIJLjava_lang_StringBuffer_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jlong jcf_handle, jobject jstring_buffer) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(
      jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return key_may_exist_helper(env, db, rocksdb::ReadOptions(),
        cf_handle, jkey, jkey_len, jstring_buffer);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    return true;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    keyMayExist
 * Signature: (JJ[BILjava/lang/StringBuffer;)Z
 */
jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExist__JJ_3BILjava_lang_StringBuffer_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jread_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jobject jstring_buffer) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto& read_options = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(
      jread_options_handle);
  return key_may_exist_helper(env, db, read_options,
      nullptr, jkey, jkey_len, jstring_buffer);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    keyMayExist
 * Signature: (JJ[BIJLjava/lang/StringBuffer;)Z
 */
jboolean Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_keyMayExist__JJ_3BIJLjava_lang_StringBuffer_2(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jread_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle, jobject jstring_buffer) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto& read_options = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(
      jread_options_handle);
  auto* cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(
      jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return key_may_exist_helper(env, db, read_options, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len, jstring_buffer);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    return true;
  }  
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Get

jbyteArray rocksdb_get_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db, const rocksdb::ReadOptions& read_opt,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
    jint jkey_len) {
  jboolean isCopy;
  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, &isCopy);
  rocksdb::Slice key_slice(
      reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  std::string value;
  rocksdb::Status s;
  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Get(read_opt, column_family_handle, key_slice, &value);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Get(read_opt, key_slice, &value);
  }

  // trigger java unref on key.
  // by passing JNI_ABORT, it will simply release the reference without
  // copying the result back to the java byte array.
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);

  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  if (s.ok()) {
    jbyteArray jret_value = env->NewByteArray(static_cast<jsize>(value.size()));
    env->SetByteArrayRegion(jret_value, 0, static_cast<jsize>(value.size()),
                            reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(value.c_str()));
    return jret_value;
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);

  return nullptr;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BI)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len) {
  return rocksdb_get_helper(env,
      reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      rocksdb::ReadOptions(), nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BIJ)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, rocksdb::ReadOptions(),
        cf_handle, jkey, jkey_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    // will never be evaluated
    return env->NewByteArray(0);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BI)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len) {
  return rocksdb_get_helper(env,
      reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)[B
 */
jbyteArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto& ro_opt = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ro_opt, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    // will never be evaluated
    return env->NewByteArray(0);
  }
}

jint rocksdb_get_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db, const rocksdb::ReadOptions& read_options,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle, jbyteArray jkey,
    jint jkey_len, jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  static const int kNotFound = -1;
  static const int kStatusError = -2;

  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice key_slice(
      reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  // TODO(yhchiang): we might save one memory allocation here by adding
  // a DB::Get() function which takes preallocated jbyte* as input.
  std::string cvalue;
  rocksdb::Status s;
  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Get(read_options, column_family_handle, key_slice, &cvalue);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Get(read_options, key_slice, &cvalue);
  }

  // trigger java unref on key.
  // by passing JNI_ABORT, it will simply release the reference without
  // copying the result back to the java byte array.
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);

  if (s.IsNotFound()) {
    return kNotFound;
  } else if (!s.ok()) {
    // Here since we are throwing a Java exception from c++ side.
    // As a result, c++ does not know calling this function will in fact
    // throwing an exception.  As a result, the execution flow will
    // not stop here, and codes after this throw will still be
    // executed.
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);

    // Return a dummy const value to avoid compilation error, although
    // java side might not have a chance to get the return value :)
    return kStatusError;
  }

  jint cvalue_len = static_cast<jint>(cvalue.size());
  jint length = std::min(jentry_value_len, cvalue_len);

  env->SetByteArrayRegion(
      jentry_value, 0, length,
      reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(cvalue.c_str()));
  return cvalue_len;
}

// cf multi get
jobjectArray multi_get_helper(JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, rocksdb::DB* db,
    const rocksdb::ReadOptions& rOpt, jobjectArray jkeys,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
    jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);
    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, NULL);
    for (int i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
      auto* cf_handle =
          reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
    }
    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
  }

  std::vector<rocksdb::Slice> keys;
  std::vector<std::tuple<jbyteArray, jbyte*, jobject>> keys_to_free;
  jsize len_keys = env->GetArrayLength(jkeys);
  if(env->EnsureLocalCapacity(len_keys) != 0) {
    // out of memory
    return NULL;
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < len_keys; i++) {
    jobject jk = env->GetObjectArrayElement(jkeys, i);
    jbyteArray jk_ba = reinterpret_cast<jbyteArray>(jk);
    jsize len_key = env->GetArrayLength(jk_ba);
    jbyte* jk_val = env->GetByteArrayElements(jk_ba, NULL);

    rocksdb::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(jk_val), len_key);
    keys.push_back(key_slice);

    keys_to_free.push_back(std::make_tuple(jk_ba, jk_val, jk));
  }

  std::vector<std::string> values;
  std::vector<rocksdb::Status> s;
  if (cf_handles.size() == 0) {
    s = db->MultiGet(rOpt, keys, &values);
  } else {
    s = db->MultiGet(rOpt, cf_handles, keys, &values);
  }

  // free up allocated byte arrays
  for (std::vector<std::tuple<jbyteArray, jbyte*, jobject>>::size_type i = 0;
      i < keys_to_free.size(); i++) {
    jobject jk;
    jbyteArray jk_ba;
    jbyte* jk_val;
    std::tie(jk_ba, jk_val, jk) = keys_to_free[i];
    env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jk_ba, jk_val, JNI_ABORT);
    env->DeleteLocalRef(jk);
  }

  // prepare the results
  jclass jcls_ba = env->FindClass("[B");
  jobjectArray jresults =
      env->NewObjectArray(static_cast<jsize>(s.size()), jcls_ba, NULL);

  // add to the jresults
  for (std::vector<rocksdb::Status>::size_type i = 0; i != s.size(); i++) {
    if (s[i].ok()) {
      jbyteArray jentry_value =
          env->NewByteArray(static_cast<jsize>(values[i].size()));
      env->SetByteArrayRegion(
          jentry_value, 0, static_cast<jsize>(values[i].size()),
          reinterpret_cast<const jbyte*>(values[i].c_str()));
      env->SetObjectArrayElement(jresults, static_cast<jsize>(i), jentry_value);
      env->DeleteLocalRef(jentry_value);
    }
  }

  return jresults;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (J[[B)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__J_3_3B(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jobjectArray jkeys) {
  return multi_get_helper(env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      rocksdb::ReadOptions(), jkeys, nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (J[[B[J)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__J_3_3B_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jobjectArray jkeys,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  return multi_get_helper(env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      rocksdb::ReadOptions(), jkeys, jcolumn_family_handles);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (JJ[[B)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3_3B(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys) {
  return multi_get_helper(env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), jkeys, nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    multiGet
 * Signature: (JJ[[B[J)[[B
 */
jobjectArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_multiGet__JJ_3_3B_3J(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jobjectArray jkeys, jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles) {
  return multi_get_helper(env, jdb, reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle), jkeys,
      jcolumn_family_handles);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BI[BI)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BI_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  return rocksdb_get_helper(env,
      reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      rocksdb::ReadOptions(), nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (J[BI[BIJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__J_3BI_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, rocksdb::ReadOptions(), cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    // will never be evaluated
    return 0;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BI)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BI_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  return rocksdb_get_helper(env,
      reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle),
      *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle),
      nullptr, jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    get
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BIJ)I
 */
jint Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_get__JJ_3BI_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jropt_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto& ro_opt = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(jropt_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    return rocksdb_get_helper(env, db_handle, ro_opt, cf_handle, jkey,
        jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
    // will never be evaluated
    return 0;
  }
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Delete()
void rocksdb_remove_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db, const rocksdb::WriteOptions& write_options,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len) {
  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);

  rocksdb::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Delete(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->Delete(write_options, key_slice);
  }
  // trigger java unref on key and value.
  // by passing JNI_ABORT, it will simply release the reference without
  // copying the result back to the java byte array.
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);

  if (!s.ok()) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
  return;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    remove
 * Signature: (J[BI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_remove__J_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const rocksdb::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      rocksdb::WriteOptions();
  rocksdb_remove_helper(env, db, default_write_options, nullptr,
      jkey, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    remove
 * Signature: (J[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_remove__J_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const rocksdb::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      rocksdb::WriteOptions();
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_remove_helper(env, db, default_write_options, cf_handle,
        jkey, jkey_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    remove
 * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_remove__JJ_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  rocksdb_remove_helper(env, db, *write_options, nullptr, jkey, jkey_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    remove
 * Signature: (JJ[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_remove__JJ_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jwrite_options, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(jwrite_options);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_remove_helper(env, db, *write_options, cf_handle, jkey, jkey_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Merge

void rocksdb_merge_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db, const rocksdb::WriteOptions& write_options,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {

  jbyte* key = env->GetByteArrayElements(jkey, 0);
  jbyte* value = env->GetByteArrayElements(jentry_value, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice key_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(key), jkey_len);
  rocksdb::Slice value_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(value),
      jentry_value_len);

  rocksdb::Status s;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Merge(write_options, cf_handle, key_slice, value_slice);
  } else {
    s = db->Merge(write_options, key_slice, value_slice);
  }

  // trigger java unref on key and value.
  // by passing JNI_ABORT, it will simply release the reference without
  // copying the result back to the java byte array.
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jkey, key, JNI_ABORT);
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jentry_value, value, JNI_ABORT);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return;
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (J[BI[BI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__J_3BI_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const rocksdb::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      rocksdb::WriteOptions();

  rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, default_write_options,
      nullptr, jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (J[BI[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__J_3BI_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  static const rocksdb::WriteOptions default_write_options =
      rocksdb::WriteOptions();
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, default_write_options,
        cf_handle, jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BI)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__JJ_3BI_3BI(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb,
    jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(
      jwrite_options_handle);

  rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, *write_options,
      nullptr, jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    merge
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_merge__JJ_3BI_3BIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb,
    jlong jdb_handle, jlong jwrite_options_handle,
    jbyteArray jkey, jint jkey_len,
    jbyteArray jentry_value, jint jentry_value_len, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto write_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::WriteOptions*>(
      jwrite_options_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    rocksdb_merge_helper(env, db, *write_options,
        cf_handle, jkey, jkey_len, jentry_value, jentry_value_len);
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env,
        rocksdb::Status::InvalidArgument("Invalid ColumnFamilyHandle."));
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::~DB()

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    disposeInternal
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_disposeInternal(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject java_db, jlong jhandle) {
  delete reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jhandle);
}

jlong rocksdb_iterator_helper(
    rocksdb::DB* db, rocksdb::ReadOptions read_options,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle) {
  rocksdb::Iterator* iterator = nullptr;
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    iterator = db->NewIterator(read_options, cf_handle);
  } else {
    iterator = db->NewIterator(read_options);
  }
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(iterator);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iterator
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterator__J(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, rocksdb::ReadOptions(),
      nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iterator
 * Signature: (JJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterator__JJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle,
    jlong jread_options_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto& read_options = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(
      jread_options_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, read_options,
      nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iteratorCF
 * Signature: (JJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iteratorCF__JJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, rocksdb::ReadOptions(),
        cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iteratorCF
 * Signature: (JJJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iteratorCF__JJJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jlong jread_options_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto& read_options = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(
      jread_options_handle);
  return rocksdb_iterator_helper(db, read_options,
        cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    iterators
 * Signature: (J[JJ)[J
 */
jlongArray Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_iterators(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle,
    jlongArray jcolumn_family_handles, jlong jread_options_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto& read_options = *reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ReadOptions*>(
        jread_options_handle);
  std::vector<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*> cf_handles;
  if (jcolumn_family_handles != nullptr) {
    jsize len_cols = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_family_handles);
    jlong* jcfh = env->GetLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, NULL);
    for (int i = 0; i < len_cols; i++) {
      auto* cf_handle =
          reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcfh[i]);
      cf_handles.push_back(cf_handle);
    }
    env->ReleaseLongArrayElements(jcolumn_family_handles, jcfh, JNI_ABORT);
  }

  std::vector<rocksdb::Iterator*> iterators;
  rocksdb::Status s = db->NewIterators(read_options,
      cf_handles, &iterators);
  if (s.ok()) {
    jlongArray jLongArray =
        env->NewLongArray(static_cast<jsize>(iterators.size()));
    for (std::vector<rocksdb::Iterator*>::size_type i = 0;
        i < iterators.size(); i++) {
      env->SetLongArrayRegion(jLongArray, static_cast<jsize>(i), 1,
                              reinterpret_cast<const jlong*>(&iterators[i]));
    }
    return jLongArray;
  } else {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
    return NULL;
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getDefaultColumnFamily
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getDefaultColumnFamily(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jobj, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto* cf_handle = db_handle->DefaultColumnFamily();
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(cf_handle);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    createColumnFamily
 * Signature: (J[BJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_createColumnFamily(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jbyteArray jcolumn_name, jlong jcolumn_options) {
  rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* handle;
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);

  jbyte* cfname = env->GetByteArrayElements(jcolumn_name, 0);
  const int len = env->GetArrayLength(jcolumn_name);

  auto* cfOptions =
      reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyOptions*>(jcolumn_options);

  rocksdb::Status s = db_handle->CreateColumnFamily(
      *cfOptions, std::string(reinterpret_cast<char *>(cfname), len), &handle);
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jcolumn_name, cfname, 0);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(handle);
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return 0;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    dropColumnFamily
 * Signature: (JJ)V;
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_dropColumnFamily(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  auto db_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  rocksdb::Status s = db_handle->DropColumnFamily(cf_handle);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Method:    getSnapshot
 * Signature: (J)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getSnapshot(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  const rocksdb::Snapshot* snapshot = db->GetSnapshot();
  return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(snapshot);
}

/*
 * Method:    releaseSnapshot
 * Signature: (JJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_releaseSnapshot(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jlong snapshot_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto snapshot = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::Snapshot*>(snapshot_handle);
  db->ReleaseSnapshot(snapshot);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getProperty0
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/String;
 */
jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getProperty0__JLjava_lang_String_2I(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jstring jproperty,
    jint jproperty_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);

  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice property_slice(property, jproperty_len);

  std::string property_value;
  bool retCode = db->GetProperty(property_slice, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (!retCode) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, rocksdb::Status::NotFound());
  }

  return env->NewStringUTF(property_value.data());
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getProperty0
 * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)Ljava/lang/String;
 */
jstring Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getProperty0__JJLjava_lang_String_2I(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jstring jproperty, jint jproperty_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);

  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice property_slice(property, jproperty_len);

  std::string property_value;
  bool retCode = db->GetProperty(cf_handle, property_slice, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (!retCode) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, rocksdb::Status::NotFound());
  }

  return env->NewStringUTF(property_value.data());
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLongProperty
 * Signature: (JLjava/lang/String;I)L;
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLongProperty__JLjava_lang_String_2I(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jstring jproperty,
    jint jproperty_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);

  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice property_slice(property, jproperty_len);

  uint64_t property_value = 0;
  bool retCode = db->GetIntProperty(property_slice, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (!retCode) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, rocksdb::Status::NotFound());
  }
  return property_value;
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLongProperty
 * Signature: (JJLjava/lang/String;I)L;
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLongProperty__JJLjava_lang_String_2I(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong db_handle, jlong jcf_handle,
    jstring jproperty, jint jproperty_len) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(db_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);

  const char* property = env->GetStringUTFChars(jproperty, 0);
  rocksdb::Slice property_slice(property, jproperty_len);

  uint64_t property_value;
  bool retCode = db->GetIntProperty(cf_handle, property_slice, &property_value);
  env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(jproperty, property);

  if (!retCode) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, rocksdb::Status::NotFound());
  }
  return property_value;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::Flush

void rocksdb_flush_helper(
    JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db, const rocksdb::FlushOptions& flush_options,
  rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* column_family_handle) {
  rocksdb::Status s;
  if (column_family_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->Flush(flush_options, column_family_handle);
  } else {
    s = db->Flush(flush_options);
  }
  if (!s.ok()) {
      rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    flush
 * Signature: (JJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_flush__JJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jflush_options) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto flush_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::FlushOptions*>(jflush_options);
  rocksdb_flush_helper(env, db, *flush_options, nullptr);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    flush
 * Signature: (JJJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_flush__JJJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
    jlong jflush_options, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto flush_options = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::FlushOptions*>(jflush_options);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  rocksdb_flush_helper(env, db, *flush_options, cf_handle);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::CompactRange - Full

void rocksdb_compactrange_helper(JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jboolean jreduce_level,
    jint jtarget_level, jint jtarget_path_id) {

  rocksdb::Status s;
  rocksdb::CompactRangeOptions compact_options;
  compact_options.change_level = jreduce_level;
  compact_options.target_level = jtarget_level;
  compact_options.target_path_id = static_cast<uint32_t>(jtarget_path_id);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->CompactRange(compact_options, cf_handle, nullptr, nullptr);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->CompactRange(compact_options, nullptr, nullptr);
  }

  if (s.ok()) {
    return;
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    compactRange0
 * Signature: (JZII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactRange0__JZII(JNIEnv* env,
    jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jboolean jreduce_level,
    jint jtarget_level, jint jtarget_path_id) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  rocksdb_compactrange_helper(env, db, nullptr, jreduce_level,
      jtarget_level, jtarget_path_id);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    compactRange
 * Signature: (JZIIJ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactRange__JZIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle,
     jboolean jreduce_level, jint jtarget_level,
     jint jtarget_path_id, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  rocksdb_compactrange_helper(env, db, cf_handle, jreduce_level,
      jtarget_level, jtarget_path_id);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::CompactRange - Range

void rocksdb_compactrange_helper(JNIEnv* env, rocksdb::DB* db,
    rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle* cf_handle, jbyteArray jbegin, jint jbegin_len,
    jbyteArray jend, jint jend_len, jboolean jreduce_level, jint jtarget_level,
    jint jtarget_path_id) {

  jbyte* begin = env->GetByteArrayElements(jbegin, 0);
  jbyte* end = env->GetByteArrayElements(jend, 0);
  const rocksdb::Slice begin_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(begin), jbegin_len);
  const rocksdb::Slice end_slice(reinterpret_cast<char*>(end), jend_len);

  rocksdb::Status s;
  rocksdb::CompactRangeOptions compact_options;
  compact_options.change_level = jreduce_level;
  compact_options.target_level = jtarget_level;
  compact_options.target_path_id = static_cast<uint32_t>(jtarget_path_id);
  if (cf_handle != nullptr) {
    s = db->CompactRange(compact_options, cf_handle, &begin_slice, &end_slice);
  } else {
    // backwards compatibility
    s = db->CompactRange(compact_options, &begin_slice, &end_slice);
  }

  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jbegin, begin, JNI_ABORT);
  env->ReleaseByteArrayElements(jend, end, JNI_ABORT);

  if (s.ok()) {
    return;
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    compactRange0
 * Signature: (J[BI[BIZII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactRange0__J_3BI_3BIZII(JNIEnv* env,
    jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jbegin, jint jbegin_len,
    jbyteArray jend, jint jend_len, jboolean jreduce_level,
    jint jtarget_level, jint jtarget_path_id) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  rocksdb_compactrange_helper(env, db, nullptr, jbegin, jbegin_len,
      jend, jend_len, jreduce_level, jtarget_level, jtarget_path_id);
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    compactRange
 * Signature: (JJ[BI[BIZII)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_compactRange__J_3BI_3BIZIIJ(
    JNIEnv* env, jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jbyteArray jbegin,
    jint jbegin_len, jbyteArray jend, jint jend_len,
    jboolean jreduce_level, jint jtarget_level,
    jint jtarget_path_id, jlong jcf_handle) {
  auto db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  auto cf_handle = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::ColumnFamilyHandle*>(jcf_handle);
  rocksdb_compactrange_helper(env, db, cf_handle, jbegin, jbegin_len,
      jend, jend_len, jreduce_level, jtarget_level, jtarget_path_id);
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::GetLatestSequenceNumber

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getLatestSequenceNumber
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getLatestSequenceNumber(JNIEnv* env,
    jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  return db->GetLatestSequenceNumber();
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB enable/disable file deletions

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    enableFileDeletions
 * Signature: (J)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_disableFileDeletions(JNIEnv* env,
    jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  rocksdb::Status s = db->DisableFileDeletions();
  if (!s.ok()) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    enableFileDeletions
 * Signature: (JZ)V
 */
void Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_enableFileDeletions(JNIEnv* env,
    jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jboolean jforce) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  rocksdb::Status s = db->EnableFileDeletions(jforce);
  if (!s.ok()) {
    rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  }
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// rocksdb::DB::GetUpdatesSince

/*
 * Class:     org_rocksdb_RocksDB
 * Method:    getUpdatesSince
 * Signature: (JJ)J
 */
jlong Java_org_rocksdb_RocksDB_getUpdatesSince(JNIEnv* env,
    jobject jdb, jlong jdb_handle, jlong jsequence_number) {
  auto* db = reinterpret_cast<rocksdb::DB*>(jdb_handle);
  rocksdb::SequenceNumber sequence_number =
      static_cast<rocksdb::SequenceNumber>(jsequence_number);
  std::unique_ptr<rocksdb::TransactionLogIterator> iter;
  rocksdb::Status s = db->GetUpdatesSince(sequence_number, &iter);
  if (s.ok()) {
    return reinterpret_cast<jlong>(iter.release());
  }
  rocksdb::RocksDBExceptionJni::ThrowNew(env, s);
  return 0;
}